Assessment of the Invasion of the Asian Swamp Eels in the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area
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December 2018
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The objective of this agreement is to support the study of an invasive fish species, Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus) that occurs adjacent to and within management boundaries of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CRNRA). CRNRA manages, protects, and interprets the biota and landscape of the Chattahoochee River corridor and the Asian Swamp Eel is an invasive species that threatens the resources essential to the purposes of the park. Working with state and non-federal partners, this project will assess the invasion extent and reproduction-emigration potential of this species at CRNRA.
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The objective of this agreement is to support the study of an invasive fish species, Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus) that occurs adjacent to and within management boundaries of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CRNRA). CRNRA manages, protects, and interprets the biota and landscape of the Chattahoochee River corridor and the Asian Swamp Eel is an invasive species that threatens the resources essential to the purposes of the park. Working with state and non-federal partners, this project will assess the invasion extent and reproduction-emigration potential of this species at CRNRA. Having these results will enable NPS managers to conserve the natural resources under their management.
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Determination of geomorphological and landscape factors contributing to diverse Unionoid mussel communities in Missouri River systems, with particular emphasis on the Meramec River Drainage
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June 2019
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The Missouri Department of Conservation is frequently queried regarding the general status of endangered and threatened mussels in Missouri, a question that will remain incompletely answered until a sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive assessment and monitoring framework is implemented in Missouri. This implementation is complicated by the diverse nature of Missouri’s mussel fauna and the limited personnel devoted to its conservation and assessment. A Conservation Assessment of Missouri’s fauna will allow for statewide, strategic, and spatially explicit monitoring that maximizes probability of detection of population and/or distributional changes in mussel species, while minimizing costs and man-hours dedicated to monitoring programs. The creation of this program requires several steps in the research process to come to fruition, and this proposal represents one of those key steps (Figure 1).
Our long-term goal is to give rise to a decision support monitoring framework specifically designed to maximize the probability of detecting species or assemblage expansions or declines in key areas of the state that are the strongholds of mussel diversity, followed by a comprehensive conservation assessment of mussels in the state, identified as High Priority Objectives (1.3, 2.1, and 2.2) in the MDC Statewide Mussel Plan. Monitoring timing and frequency will be based on probability of detection with known habitat preferences, magnitude of risk, and sampling efficiency. The first step in attaining that goal, funded in FY14, was to develop standardized sampling methods for freshwater mussels and identify factors that affect mussel capture and detection probability or affect measures of assemblage characteristics. This proposal describes the second step in a conservation assessment with a strategic monitoring protocol: identification of the fundamental properties of habitats that support diverse mussel assemblages (our biological unit of interest), with particular emphasis on geomorphological and landscape factors that best predict core areas of mussel diversity in the state (Figure 1). Both of these steps are components required in identifying biological units of interest for conservation purposes.
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The Missouri Department of Conservation is frequently queried regarding the general status of endangered and threatened mussels in Missouri, a question that will remain incompletely answered until a sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive assessment and monitoring framework is implemented in Missouri. This implementation is complicated by the diverse nature of Missouri’s mussel fauna and the limited personnel devoted to its conservation and assessment. A Conservation Assessment of Missouri’s fauna will allow for statewide, strategic, and spatially explicit monitoring that maximizes probability of detection of population and/or distributional changes in mussel species, while minimizing costs and man-hours dedicated to monitoring programs. The creation of this program requires several steps in the research process to come to fruition, and this proposal represents one of those key steps (Figure 1).
Our long-term goal is to give rise to a decision support monitoring framework specifically designed to maximize the probability of detecting species or assemblage expansions or declines in key areas of the state that are the strongholds of mussel diversity, followed by a comprehensive conservation assessment of mussels in the state, identified as High Priority Objectives (1.3, 2.1, and 2.2) in the MDC Statewide Mussel Plan. Monitoring timing and frequency will be based on probability of detection with known habitat preferences, magnitude of risk, and sampling efficiency. The first step in attaining that goal, funded in FY14, was to develop standardized sampling methods for freshwater mussels and identify factors that affect mussel capture and detection probability or affect measures of assemblage characteristics. This proposal describes the second step in a conservation assessment with a strategic monitoring protocol: identification of the fundamental properties of habitats that support diverse mussel assemblages (our biological unit of interest), with particular emphasis on geomorphological and landscape factors that best predict core areas of mussel diversity in the state (Figure 1). Both of these steps are components required in identifying biological units of interest for conservation purposes.
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Physiology, behavior, and tolerances of Missouri fishes of conservation concern with a focus on Niangua Darter and Topeka Shiner
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June 2018
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Managers whose primary objectives are recovering rare and threatened species of Missouri need to understand the capacity of unoccupied environments to support reintroduction or range expansion of target organisms. Further, it is crucial to understand basic physiological preferences, sensitivities, and tolerances of these species given projected changes in environmental conditions throughout the state related to land use and climate change. Unfortunately, the physiological ecology of most small, native fishes is poorly understood and limits conservation management. For example, American Fisheries Society guidelines emphasize that introductions should take place only in sites that fulfill life history requirements for species. In the case of physical habitat, those requirements are easily assessed; however, water quality characteristics such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations are also critical, as such factors affect all aspects of fish ecology. We propose to use facilities available at the University of Missouri to investigate physiological preferences, capacities, and tolerances related to water temperature, oxygen content, and nutrients of the Topeka Shiner and/or Niangua Darter and associated species. While we initially considered including both Topeka Shiners and Niangua Darters in these experiments, we anticipate the need to select one species, probably Topeka Shiner, along with three or four associated species to keep the work feasible for a Master’s student. If method development and preliminary results are promising, then Niangua Darter and other small, rare native fishes could be included in proposals for similar research. Existing habitat models for these species could be refined or calibrated with this information (e.g. current projects on multi-scale habitat and stream temperature relationships for Niangua Darter by Faulkner and Paukert and species distribution models by Sievert and Paukert, MU) and ongoing and future reintroductions and recovery efforts (e.g. Topeka Shiner reintroductions into secondary and tertiary watersheds) would be better informed. Species associates (darters or minnows as appropriate) would be included for comparison and to test hypotheses about patterns of distribution.
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Managers whose primary objectives are recovering rare and threatened species of Missouri need to understand the capacity of unoccupied environments to support reintroduction or range expansion of target organisms. Further, it is crucial to understand basic physiological preferences, sensitivities, and tolerances of these species given projected changes in environmental conditions throughout the state related to land use and climate change. Unfortunately, the physiological ecology of most small, native fishes is poorly understood and limits conservation management. For example, American Fisheries Society guidelines emphasize that introductions should take place only in sites that fulfill life history requirements for species. In the case of physical habitat, those requirements are easily assessed; however, water quality characteristics such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations are also critical, as such factors affect all aspects of fish ecology. We propose to use facilities available at the University of Missouri to investigate physiological preferences, capacities, and tolerances related to water temperature, oxygen content, and nutrients of the Topeka Shiner and/or Niangua Darter and associated species. While we initially considered including both Topeka Shiners and Niangua Darters in these experiments, we anticipate the need to select one species, probably Topeka Shiner, along with three or four associated species to keep the work feasible for a Master’s student. If method development and preliminary results are promising, then Niangua Darter and other small, rare native fishes could be included in proposals for similar research. Existing habitat models for these species could be refined or calibrated with this information (e.g. current projects on multi-scale habitat and stream temperature relationships for Niangua Darter by Faulkner and Paukert and species distribution models by Sievert and Paukert, MU) and ongoing and future reintroductions and recovery efforts (e.g. Topeka Shiner reintroductions into secondary and tertiary watersheds) would be better informed. Species associates (darters or minnows as appropriate) would be included for comparison and to test hypotheses about patterns of distribution.
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American eel age and growth assessment in the Roanoke River, North Carolina.
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June 2018
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We will systematically sample American eels from the Roanoke River in North Carolina. Eels will be sampled near the river mouth, upstream above and below high dams to specifically characterize the American eel population within the Roanoke River mainstem. Additionally, the age, sex, and presence of a parasite in swimbladders of individual fish will be determined from sampled eels. Finally, age, growth, and mortality of American eels will be modeled in relation to location sampled, sex, and the presence of parasites as data allow. Information from these objectives will be synthesized to provide a better understanding of American eel ecology and management.
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We will systematically sample American eels from the Roanoke River in North Carolina. Eels will be sampled near the river mouth, upstream above and below high dams to specifically characterize the American eel population within the Roanoke River mainstem. Additionally, the age, sex, and presence of a parasite in swimbladders of individual fish will be determined from sampled eels. Finally, age, growth, and mortality of American eels will be modeled in relation to location sampled, sex, and the presence of parasites as data allow. Information from these objectives will be synthesized to provide a better understanding of American eel ecology and management.
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Intra-guild predator dynamics: the effects of recolonizing gray wolf populations on cougars in northeast Oregon.
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June 2019
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Since the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1996, recovering wolf populations have expanded their distributions into Oregon, and other western states where they have largely be extirpated (since 1940's in Oregon). Consistent wolf sign was observed in northeastern Oregon in 2006 and now 8-10 packs exist in this region. Since near extirpation of cougars in Oregon in the 1960's, cougar populations have now recovered to stable levels throughout the state and their ecology and population dynamics prior to the arrival of wolves is well studied. The recolonization of wolves into Oregon raises important questions regarding their impacts on prey populations (deer and elk), livestock depredation, and interspecific competition with cougars.<br><br>Within this context, we will address the following objectives:<br>1) Determine prey selection of wolves in multiple packs in Oregon where prey availability differs among packs.<br>2) Determine effects of presence of wolf pack(s) on population dynamics and habitat use of cougars in the Mt. Emily Wildlife Management Unit. <br>3) Evaluate factors which may influence elk and deer populations in a mixed carnivore system with wolves. <br>
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Since the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1996, recovering wolf populations have expanded their distributions into Oregon, and other western states where they have largely been extirpated (since 1940's in Oregon). Consistent wolf sign was observed in northeastern Oregon in 2006 and now 8-10 packs exist in this region. Since near extirpation of cougars in Oregon in the 1960's, cougar populations have now recovered to stable levels throughout the state and their ecology and population dynamics prior to the arrival of wolves is well studied. The recolonization of wolves into Oregon raises important questions regarding their impacts on prey populations (deer and elk), livestock depredation, and interspecific competition with cougars. Within this context, and in collaboration with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife this study will investigate prey selection of co-occurring wolves and cougars, and the impact of wolves on the demographics, habitat use, and movement patterns of cougar. The results from this study will provide information that will aide in the management of these two large carnivores in Oregon.
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Intra-guild predator dynamics: the effects of recolonizing gray wolf populations on cougars in northeast Oregon.
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June 2019
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Since the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1996, recovering wolf populations have expanded their distributions into Oregon, and other western states where they have largely be extirpated (since 1940's in Oregon). Consistent wolf sign was observed in northeastern Oregon in 2006 and now 8-10 packs exist in this region. Since near extirpation of cougars in Oregon in the 1960's, cougar populations have now recovered to stable levels throughout the state and their ecology and population dynamics prior to the arrival of wolves is well studied. The recolonization of wolves into Oregon raises important questions regarding their impacts on prey populations (deer and elk), livestock depredation, and interspecific competition with cougars.<br><br>Within this context, we will address the following objectives:<br>1) Determine prey selection of wolves in multiple packs in Oregon where prey availability differs among packs.<br>2) Determine effects of presence of wolf pack(s) on population dynamics and habitat use of cougars in the Mt. Emily Wildlife Management Unit. <br>3) Evaluate factors which may influence elk and deer populations in a mixed carnivore system with wolves.
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Since the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1996, recovering wolf populations have expanded their distributions into Oregon, and other western states where they have largely been extirpated (since 1940's in Oregon). Consistent wolf sign was observed in northeastern Oregon in 2006 and now 8-10 packs exist in this region. Since near extirpation of cougars in Oregon in the 1960's, cougar populations have now recovered to stable levels throughout the state and their ecology and population dynamics prior to the arrival of wolves is well studied. The recolonization of wolves into Oregon raises important questions regarding their impacts on prey populations (deer and elk), livestock depredation, and interspecific competition with cougars. Within this context, and in collaboration with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife this study will investigate prey selection of co-occurring wolves and cougars, and the impact of wolves on the demographics, habitat use, and movement patterns of cougar. The results from this study will provide information that will aide in the management of these two large carnivores in Oregon.
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Adaptive Management for Turkey Harvest in Alabama
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September 2020
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The Alabama Units is conducting long-term research project for Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources to inform science-based (adaptive) management of Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo; hereafter Turkey) populations across the state. Applying AM requires a decision tool based on region-specific vital rates for turkey populations. Current, region-specific vital rates and harvest rates are unavailable, except as expert opinion. The tool will employ a population model that predicts the dynamics of Turkey populations based on vital rates and a management model that predicts the effects of harvest regulations on vital rates. This research will estimate the temporal and spatial variation in vital rates, update the recently developed expert-driven model, test methods for monitoring decision criteria, and provide the agency with a method for incorporating the best available information in decisions regarding Turkey harvest.
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Movement dynamics, distribution, habitat use, and species associations of juvenile burbot in tributaries of the Kootenai River
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December 2024
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The purpose of this project is to evaluate survival, movement, and habitat use of burbot in Deep Creek, a major tributary to the Kootenai River. Results of this research will be used to guide stocking practices associated with the management and conservation of burbot in western river systems.
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The purpose of this project is to evaluate survival, movement, and habitat use of burbot in Deep Creek, a major tributary to the Kootenai River. Results of this research will be used to guide stocking practices associated with the management and conservation of burbot in western river systems.
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Klamath Basin S3 Model
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September 2019
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The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service has been working in close collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey Columbia River Research Laboratory and Dr. Thomas Hardy from Watershed Systems Group, Inc. and Texas State University to develop Decision Support Systems such as the Stream Salmonid Simulator or S3 model. The S3 model currently under development for the Klamath River represents an integrated set of sub models that predict the effects of water management alternatives on the production of juvenile Chinook Salmon. This synchronized series of sub-models reflects the array of physical and biological processes that interact to affect the growth, movement, and survival of fish at a given lifestage. A benefit to this method of model construction lies in the ability to update sub-models as new data, new analyses, or new scientific discoveries arise.
The current S3 model in development for the Klamath River tracks causes of mortality throughout the sub-adult life history of Chinook Salmon (redd scour, habitat limitations, disease, water quality, etc.) over time within 233-mile section of the mainstem Klamath River spanning from Keno Dam in Oregon to its confluence with the Pacific Ocean in California. The model is also being extended into the Trinity Basin, with the addition of an ocean component and IBM-type upstream adult migration sub module. These improvements will transform the S3 model into a basin-wide, full life cycle model. Future development of the S3 model will also include its expansion to incorporate Coho Salmon, as requested by NOAA Fisheries and the Bureau of Reclamation.
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Research objectives are two-fold: 1. to evaluate the best practices for assigning flow-to-habitat relationships for large river systems; and 2. to extend the Klamath River stream salmonid simulator model, which was developed to track population dynamics of juvenile Chinook Salmon as they move from tributary to the main channel; to apply to juvenile Coho salmon.
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Evaluation of methods used to estimate population metrics for adult muskellunge in northern Wisconsin lakes
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June 2018
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The goals of this research are to: 1) provide an improved method for predicting muskellunge abundance when recent population estimates are not available; 2) evaluate temporal variation in adult muskellunge abundance within Wisconsin lakes and 3) obtain estimates of survival and growth based on mark-recapture information collected on trend lakes. Specific objectives will be to determine if: 1) alternative methods can be used to explain greater variation in the abundance of adult muskellunge within northern Wisconsin lakes than the current linear model that relies solely on lake surface area as a predictor variable; 2) estimates of adult muskellunge abundance are relatively consistent over time, such that estimates that are 3 to 4 years old could still be used to represent abundance within an individual lake; 3) marking muskellunge with passive integrated transponders (PITs) can be used to estimate rates of growth, mortality, and recruitment of adult muskellunge as well as sex-specific estimates of gear selectivity and catchability in selected trend lakes and 4) rates of growth and mortality calculated from ages estimated using nonlethal structures such as scales and fin rays are similar to those obtained using mark-recapture of fish implanted with PITs. To complete these objectives, Fisheries Analysis Center (FAC) and the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit (WICFRU) will work with WDNR to obtain existing estimates of adult muskellunge abundance and other abiotic and biotic variables that will be used to develop models to predict adult muskellunge abundance. Additionally, FAC and WICFRU will assist with scheduled mark-recapture surveys on the 4 trend lakes. Muskellunge will be marked with PITs in addition to the fin clips already used to mark fish and scales and/or fin rays will be collected for age estimation. Staff from FAC and WICFRU will assist or fully conduct annual mark-recapture assessments for up to 3 years on at least two trend lakes; this additional sampling will allow us to assess temporal variation in adult abundance, obtain additional estimates of mortality and growth, and to compare gear selectivity and catchability between sexes.
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Most Wisconsin muskellunge Esox masquinongy populations occur within the Ceded Territory of northern Wisconsin, where mixed fisheries consisting of a recreational hook-and-line fishery and a tribal spearing fishery occur. Safe harvest levels for each population are based on estimates of adult muskellunge abundance. <br><br>If a recent population estimate is not available for an individual lake, a linear regression model is used to predict adult abundance from lake surface area using existing population estimates from all lakes. The objective of our study is to determine if alternative models can be used to explain greater variation in the abundance of adult muskellunge within northern Wisconsin lakes than the current linear model that relies solely on lake surface area as a predictor variable.<br><br>This study is in collaboration with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.<br><br>This study will help to inform scientifically sound management decisions concerning muskellunge which represent one of the most popular and economically-important sportfish in the state of Wisconsin.
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Wildlife-Livestock Disease Transmission in a Changing Climate
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September 2018
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The goal of this project is to develop a framework for understanding the ecology of elk-cattle commingling, particularly with regards to how annual forage conditions and weather patterns influence elk movement during the critical spring/summer brucellosis transmission period. Elk habitat use and cattle grazing regimes are largely determined by the changing distribution of high-quality forage throughout the year.
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Landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population
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July 2019
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Studies of golden eagle mortality linked to wind energy facilities are cause for concern especially when coupled with the knowledge that golden eagles move great distances between breeding and wintering areas. Thus, mortalities that occur at a particular wind energy facility may not only impact a local breeding population of golden eagles but could also impact breeding populations on a continent-wide scale. Understanding the movement ecology and landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the western US would be critically important toward understanding the potential risks wind energy facilities pose to the continental population of golden eagles. This information is essential to understanding the distribution of breeding populations of eagles, the level of connectivity that exists among them and where individuals from these populations migrate to in the winter. Thus our objectives are to assess the relationship of western golden eagle populations using molecular genetic and stable isotope methods.
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Studies of golden eagle mortality linked to wind energy facilities are cause for concern especially when coupled with the knowledge that golden eagles move great distances between breeding and wintering areas. Thus, mortalities that occur at a particular wind energy facility may not only impact a local breeding population of golden eagles but could also impact breeding populations on a continent-wide scale. Understanding the movement ecology and landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the western US would be critically important toward understanding the potential risks wind energy facilities pose to the continental population of golden eagles. The goal of this project is to assess the landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the U.S. in efforts to understand the distribution of breeding populations of eagles, the level of connectivity that exists among them and where individuals from these populations migrate to in the winter. This information will allow for more informed management of golden eagles on a continent-wide scale. This project is a collaboration with the US Fish and Wildlife Service and Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology at New Mexico State University.
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Population characteristics and movements of smallmouth bass in the Menominee River
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June 2019
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The Menominee River supports popular, high-quality fisheries for smallmouth bass. Maintaining these fisheries is an important goal of the Wisconsin and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources which jointly manage these fisheries. Below Sturgeon Falls, the Menominee River is divided into a series of relatively riverine impoundments by several hydropower facilities. These facilities currently prevent upstream movement of fish and probably limit downstream movements for some species. Additionally, some of these impoundments are relatively long (> 20 river miles) and some contain natural features (i.e., falls or rapids) that could limit movements of smallmouth bass. Consequently, population characteristics of smallmouth bass could vary among sections of river within the same impoundment. This spatial separation could result in situations where smallmouth bass inhabiting upstream portions of the impoundment represent important sources of recruitment for lower portions of the impoundment. Additionally, previous studies have shown that in response to falling water temperatures in fall, smallmouth bass in riverine systems move towards deeper water where they spend the winter period. During this fall-winter period, smallmouth bass could occupy relatively small, overlapping home ranges if preferred habitat is limited, making them potentially more vulnerable to anglers. Harvest of smallmouth bass during fall could negatively affect smallmouth bass fisheries in the Menominee River, but it is not known if smallmouth bass are exhibiting this behavior or if angler harvest during this period could be a problem. Recently, a few anglers have begun to voice concern over this issue and biologists are interested in determining if harvest during fall represents an important management issue. Furthermore, it is not known if current harvest regulations are sufficient to maintain the quality of these fisheries, or if more stringent regulations could improve the number of relatively large bass available to anglers. Lastly, at a larger scale, black bass (smallmouth and largemouth bass) abundance has increased in many bodies of water in the Upper Midwest and there are concerns that black bass can negatively affect walleye populations, possibly through predation or competition for available prey, consequently changes in smallmouth abundance within the Menominee River could affect other species, including walleyes. However, few studies have examined diet interactions between the two species. The Menominee River offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate dietary interactions between smallmouth bass and walleyes in a system that supports healthy populations of both species. Examining diets will also allow biologists to better understand which prey species are important to smallmouth bass and walleyes within the river. The Wisconsin and Michigan DNR rarely conduct sampling on the Menominee River that specifically targets smallmouth bass, so only limited information is available for these species. More information is needed to determine if current management strategies are appropriate for maintaining the quality of these smallmouth bass fisheries in the future. Furthermore, our proposed study will compliment similar research that will be conducted by the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and Wisconsin DNR in the impoundment between Grand Rapids and Park Mill dams, providing a rare opportunity to complete a comprehensive evaluation of smallmouth bass populations within the Menominee River.
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The Menominee River supports popular, high-quality fisheries for smallmouth bass that attract anglers from all over North America and the popularity of these fisheries has continued to increase, leading to increased fishing effort. Maintaining these fisheries is an important goal of the Wisconsin and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources, but little information is available to help guide management decisions.<br><br>Population characteristics and movement patterns of smallmouth bass could vary among impoundments on the Menominee River, such that the effectiveness and feasibility of additional management actions (e.g., changes to harvest regulations, fish passage) could also vary among river segments.<br><br>This study is a collaboration between the Michigan and Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources and We Energies Mitigation and Enhancement Fund.<br><br>Our primary goal is to use mark-recapture population assessments to describe population characteristics and movements of smallmouth bass in multiple segments of the Menominee River to determine if current harvest regulations are sufficient to maintain the quality of these fisheries. Our secondary goal is to use acoustic telemetry to determine if seasonal movements could result in increased vulnerability to angling or suggest that future fish passage is warranted.<br><br>
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Population characteristics and movements of smallmouth bass in the Menominee River
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June 2019
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The Menominee River supports popular, high-quality fisheries for smallmouth bass. Maintaining these fisheries is an important goal of the Wisconsin and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources which jointly manage these fisheries. Below Sturgeon Falls, the Menominee River is divided into a series of relatively riverine impoundments by several hydropower facilities. These facilities currently prevent upstream movement of fish and probably limit downstream movements for some species. Additionally, some of these impoundments are relatively long (> 20 river miles) and some contain natural features (i.e., falls or rapids) that could limit movements of smallmouth bass. Consequently, population characteristics of smallmouth bass could vary among sections of river within the same impoundment. This spatial separation could result in situations where smallmouth bass inhabiting upstream portions of the impoundment represent important sources of recruitment for lower portions of the impoundment. Additionally, previous studies have shown that in response to falling water temperatures in fall, smallmouth bass in riverine systems move towards deeper water where they spend the winter period. During this fall-winter period, smallmouth bass could occupy relatively small, overlapping home ranges if preferred habitat is limited, making them potentially more vulnerable to anglers. Harvest of smallmouth bass during fall could negatively affect smallmouth bass fisheries in the Menominee River, but it is not known if smallmouth bass are exhibiting this behavior or if angler harvest during this period could be a problem. Recently, a few anglers have begun to voice concern over this issue and biologists are interested in determining if harvest during fall represents an important management issue. Furthermore, it is not known if current harvest regulations are sufficient to maintain the quality of these fisheries, or if more stringent regulations could improve the number of relatively large bass available to anglers. Lastly, at a larger scale, black bass (smallmouth and largemouth bass) abundance has increased in many bodies of water in the Upper Midwest and there are concerns that black bass can negatively affect walleye populations, possibly through predation or competition for available prey, consequently changes in smallmouth abundance within the Menominee River could affect other species, including walleyes. However, few studies have examined diet interactions between the two species. The Menominee River offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate dietary interactions between smallmouth bass and walleyes in a system that supports healthy populations of both species. Examining diets will also allow biologists to better understand which prey species are important to smallmouth bass and walleyes within the river. The Wisconsin and Michigan DNR rarely conduct sampling on the Menominee River that specifically targets smallmouth bass, so only limited information is available for these species. More information is needed to determine if current management strategies are appropriate for maintaining the quality of these smallmouth bass fisheries in the future. Furthermore, our proposed study will compliment similar research that will be conducted by the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and Wisconsin DNR in the impoundment between Grand Rapids and Park Mill dams, providing a rare opportunity to complete a comprehensive evaluation of smallmouth bass populations within the Menominee River.
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The Menominee River supports popular, high-quality fisheries for smallmouth bass that attract anglers from all over North America and the popularity of these fisheries has continued to increase, leading to increased fishing effort. Maintaining these fisheries is an important goal of the Wisconsin and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources, but little information is available to help guide management decisions.<br><br>Population characteristics and movement patterns of smallmouth bass could vary among impoundments on the Menominee River, such that the effectiveness and feasibility of additional management actions (e.g., changes to harvest regulations, fish passage) could also vary among river segments.<br><br>This study is a collaboration between the Michigan and Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources and We Energies Mitigation and Enhancement Fund.<br><br>Our primary goal is to use mark-recapture population assessments to describe population characteristics and movements of smallmouth bass in multiple segments of the Menominee River to determine if current harvest regulations are sufficient to maintain the quality of these fisheries. Our secondary goal is to use acoustic telemetry to determine if seasonal movements could result in increased vulnerability to angling or suggest that future fish passage is warranted.
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Population Dynamics in Moose in the Snowy Range
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December 2018
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Snowy Range moose are at a crossroads. Managers have considered the population to be performing well because it is recently introduced and has had abundant forage, however, the current status of the population and the influence of harvest, remain uncertain. This has created considerable uncertainty in how these moose should be manged (i.e., harvest levels) over the long term, and what can be done to maintain productivity and reduce the probabilility of a population decline which has become the norm for Shiras moose across much of their range. The overall goal of the proposed project is to characterize the population trajectory of moose in the Snowy Range to determine if the population is increasing or decreasing under current management. We also seek to understand the primary factors influencing population performance (especially nutrition), and to develop cost-effective tools to aid in the long-term monitoring and management.
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Phenology Tracking in Migratory Mule Deer
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December 2018
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In terrestrial ecosystems, there is critical need to understand the influence of climate change on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in forage conditions and the wildlife species that depend on it. We aim to address the Green Wave hypothesis as it relates to phenological tracking along migration routes and summer ranges of migratory mule deer in western Wyoming
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Phase II: Monitoring the endangered Tidewater Goby using environmental DNA in water samples: Field tests
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June 2019
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This project proposes to assess the potential of using environmental DNA in water samples as a tool for monitoring the endangered Tidewater Goby in lagoon and bay habitats. Environmental DNA is a cost-effective and noninvasive technique that has been successfully applied to a broad range of taxonomic groups, including fishes. Studies show that environmental DNA can closely track presence/absence and can be useful for monitoring species that cannot be detected using conventional field approaches. Despite apparent promise, insufficient testing has been conducted to determine the suitability of environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches for monitoring Tidewater Goby. This project has two major phases: 1. develop and test eDNA techniques, and 2. apply eDNA techniques for presence/absence detection in natural settings. This proposal is for the second phase. During this second phase, Humboldt State University and USFWS will collaborate to survey 15 water bodies in northern California to 1. employ traditional field surveys techniques for Tidewater Goby, 2. collect 1-5 water samples from each site and test water samples for tidewater presence/absence of Tidewater Goby DNA, and 3. evaluate suitability of QPCR for determining the presence/absence and/or relative abundance of Tidewater Goby.
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This project proposes to assess the potential of using environmental DNA in water samples as a tool for monitoring the endangered Tidewater Goby in lagoon and bay habitats. Environmental DNA is a cost-effective and noninvasive technique that has been successfully applied to a broad range of taxonomic groups, including fishes. Studies show that environmental DNA can closely track presence/absence and can be useful for monitoring species that cannot be detected using conventional field approaches. Despite apparent promise, insufficient testing has been conducted to determine the suitability of environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches for monitoring Tidewater Goby. This project has two major phases: 1. develop and test eDNA techniques, and 2. apply eDNA techniques for presence/absence detection in natural settings. This proposal is for the second phase. During this second phase, Humboldt State University and USFWS will collaborate to survey 15 water bodies in northern California to 1. employ traditional field surveys techniques for Tidewater Goby, 2. collect 1-5 water samples from each site and test water samples for tidewater presence/absence of Tidewater Goby DNA, and 3. evaluate suitability of QPCR for determining the presence/absence and/or relative abundance of Tidewater Goby.
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Understanding the impacts of surface-groundwater conditions on stream fishes under altered base-flow conditions
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May 2018
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Persistence of aquatic fauna depends on the conditions and connectivity of surface water and groundwater. In light of altered baseflows and the resultant increases in stream temperatures, it is important to assess current conditions, examine fitness of aquatic fauna, and evaluate water-management practices. This project is a collaboration between the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Our study objectives are to determine 1) how changes in baseflow levels in the Kiamichi River influence hyporheic exchange, which correspondingly influences temperature at the reach scale; 2) temperature tolerances of stream fishes as a means to predicting how habitat complexity influences the fitness of stream-fish populations; 3) assess how dam releases influence the downstream temperature and dissolved oxygen regime during the low-flow period. We used the WASP model to predict downstream temperature in response to hypothetical reservoir releases (0.00, 0.34, 0.59, 0.76, 1.13, and 1.50 m3/s) of water at three temperatures (27.64°C, 26.00°C and 24.07°C) corresponding to release location from the dam. We compared predicted temperature time series with critical thermal maxima to quantify cumulative time when stream fishes experienced severe thermal stress downstream from Sardis Reservoir. The reduction rates of thermal stress against that of the control were calculated to quantify the cooling effect of each release scenario. Results from this project will provide the state agency with information on how water releases affect fish populations downriver and possible options for providing cooler water downriver of the dam.
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Persistence of aquatic fauna depends on the conditions and connectivity of surface water and groundwater. In light of altered baseflows and the resultant increases in stream temperatures, it is important to assess current conditions, examine fitness of aquatic fauna, and evaluate water-management practices. This project is a collaboration between the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Our study objectives are to determine 1) how changes in baseflow levels in the Kiamichi River influence hyporheic exchange, which correspondingly influences temperature at the reach scale; 2) temperature tolerances of stream fishes as a means to predicting how habitat complexity influences the fitness of stream-fish populations; 3) assess how dam releases influence the downstream temperature and dissolved oxygen regime during the low-flow period. We used the WASP model to predict downstream temperature in response to hypothetical reservoir releases (0.00, 0.34, 0.59, 0.76, 1.13, and 1.50 m3/s) of water at three temperatures (27.64°C, 26.00°C and 24.07°C) corresponding to release location from the dam. We compared predicted temperature time series with critical thermal maxima to quantify cumulative time when stream fishes experienced severe thermal stress downstream from Sardis Reservoir. The reduction rates of thermal stress against that of the control were calculated to quantify the cooling effect of each release scenario. Results from this project will provide the state agency with information on how water releases affect fish populations downriver and possible options for providing cooler water downriver of the dam.
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Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to assess the presence of cave-fish and crayfish populations in caves of the Ozark Highlands
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December 2018
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The goal of the project is to use eDNA to verify presence of cave organisms while developing the foundation for monitoring methods that may be used in the future to documenting abundance. The proposed project will support recovery and monitoring efforts of the FWS and various conservation partners and help inform conservation decisions.
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Several cave species are also known to occur within the Ozark region including several federally-listed endangered or petitioned species. The distribution and abundance of these cave crayfish are largely unknown: some species are thought to be very rare and endemic to only one or a few caves. Our research investigates new techniques for studying cave fish and cave crayfish populations in the Ozark Highlands ecoregion of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Our objective is to assess the usefulness of environmental DNA sampling to determine the presence of these rare cave fauna. This project is a collaborative effort across multiple agencies including the Missouri Department of Conservation, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (funding agency), and The U.S. Forest Service. We will develop a model using our results to determine detection probability of traditional cave surveys along with use of eDNA. We will also provide surveillance of more than 30 caves, springs, and wells across the area that should provide useful information to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and partner agencies to base protection and recovery actions.
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Reevaluation of the status of black bears in southeastern Oklahoma
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June 2018
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Fifteen years ago, we studied the ecology of recolonizing black bears in southeastern Oklahoma. The current effort is designed to reevluate the population's status relative to the initiation of a black bear hunting season, 5 years ago. Result will assist in the ongoing management of black bears in Oklahoma.
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Angler behavior in response to management actions on Nebraska reservoirs -- Part 2
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December 2018
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There exists interplay between angler participation and quality of fish in a lake. Variability in recruitment of fish among lakes should increase dispersion in densities of fish across a region, whereas movement of anglers among lakes should decrease dispersion in densities of fish across a region. Unlike fishery management efforts that in general operate on a local scale (i.e., single lake), these counteractive forces are likely stronger on a regional scale. Thus, incorporation of spatial and temporal patterns in angler participation into fishery management likely will require a shift in focus from lake-specific management to regional management. This shift in focus would be facilitated by an understanding of angler-participation patterns.
The goals of this study are to understand 1) the participation patterns of anglers on multiple spatial and temporal scales; 2) how participation patterns of anglers’ influence fish populations and associated communities; 3) how management actions influence angler participation patterns and, in turn, fish communities; and 4) interactions and feedback mechanisms between and among angler groups and fish communities. Study findings should help biologists better determine appropriate lake-specific management objectives given the dynamic nature of angler participation and its interrelationship with fish populations.
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Recreational fishing is the most influential factor structuring fish populations, especially in inland systems with intensive fishing pressure. Anglers often target apex predators such as largemouth bass and walleye, which can have important consequences for fish communities in lakes and reservoirs via top-down controls. To complicate matters, predator dynamics among fishes vary spatially (e.g., within and among reservoirs) and temporally (e.g., within and among years), as does angler participation. Even so, inland fishery biologists rarely incorporate spatial and temporal patterns, which also occur in angler participation and catches, into management strategies, possibly because little is understood about angler decisions to participate in the sport. Incorporation of spatial and temporal patterns in angler participation into fishery management likely will require a shift in focus from lake-specific management to regional management. This shift in focus would be facilitated by better understanding of factors affecting angler participation and harvest decisions. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the University of Nebraska—Lincoln and the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Information gained on angler behavior will be important for increased effectiveness of fishery management, as well as increased effectiveness of angler recruitment and retention activities.
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Identifying recruitment bottlenecks for walleyes in northern Wisconsin lakes
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December 2018
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Recruitment failure has been observed in some northern Wisconsin walleye Sander vitreus populations that formerly supported moderate to high levels of recruitment. Recruitment is measured using catch-per-effort of age-0 walleyes in fall electrofishing surveys, so recruitment bottlenecks are occurring in the first year of life. Recruitment failure could be linked to a variety of factors, including changes in habitat availability and fish communities within these lakes. Initially, predation by largemouth bass (a species that has experienced widespread increases in abundance) was thought to be a potential factor regulating walleye recruitment. Previous work conducted by the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and others has demonstrated that largemouth bass predation is probably not a limiting factor in the walleye recruitment process. However, other species may have also experienced increases in abundance (e.g., black crappies, bluegills) and modeling conducted by Center for Limnology at UW-Madison suggests that the time at which walleyes enter the littoral zone after a pelagic larval stage could determine the degree to which predation affects recruitment. Furthermore, recent work from Ontario and Wisconsin has indicated that loss of suitable optical and thermal habitat may be affecting survival and recruitment of young walleyes. In collaboration with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, we are initiating an intensive study of walleye early life history. This work will encompass a range of walleye populations, including those that have exhibited recent recruitment failure and populations that exhibit high levels of recruitment on a relatively consistent basis. Our primary objectives are to determine if: 1) larval and juvenile walleye abundance, survival, foraging success, diet composition, and growth vary among populations; 2) predation by northern pike, black crappies, bluegill, and yellow perch could affect walleye recruitment; 3) availability of suitable optical and thermal habitat varies among lakes in relation to walleye recruitment patterns and 4) zooplankton abundance, community composition, and size structure varies in relation to larval growth and survival and subsequent recruitment. Additionally, we will identify when age-0 walleyes enter the littoral zone to improve model projections regarding the effects of predation on walleye year class strength.
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Project in development for January 2019
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Conservation of the Critically Endangered Chinese Crested Tern: Restoration of a Lost Breeding Colony
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March 2019
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In the latter half of the 20th Century, Chinese Crested Terns (Sterna bernsteini) were presumed to be extinct, with no documented observations after 1937. In 2000, however, Chinese Crested Terns were rediscovered nesting in the Matzu Islands of the Taiwan Strait. Subsequent surveys by Chinese ornithologists revealed an additional breeding site in the Jiushan Islands of Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province. Human disturbance – fisherman collecting eggs - later caused the abandonment of this colony. Despite their recent rediscovery, Chinese Crested Terns are still considered one of the most endangered seabird species in the world and one of the most critically endangered vertebrate species. Recovery of this species is possible, however, if nesting habitat can be established and protected. The goal of this project is to restore the Chinese Crested Tern to the Jiushan Islands, using techniques of social attraction and colony monitoring successfully applied to seabird restoration projects throughout the world. The specific proposal to the Wildlife Without Borders program was to fund the manufacture of Chinese Crested Tern decoys and solar-powered audio playback systems to play recordings of Chinese Crested Tern calls. Terns are highly gregarious colonial-nesting species which can be attracted to sites with suitable nesting habitat using decoys and recorded calls. This equipment would play an important role in the effort to restore Chinese Crested Terns to a former nesting area. The restoration project is a collaborative effort of several Chinese and American institutions (Xiangshan County Marine and Fishery Bureau, Zhejiang Natural History Museum, Oregon State University, and the U.S. Geological Survey – Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit). Support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Without Borders program has furthered this international collaboration to save one of the world’s most critically endangered animals.
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Chinese Crested Terns are likely the most endangered seabird species in eastern Asia, and a flagship species for seabird conservation in China. The estimated global population of breeding adult Chinese Crested Terns is barely 100. The main threats to the species are illegal egg harvest and the increasing intensity and frequency of typhoons in the East China Sea. This restoration project seeks to establish a dispersed network of safe, protected breeding colony sites for the common colony associate species for Chinese Crested Terns, the Greater Crested Tern, as a means to provide nesting habitat and enhance reproductive success of Chinese Crested Terns. The project is a collaboration since 2010 with the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou, PR China, and a variety of bird conservation NGOs in China. The research project seeks to identify those factors currently limiting the reproductive success and population size of Chinese Crested Terns, their migratory routes, and over-wintering range using a combination of satellite telemetry and field readable leg band technologies.
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Evaluation of Caspian tern management to reduce predation on ESA-listed salmonids in the Columbia Plateau region
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March 2019
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This study is designed to evaluate the foraging behavior and colony connectivity of Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) nesting on Goose Island in Potholes Reservoir, with particular emphasis on predation by terns from this colony on ESA-listed juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) from the upper Columbia River.
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Caspian terns nesting at the two largest breeding colonies for the species on the Columbia Plateau have been shown to cause significant mortality to out-migrating juvenile salmonids in the Columbia and Snake rivers.
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Annual Evaluation and Development of Benchmarks for Lake Trout Suppression in Yelowstone Lake
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June 2018
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The Native Fish Conservation Plan (National Park Service 2010) proposed a framework for conserving native fish in Yellowstone National Park from 2011-2031. An important component of the Native Fish Conservation Plan is to continue suppression of nonnative lake trout in Yellowstone Lake for the conservation benefit of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout. The National Park Service desires to restore Yellowstone cutthroat trout abundance to the level present at the early stages of lake trout invasion. Quantifiable goals for abundance of lake trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (see Methods) were defined in the Native Fish Conservation Plan. Additionally, a panel of experts in fisheries science, lake trout ecology, and population dynamics convenes each year to evaluate the progress of lake trout suppression relative to management goals and provide recommendations for improving effectiveness (Gresswell et al. 2012). Annual analyses of lake trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout population data are necessary to assess whether lake trout suppression is achieving objectives in the Native Fish Conservation Plan and whether the amount of fishing effort in a given year is adequate to reduce lake trout abundance. Targets for fishing effort are included in the Native Fish Conservation Plan; however, results from population models that provide these targets change as new data are incorporated. The proposed budget would fund annual analyses to determine whether lake trout suppression is attaining objectives outlined in the Native Fish Conservation Plan.
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Impacts of Energy Production, Habitat Selection, and Population Size on Resource Selection, Survival, and Recruitment of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado
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August 2018
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Lesser prairie-chicken ecology in Kansas and Colorado
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Long-term study of lesser prairie-chickens in Kansas and Colorado.
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Demographics and habitat use of Greater Sage-Grouse in wildfire-affected habitats in Oregon.
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June 2023
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Southeast Oregon contains part of one of the largest contiguous sage-brush steppe habitats remaining within the extant range of greater sage-grouse. During the summer of 2012, several large wildfires included more than 1 million acres of Oregon sage-grouse habitat within their perimeters. In collaboration with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife we designed a long-term study to evaluate acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) effects of large-scale wildfire on female greater sage-grouse demographics and habitat use and selection. Accomplishing these objectives will inform the prioritization of areas for post-fire habitat rehabilitation and restoration, and help identify areas requiring further protection and/or active management to reduce risk of wildfire and ensure sage-grouse population persistence.
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Southeast Oregon contains part of one of the largest contiguous sage-brush steppe habitats remaining within the extant range of greater sage-grouse. During the summer of 2012, several large wildfires included more than 1 million acres of Oregon sage-grouse habitat within their perimeters. In collaboration with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife we designed a long-term study to evaluate acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) effects of large-scale wildfire on female greater sage-grouse demographics and habitat use and selection. Accomplishing these objectives will inform the prioritization of areas for post-fire habitat rehabilitation and restoration, and help identify areas requiring further protection and/or active management to reduce risk of wildfire and ensure sage-grouse population persistence.
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CNH: Coupled Climate, Cultivation and Culture in the Great Plains: Understanding Water Supply and Water Quality in a Fragile Landscape.
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May 2019
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Humans adversely impact aquatic resources through land use, water removal, dam building, and altered biodiversity. In this research, we developed a coupled human-landscape model that incorporates the linkages and feedbacks among atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, and social processes to predict the potential impact of climate variability, climate change, land use, and human activity on water resources. This component of the project addresses both how fish communities are affected by natural and anthropogenic drivers, as well as, how these biotic effects interact with social science drivers and policy options. This research matters because without considering both natural and human systems, environmental professionals will never be able to attain sustainable resource conservation plans. The partners for the fish component of this research were the National Science Foundation (CNH) and Ecological Services Division of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. This research informs decisions. Specifically, our aquatic ecology results showed that drivers of watershed scale fish biodiversity vary regionally. Urbanization reduced fish biodiversity in the lower river. Disturbed conditions (low grassland, low flow) associated with a reduction in the desired historical condition (high grassland, high mean flow) reduced fish biodiversity in the middle and upper regions of the watershed. In the integrated model, these results were linked to policies that protect land and water resources. This project has high impact because successful conservation demands that natural patterns of biodiversity and human behavior be considered together, as we do in this project.
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Humans adversely impact aquatic resources through land use, water removal, dam building, and altered biodiversity. In this research, we developed a coupled human-landscape model that incorporates the linkages and feedbacks among atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, and social processes to predict the potential impact of climate variability, climate change, land use, and human activity on water resources. This component of the project addresses both how fish communities are affected by natural and anthropogenic drivers, as well as, how these biotic effects interact with social science drivers and policy options. This research matters because without considering both natural and human systems, environmental professionals will never be able to attain sustainable resource conservation plans. The partners for the fish component of this research were the National Science Foundation (CNH) and Ecological Services Division of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. This research informs decisions. Specifically, our aquatic ecology results showed that drivers of watershed scale fish biodiversity vary regionally. Urbanization reduced fish biodiversity in the lower river. Disturbed conditions (low grassland, low flow) associated with a reduction in the desired historical condition (high grassland, high mean flow) reduced fish biodiversity in the middle and upper regions of the watershed. In the integrated model, these results were linked to policies that protect land and water resources. This project has high impact because successful conservation demands that natural patterns of biodiversity and human behavior be considered together, as we do in this project.
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Sampling designs and population dynamics of burbot in the Green River system: tools for management
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December 2018
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Although burbot are a species of high conservation concern over much of their distribution, they are an invasive species in the Green River, Wyoming, where they were illegally introduced. The purpose of this research is to provide managers with information on the distribution, habitat associations, and population dynamics of burbot in the Green River. In addition, the project is evaluating a number of different sampling gears across multiple systems and habitat to determine the best methods for removing burbot from the system.
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Although burbot are a species of high conservation concern over much of their distribution, they are an invasive species in the Green River, Wyoming, where they were illegally introduced. The purpose of this research is to provide managers with information on the distribution, habitat associations, and population dynamics of burbot in the Green River. In addition, the project is evaluating a number of different sampling gears across multiple systems and habitat to determine the best methods for removing burbot from the system.
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Bat movements across transforming landscapes
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June 2018
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Nebraska has a diverse mix of resident and migratory bat species. Because of the diversity of habitats found throughout Nebraska, there is no place in the state where all 13 bats species occur together. The Nebraska Natural Legacy Project State Wildlife Action Plan lists five bat species as either Tier I or Tier II at-risk Species. At the national level, northern long-eared myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) is currently being considered as a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act. Bats provide critical ecosystem services in the form of insect consumption, pollination, and seed dispersal. The economic importance of bats was estimated in 2011 to be about $22.9 billion to the agricultural industry or on average $74 per acre. In a state dominated by agriculture, such as Nebraska, the loss of bats could result in increased money spent for pesticides and other insect control measures.
The potential synergistic impacts of wind energy development and white-nose syndrome on bats could have unanticipated consequences in Nebraska and around the nation. The discovery of dead bats under wind turbines was unanticipated by scientists and wind energy companies. The seven most common bat species found dead near wind turbines are all either resident or migratory bats found in Nebraska. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a deadly fungus that affects hibernating bats. Four of the eleven bat species affected are found in Nebraska.
Potential negative impacts of wind energy development on bats can be avoided or minimized through siting and operation that take into consideration bat presence and activity. We need more knowledge of bat migration patterns and habitat use in Nebraska to help protect bats and their habitats from the potential impacts of wind energy development, and to help utility companies, wind energy developers, and facility owners to manage and mitigate the effects of new and existing wind energy facilities. Through the deployment of over 20 ultrasonic acoustic detectors for two years, we plan to identify when and where bats are moving in eastern Nebraska during spring and fall migration and summer residence. Information gathered from this project will be shared in a variety of formats and used to further promote sound resource management practices in regards to wind energy development. Partners on this project include the Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
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Bat migration is poorly understood, yet migratory bats are endangered by wind development. This project is collaborative with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and the Nebraska Environmental Trust. Results will help utility companies, wind energy developers, and wind facility owners avoid, manage, and mitigate the effects of new and existing wind energy facilities.
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Amphibian Occupancy, Functional Connectivity, and Resilience of Rainwater Basin Wetlands
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May 2018
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Both the quantity and overall quality of wetlands have severely declined globally. Many remaining wetlands exist in landscapes dominated by agricultural production. The Rainwater Basin is a region of Nebraska characterized by shallow wetlands located in an agricultural matrix. Following European settlement in the mid-to-late 19th century more than 90% of historic wetlands were filled or farmed through. The remaining wetlands exist in an area of intensive agriculture that has further isolated wetlands and may affect their function, and reduce the resilience of the Rainwater Basin.
Resilience of a system is the amount or magnitude of disturbance a system can absorb before it is pushed into a new stable state. Resilience can be eroded over time by small perturbations leaving the system more vulnerable to a catastrophic change.
For the Rainwater Basin, we are interested in the resilience of the functional connectivity among wetlands, for amphibian species. Amphibians are an important taxonomic group that provide services by controlling insects, serving as food for migratory birds and other species, and integrating terrestrial and aquatic systems. Amphibians are sensitive to environmental contaminants and can be used as an indicator of water quality, system health, and resilience. Occupancy of amphibians, functional connectivity of remaining wetlands, and acute and chronic effects to amphibians from commonly applied agrichemicals will be investigated. This project seeks to assess how agricultural land-use may affect resilience of a large wetland complex.
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Both the quantity and overall quality of wetlands have severely declined globally. Many remaining wetlands exist in landscapes dominated by agricultural production. Understanding how the spatial distribution of wetlands has changed over the past 50 years will provide insight into potential affects on different amphibian species. This project is a collaboration between the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and the Rainwater Basin Joint Venture. Results can be used to guide the restoration of wetlands within the Basins, and ongoing endeavor.
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Long-Term Logan River Trout Viability Study and Monitoring
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September 2021
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While the importance of reducing the impacts of non-native species is increasingly recognized in conservation, the feasibility of such actions is highly dependent upon several key uncertainties including the stage of invasion, the size of the ecosystem being restored, and the magnitude of the restoration activity. Here, we present the results of a multi-year, non-native brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) removal and native Bonneville cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii utah</i>) recovery in a small tributary in the Intermountain West, USA. We monitored trout populations for seven years prior to the onset of eradication efforts, which included two years of mechanical removal followed by two years of chemical treatment. Cutthroat trout populations were then seeded with low numbers of both eggs and juvenile trout. We monitored population demographics and estimated population growth rates and carrying capacities for both populations from long-term depletion estimate data, assuming logistic growth. Prior to eradication, brown trout populations fluctuated around their carrying capacity. Following brown trout eradication and initial seeding efforts, cutthroat trout populations have demonstrated exponential growth. Within five years, cutthroat trout have approached their estimated carrying capacity. Population projections suggest a 50% probability that cutthroat trout are currently at or above 90% of their carrying capacity, and that there is an 80 to 90% probability they will be at or above 90% of their carrying capacity within 10 years. Additionally, at least four age-classes are present including adults large enough to satisfy angling demand. This project is a collaboration of biologists, academics, and anglers and includes the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources , U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, the local chapter of Trout Unlimited – Cache Anglers, and the Ecology Center at Utah State University. These results demonstrate native trout species have substantial capacity to rapidly recover following the removal of invasive species in otherwise minimally altered habitats. While these locations are likely limited in extent individually, collectively they may serve as source populations for larger connected systems. In such cases, these source populations may provide additional conservation potential through biotic resistance.
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While the importance of reducing the impacts of non-native species is increasingly recognized in conservation, the feasibility of such actions is highly dependent upon several key uncertainties including the stage of invasion, the size of the ecosystem being restored, and the magnitude of the restoration activity. Here, we present the results of a multi-year, non-native brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) removal and native Bonneville cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii utah</i>) recovery in a small tributary in the Intermountain West, USA. We monitored trout populations for seven years prior to the onset of eradication efforts, which included two years of mechanical removal followed by two years of chemical treatment. Cutthroat trout populations were then seeded with low numbers of both eggs and juvenile trout. We monitored population demographics and estimated population growth rates and carrying capacities for both populations from long-term depletion estimate data, assuming logistic growth. Prior to eradication, brown trout populations fluctuated around their carrying capacity. Following brown trout eradication and initial seeding efforts, cutthroat trout populations have demonstrated exponential growth. Within five years, cutthroat trout have approached their estimated carrying capacity. Population projections suggest a 50% probability that cutthroat trout are currently at or above 90% of their carrying capacity, and that there is an 80 to 90% probability they will be at or above 90% of their carrying capacity within 10 years. Additionally, at least four age-classes are present including adults large enough to satisfy angling demand. This project is a collaboration of biologists, academics, and anglers and includes the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources , U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, the local chapter of Trout Unlimited – Cache Anglers, and the Ecology Center at Utah State University. These results demonstrate native trout species have substantial capacity to rapidly recover following the removal of invasive species in otherwise minimally altered habitats. While these locations are likely limited in extent individually, collectively they may serve as source populations for larger connected systems. In such cases, these source populations may provide additional conservation potential through biotic resistance.
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FWS: Pyramid Lake Fishery Evaluation to evaluate Lahontan cutthroat trout performance and identify limiting factors for the native fish community
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December 2019
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Pyramid Lake, Nevada is one of the last remaining strongholds for lacustrine Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi; LCT); almost all other large lake populations have undergone population declines or extirpation as a result of habitat degradation, over-harvest, and water diversions, all compunded by the stocking of non-native species. In 2015, we completed a comprehensive research project driven by critical uncertainties surrounding the performance of the fishery and stocked LCT across space and time, the role of exotic Sacramento perch (Archioplites interruptus), the potential for native forage fish recovery, and the link between fish performance and lake productivity and carrying capacity. The goals of this latter body of work were to analyze and synthesize all available data possible (primarily available LCT mark-recapture, creel, and stocking data), including any new data for recent years, to estimate critical performance and vital rates for LCT including but not limited to those outlined below as tasks. Projct partners include: Utah State University (USU), Pyramid Lake Fisheries (PLF, the Tribe), and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The overall goal of this part of our multi-year study is to provide a draft framework for adaptive management of the fishery and ecosystem of Pyramid Lake
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Pyramid Lake, Nevada is one of the last remaining strongholds for lacustrine Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi; LCT); almost all other large lake populations have undergone population declines or extirpation as a result of habitat degradation, over-harvest, and water diversions, all compunded by the stocking of non-native species. In 2015, we completed a comprehensive research project driven by critical uncertainties surrounding the performance of the fishery and stocked LCT across space and time, the role of exotic Sacramento perch (Archioplites interruptus), the potential for native forage fish recovery, and the link between fish performance and lake productivity and carrying capacity. The goals of this latter body of work were to analyze and synthesize all available data possible (primarily available LCT mark-recapture, creel, and stocking data), including any new data for recent years, to estimate critical performance and vital rates for LCT including but not limited to those outlined below as tasks. Projct partners include: Utah State University (USU), Pyramid Lake Fisheries (PLF, the Tribe), and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The overall goal of this part of our multi-year study is to provide a draft framework for adaptive management of the fishery and ecosystem of Pyramid Lake
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Linking Habitat Features to Dissolved Oxygen and River Flow in the Lower Osage River, Missouri
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June 2018
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This project will link MDC fish collections with temperature and DO to determine tolerances of fishes to these parameters.
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Numerous flow management decisions are being made on rivers throughout the world and these decisions are increasingly incorporating consideration of the physical habitat and water quality needs of fish and other aquatic life. The MDC has continued fish sampling and water quality monitoring, and begun habitat modeling, in the Lower Osage River as part of the Lower Osage River Habitat and Fish Community Evaluation (LORHFCE), a seven-year project to evaluate fish community response and habitat suitability under the improved flow and water quality conditions. The study proposed herein will provide information for use with the LORHFCE and other MDC projects on the lower Osage River, and build upon what has been learned thus far. We will test hypotheses of temperature and dissolved oxygen variability as water flows downstream from Bagnell Dam and into different habitats. Understanding of such linkages will be invaluable in future opportunities to inform on issues concerning the effect of Bagnell Dam operations on downstream aquatic resources. It also will greatly improve our ability to address other issues of flow, temperature, and dissolved oxygen management in Missouri.
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Conservation and Management of Missouri’s Mid-Sized Rivers: Development of Sampling Protocols and Application to Priority Watershed Rivers
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June 2019
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This study will help MDC determine the ecological role of mid sized rivers.
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Substantial monitoring and research has and is currently conducted on mainstem big rivers and on smaller, wadeable streams but little information exists for the mid-sized rivers in Missouri. However, these rivers can be important for fisheries management and conservation as they may provide refuge and inter-basin movement corridors for smaller-stream fishes during drought, possess unique habitats and resources for larger-river fishes moving into these systems during floods, and offer buffer capacity because their floodplains may be less modified than big rivers and thus create substantial productivity and refuge for downstream systems. Knowing how mid-sized rivers are used by big river and smaller-stream fishes, and to what degree these rivers have their own unique fish communities, will help the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) identify important rivers to target for conservation and restoration. The methods developed and data collected by this project would provide a tool for developing standardized sampling protocols for fish communities in rivers from MDC priority watersheds and other watersheds, and help DNR in the development of fish biocriteria for large rivers.
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Ecology of swift fox in Nebraska
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December 2018
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Swift fox, (Vulpes velox) is a small species of fox native to short- and mixed- grass prairies of the Great Plains, including Western Nebraska where they are listed as a Tier-1 at-risk species. Habitat loss is a major contributor to population declines with only 40% of Nebraska still containing suitable grassland habitat. Still, swift fox do not occupy all suitable habitat.
Why might a species fail to use seemingly good habitat? Coyotes might be the answer. Unlike swift fox, coyotes are highly adaptable, and, as their bigger cousin, can displace swift fox from otherwise suitable habitat. Coyotes may gain further advantages when grasslands are converted for agricultural and energy development. Thus, swift fox conservation requires understanding where swift fox roam and how they interact with coyotes and people.
It isn't easy surveying the entire western third of Nebraska for a nocturnal species that spends much of its time hidden in dens. Because most swift fox habitat is on private land, our efforts to study where swift fox live, and why, require us to collaborate with privates landowners throughout western Nebraska, as well as students from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Chadron State College. Together, we work to understand how best to conserve swift fox in the face of change.
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In Nebraska, the loss and degradation of grasslands has significantly impacted many grassland species, including the swift fox (Vulpes velox). A Nebraska Natural Legacy Plan Tier-1 at risk species, swift fox are estimated to occupy as little as 20-25% of their historic range; however, despite their Tier-1 status, little is known about the true distribution of swift fox. With increasing interest in developing infrastructure in Western Nebraska for gas, oil, and wind energy there is a clear need to document the distribution of swift fox, and identify threats to swift fox populations.
Traditional studies of species distribution focus on identifying the habitat attributes, most notably vegetation, that best predict the spatial patterns observed in nature. However, in canid systems, there is clear evidence that intraguild interactions play an important role in predicting species distribution and habitat use, especially for smaller canid species. As the largest extant canid in the shortgrass prairie, coyote are dominant to swift fox and often cited as an important source of mortality. As such, increases in the abundance and distribution of coyote following the development of the western Nebraska may have inadvertently restricted the range of swift fox despite the availability of suitable vegetative conditions.
Starting in 2013, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, the Nebraska Department of Roads, the Nebraska Environmental Trust, and the U.S. Forest Service - Nebraska National Forests and Grasslands working in collaboration with the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Chadron State College began a five year project to document the occurrence of swift fox in Western Nebraska and identify the anthropogenic and ecological factors that limit swift fox distribution. Our goal is to identify where swift fox are located and identify the ecological mechanisms shaping the distribution of canid communities in Nebraska by developing and testing a series of species distribution models based on the habitat requirements and intraguild interactions of Nebraska’s canid community
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The Gulf of Maine coastal ecosystem survey: an integrated, multidisciplinary effort to map biological hotspots in the waters of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts (Collaborators: C. Loftin, S. McKinney, A. McKnight, A. Allyn, J. Runge, MDIFW, UMass, USFWS, BRI)
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December 2018
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The Gulf of Maine (GoM) coastal marine ecosystem is one of the most ecologically and economically productive ecosystems in the world.This coastal marine ecosystem currently faces threats on multiple levels, including climate change, wind energy development, and numerous competing uses of the system's natural resources. This study will collect data needed to inform these immediate management needs and increase our understanding of the GoM coastal marine ecosystem. We will conduct a multidisciplinary GoM coastal marine ecosystem survey, combined with focal research on life history parameters of target species, to acquire detailed measurements of the physical characteristics of the system and the distribution and abundance of organisms across all trophic levels. We will use these data to build habitat use models for SGCN in the coastal zone and calculate overall biological hotspot index values for locations throughout the coastal zone. This information will support spatial planning efforts and on-the-ground habitat management by delineating ecologically important areas. Detailed and repeatable measures of physical and biological factors within the coastal zone will also provide critical baseline data for monitoring and evaluating future changes to the region archived in open-source existing databases, to be used in long-term monitoring as well as for evaluating the effects of future changes.
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The Gulf of Maine (GoM) coastal marine ecosystem is one of the most ecologically and economically productive ecosystems in the world.This coastal marine ecosystem currently faces threats on multiple levels, including climate change, wind energy development, and numerous competing uses of the system's natural resources. This study is collecting data needed to inform these immediate management needs and increase our understanding of the GoM coastal marine ecosystem. We will conduct a multidisciplinary GoM coastal marine ecosystem survey, combined with focal research on life history parameters of target species, to acquire detailed measurements of the physical characteristics of the system and the distribution and abundance of organisms across all trophic levels. We will use these data to build habitat use models for SGCN in the coastal zone and calculate overall biological hotspot index values for locations throughout the coastal zone. The project is a collaboration of the US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, the Biodiversity Research Institute, and the Gulf of Maine Research Institute. This information gathered and developed in the project will support spatial planning efforts and on-the-ground habitat management by delineating ecologically important areas. Detailed and repeatable measures of physical and biological factors within the coastal zone will also provide critical baseline data for monitoring and evaluating future changes to the region archived in open-source existing databases, to be used in long-term monitoring as well as for evaluating the effects of future changes.
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Of Pools and People: Small natural features with large ecosystem functions in urbanizing landscapes (Collaborators: A.Calhoun, M.Hunter, K. Bell, M. Kinnison, C. Loftin, K. Capps, D. Bauer, E. Nelson)
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December 2019
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The value of natural landscape features is not necessarily reflective in their size, and some small features play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity or providing ecosystem services. Conserving these features and the functions they provide while developing tools that help reconcile property rights and rules of environmental protection across scales and jurisdictions provides novel opportunities for resource management. Seasonally inundated wetlands (vernal pools) are a model system to study the dynamics of small natural feature management. This project is a collaboration of the University of Maine, US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clark University, and Bowdoin College. This project brings together a team of ecologists and economists from multiple sub-disciplines and institutions to explore the biophysical and socioeconomic components of one type of small natural feature, vernal pools, as a coupled-systems model for management of these features; improve strategies for conserving vernal pools and other small natural features with large significance; and create novel and cutting-edge research, training, and educational experiences.
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The value of natural landscape features is not necessarily reflective in their size, and some small features play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity or providing ecosystem services. Conserving these features and the functions they provide while developing tools that help reconcile property rights and rules of environmental protection across scales and jurisdictions provides novel opportunities for resource management. Seasonally inundated wetlands (vernal pools) are a model system to study the dynamics of small natural feature management. This project is a collaboration of the University of Maine, US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clark University, and Bowdoin College. This project brings together a team of ecologists and economists from multiple sub-disciplines and institutions to explore the biophysical and socioeconomic components of one type of small natural feature, vernal pools, as a coupled-systems model for management of these features; improve strategies for conserving vernal pools and other small natural features with large significance; and create novel and cutting-edge research, training, and educational experiences.
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Occurrence and variation in submersed aquatic vegetation along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico
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August 2020
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Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) communities are highly productive ecosystems that provide significant ecological benefits within coastal areas, including support for many important species of fish and wildlife. Despite their critical importance, and loss globally, we lack consistent baseline data on SAV resources across the coastal salinity gradient. This project will provide data on the occurrence and abundance of SAV resources (e.g., coverage, composition, seed resources) within the northern Gulf of Mexico, quantitatively assess environmental factors affecting its spatial and temporal variation and develop a conceptual model of factors influencing SAV resources. These data are critical in identifying empirical relationships between SAV resources and environmental variables, and will enable predictive modeling of SAV resources under different scenarios of landscape and climate change.
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Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) communities are highly productive ecosystems that provide significant ecological benefits within coastal areas, including support for many important species of fish and wildlife. Despite their critical importance, and loss globally, we lack consistent baseline data on SAV resources across the coastal salinity gradient. This project will provide data on the occurrence and abundance of SAV resources (e.g., coverage, composition, seed resources) within the northern Gulf of Mexico, quantitatively assess environmental factors affecting its spatial and temporal variation and develop a conceptual model of factors influencing SAV resources. These data are critical in identifying empirical relationships between SAV resources and environmental variables, and will enable predictive modeling of SAV resources under different scenarios of landscape and climate change. This work will contribute to the refinement of existing models of ecosystem change and directly benefit efforts of the Gulf Coast Joint Venture (GCJV), Gulf Coast Prairies (GCP) Landscape Conservation Cooperative (LCC), and Gulf Coastal Plains and Ozarks (GCPO) LCC in forecasting the effects of these changes on distribution, abundance, and diversity of SAV resources and the priority fish and wildlife populations that depend upon them.
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Statewide Moose Habitat Project
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June 2018
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Currently, Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) herds in the state are exhibiting a wide range of population performance, with many declining (e.g. Jackson, Snowy Range, North Park, CO) and some stable (e.g. Sublette, Unita) or increasing (e/g. Bighorn). For the declining herds, potential mechanisms that may affect carrying capacity are habitat deterioration due to current and historic overbrowsing, regional variation in forage quality, and other disturbances, such as severe wildfire or bark beetle outbreaks. Additionally, a new and growing predator community is present in the northwest corner of the state and may prevent higher recruitment rates form being achieved, but these predators can not account for declines elsewhere in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Further, a newly emergent disease, the carotid artery worm (Elaeophora schneideri), appears to be prevalent in Wyoming. Unfortunately we do not yet understand the impacts of this disease on the nutritional condition and survival of moose.
In combination with the observed range in population performance, variability of moose habitat in the state represents a timely opportunity to evaluate habitat-performance relationships (i.e. local carrying capacities). Such a statewide habitat evaluation could serve as a benchmark to understand the relationship between moose habitat and population performance and would provide the WGFD with 'early warning' metrics to predict where and when declines are likely to occur, and would improve the scientific basis of moose population objectives.
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Evaluating the Influence of Beetle Kill on Sierra Madre Elk
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June 2019
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This project will provide information on how hunters and elk change their use of the forest as trees die, as dead trees begin to fall and beetle kill management is implemented. Most of the beetle killed trees in our study area of the Sierra Madre mountains are infected and dying, but have not yet fallen over. Thus, this study will provide an assessment of elk movement and forest use prior to, during, and after massive tree fall. We are also documenting how hunters change their use of the forest and where they choose to hunt elk throughout
all stages of the beetle kill and tree fall, and evaluating any change in elk and elk hunters caused by beetle-kill management activities
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Monitoring Elk Migrations with Remote Photography
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December 2018
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Most elk population estimates are based largely on data collected from aerial classification surveys. Although aerial surveys are an excellent source of data, they are costly and dangerous.
Recent wildlife underpass projects and pilot projects to monitor migratory elk populations suggest there may be potential to obtain accurate estimate of annual elk trend from digital cameras as animals move through migration bottlenecks during their spring and fall migrations. This project is evaluating the use of remote cameras to monitor population
dynamics and migration patterns of elk in northwest Wyoming.
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Carnivore Occupancy and Intraguild Interactions Across New York State
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March 2020
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The distribution and abundance of carnivore species can have significant impacts on ecological communities through top-down and cascading trophic effects. Several carnivore species occur in New York, and in addition to their ecological importance, they have economic and recreational value to humans as fur-bearing species. Understanding the factors that influence their spatial distribution can help managers ensure the maintenance of sustainable populations. These factors can include environmental variables that determine the suitability of habitat for a particular species or their main prey, as well as the potential for negative interspecific interactions arising from competition and intraguild predation in areas where they occur in sympatry. Occupancy models are a useful tool to determine the occurrence of species as a function of environmental covariates across the landscape, while accounting for imperfect detection. In addition, more recently developed multispecies occupancy models can elucidate the effects of interspecific interactions on species occupancy. From 2013-2015, we collaborated with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to conduct a non-invasive survey across western portions of New York. Results from the fisher survey resulted in the opening of conservative trapping seasons (6 days) in new wildlife management units (WMU) previously closed to trapping, based on a minimum threshold predicted occupancy level of 0.41. We are using the same fisher detection data, along with additional data on bobcats, coyotes, and red foxes in multispecies occupancy models to explore hypotheses regarding interspecific interactions and environmental correlates in determining species occupancy. These studies demonstrate the efficiency and value of large-scale camera-trapping surveys, which can detect multiple species at once. Both single-species and multispecies occupancy models can provide managers with useful information that can be used to guide decisions on harvest, conservation of habitat, and population management.
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We will estimate density of American marten and develop
occupancy models for a suite of carnivore species (marten, fisher, bobcat, coyote, red fox) in New York. The project will
involve 1) Marten Density Estimation: estimate density and
landscape connectivity of American marten using a spatial capture-recapture model by integrating non-invasive genetic data (collected over 4 years), live trapping data, and telemetry data (>100 individuals); 2) Co-occurrence Models: investigate
regional patterns in co-occurrence of carnivore species in New York using occupancy modeling with camera trapping data
(collected at over 700 sites in New York).
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American marten population ecology and role in forest community dynamics
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June 2018
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American marten (Martes americana) are an important furbearer to trappers in Maine and also provide value to hikers, skiers, and wildlife watchers. In addition, marten play key ecological roles as efficient predators of small mammals and as prey to larger carnivores. Marten require a component of mature forest and horizontal structure, features that are predicted to be limited on the Maine landscape in the future. In Maine marten are one of only two furbearer species that the state limits the harvest. Current population monitoring is predicated on the analysis of fur tagging records, a method thwart with uncertainty. Therefore, it is currently unknown how well harvest data track actual marten population dynamics. Given that climate change and land use practices are both predicted to deleteriously affect the amount of suitable marten habitat, and the importance of marten to Maine, a more accurate and robust monitoring program is needed. This project will test various sampling designs and methodologies to arrive at the best, unbiased predictor of population size and trend through time. Additionally, this project will interact with others in our research group to address broader concepts linking population processes to community-level dynamics.
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Investigating Impacts of Winter Lake Drawdowns on Littoral Ecosystems
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December 2019
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In Massachusetts, there are about 200 small reservoirs that are drawn down in the fall and refilled in the spring as an approach to kill aquatic vegetation. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife is interested in understanding the effects of these drawdowns on fish and wildlife that use the lakes. The project will begin with a literature review of the effects of lake drawdowns on fish and wildlife, and an assessment of the scope (location, timing, amount, rate, etc.) of drawdowns in Massachusetts. This will be followed by a field project assessing the impacts of drawdowns on lake fauna.
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Anthropogenic alteration of water levels in lakes is a major stressor to the ecological integrity of littoral zones, which provide critical heterogenous resources that support diverse biological communities. Annual winter drawdowns have used in Massachusetts (MA) for several decades as a macrophyte control technique, among other purposes; however, few studies have estimated impacts to littoral zone habitat and biological communities, particularly at relatively mild magnitudes (i.e., <2 m). This collaborative project with the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife will characterize winter drawdown hydrological regimes and estimate responses of physical habitat (macrophytes, sediment texture, coarse wood), macroinvertebrate assemblages, and mussel assemblages to variable levels of drawdown magnitude. Results are critical for understanding the scope of drawdowns in Massachusetts and will more broadly assist agencies in evaluating lake management techniques and determining management options that minimize losses to lake ecosystem integrity.
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Deer abundance and its relationship to factors that affect forest vegetation conditions
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June 2026
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In the last decade, deer densities were reduced in many Wildlife Management Units (WMU) in Pennsylvania. These decisions to reduce deer densities were based on the assumption that forest conditions, especially regeneration, would improve with lower deer populations. Primarily anecdotal observations suggest forest regeneration has improved but the large-scale, quantitative Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) monitoring program has failed to provide strong evidence for changes in tree regeneration. Consequently, the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) has developed a decision model for deer harvest allocations based on deer browsing impact as measured by the FIA in addition to estimates of tree seedling density.<br><br>The ability to explain the lack of change in tree regeneration despite deer population reductions is critical to the credibility of the Pennsylvania Game Commission’s deer management program. In recent years, deer population reductions have caused the deer program to be sued by a sportsmen's group and audited by the legislature. Additionally, the application of the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) on state forest lands has been questioned because DMAP has been used by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry (BOF) to attempt to reduce the effect of deer browsing on forest vegetation.<br><br>The PGC needs a better understanding of how the deer browsing impact measure is related to deer densities and whether this measure is valuable for making deer harvest decisions. Similarly, the BOF needs to better understand how the application of the DMAP affects deer harvest and hunter behavior. Both agencies require a better understanding of how vegetation responds to changes in deer density in the context of existing monitoring programs and management activities.<br><br>This research proposes to stabilize deer populations at different densities on four study areas and quantify changes in vegetation with respect to other forest conditions (seed production, advanced tree regeneration, etc.) and management actions (e.g., herbicide to remove competing vegetation).<br>
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The forests of Pennsylvania have problems with tree regeneration and a lack of diversity in understory plant species. White-tailed deer herbivory has been identified as one problem source. However, other factors such as insect outbreaks, acid deposition, competitive effects among plant species, and lack of fire have been identified as other potential causes. <br><br>Deer populations were reduced by about 23% during 2002-2005 yet problems with forest plant diversity remains. An important question is whether deer populations require further reduction or other factors may be playing an important role in affecting forested ecosystems.<br><br>This study is a collaboration of the Pennsylvania Game Commission, Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, and the USGS Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at The Pennsylvania State University.<br><br>In this study we are monitoring changes in deer density and the response in forest understory vegetation. In addition, we are conducting experiments to study the relative importance of liming and using herbicide to reduce interspecific plant competition. The results of this research will inform the Pennsylvania Game Commission on how their habitat metrics used to make deer harvest recommendations respond to changes in deer density. In addition, this study will help the Bureau of Forestry refine their monitoring program on state forest lands used to make deer management decisions.
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Deer abundance and its relationship to factors that affect forest vegetation conditions
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June 2026
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In the last decade, deer densities were reduced in many Wildlife Management Units (WMU) in Pennsylvania. These decisions to reduce deer densities were based on the assumption that forest conditions, especially regeneration, would improve with lower deer populations. Primarily anecdotal observations suggest forest regeneration has improved but the large-scale, quantitative Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) monitoring program has failed to provide strong evidence for changes in tree regeneration. Consequently, the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) has developed a decision model for deer harvest allocations based on deer browsing impact as measured by the FIA in addition to estimates of tree seedling density.<br><br>The ability to explain the lack of change in tree regeneration despite deer population reductions is critical to the credibility of the Pennsylvania Game Commission’s deer management program. In recent years, deer population reductions have caused the deer program to be sued by a sportsmen's group and audited by the legislature. Additionally, the application of the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) on state forest lands has been questioned because DMAP has been used by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry (BOF) to attempt to reduce the effect of deer browsing on forest vegetation.<br><br>The PGC needs a better understanding of how the deer browsing impact measure is related to deer densities and whether this measure is valuable for making deer harvest decisions. Similarly, the BOF needs to better understand how the application of the DMAP affects deer harvest and hunter behavior. Both agencies require a better understanding of how vegetation responds to changes in deer density in the context of existing monitoring programs and management activities.<br><br>This research proposes to stabilize deer populations at different densities on four study areas and quantify changes in vegetation with respect to other forest conditions (seed production, advanced tree regeneration, etc.) and management actions (e.g., herbicide to remove competing vegetation).
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The forests of Pennsylvania have problems with tree regeneration and a lack of diversity in understory plant species. White-tailed deer herbivory has been identified as one problem source. However, other factors such as insect outbreaks, acid deposition, competitive effects among plant species, and lack of fire have been identified as other potential causes. <br><br>Deer populations were reduced by about 23% during 2002-2005 yet problems with forest plant diversity remains. An important question is whether deer populations require further reduction or other factors may be playing an important role in affecting forested ecosystems.<br><br>This study is a collaboration of the Pennsylvania Game Commission, Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, and the USGS Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at The Pennsylvania State University.<br><br>In this study we are monitoring changes in deer density and the response in forest understory vegetation. In addition, we are conducting experiments to study the relative importance of liming and using herbicide to reduce interspecific plant competition. The results of this research will inform the Pennsylvania Game Commission on how their habitat metrics used to make deer harvest recommendations respond to changes in deer density. In addition, this study will help the Bureau of Forestry refine their monitoring program on state forest lands used to make deer management decisions.
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Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids in the Lower Columbia River
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January 2019
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Long-term research, monitoring, and evaluation project investigating the impact of piscivorous colonial waterbirds on survival of ESA-listed salmonids from the Columbia River basin.
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Avian predation on juvenile salmonids has been identified as a limiting factor for restoration of a number of ESA-listed salmonid species in the Columbia River basin. In particular, several species of piscivorous colonial waterbirds, including Caspian terns, double-crested cormorants, California gulls, and ring-billed gulls, have been found to consume more than 2% of out-migrating smolts in some listed populations. The research, monitoring, and evaluation funded by this project is intended to quantify the magnitude of smolt losses to avian predators, design and in some cases implement management actions, when warranted, to reduce avian predation rates on ESA-listed salmonids, and evaluate the efficacy of management actions for enhancing survival of juvenile salmonids. The RM&E that is part of this project is supported by the Bonneville Power Administration, the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, NOAA Fisheries, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The research results from this project have been used to design and implement three different management plans to reduce avian predation rates on Columbia Basin salmonid smolts, including two management plans in the Columbia River estuary and one in the Columbia Plateau region. These management plans have substantially reduced predation rates by Caspian terns and double-crested cormorants on some populations of Columbia Basin salmonids.
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Wyoming Range Native Fish and Energy Development
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June 2021
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The rapid expansion of natural gas development has raised concerns about potential effects of energy development for fish and wildlife. An understanding of the effects of oil and natural gas development is required to balance the expansion of development with the protection of natural areas. In collaboration with the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative we are addressing the effects of oil and natural gas development for native fish communities. Our research provides insight into the responses of fish populations and the potential mechanisms underlying the effects. These results can be used to develop monitoring and mitigation strategies for fish most at risk from oil and gas development.
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The rapid expansion of natural gas development has raised concerns about potential effects of energy development for fish and wildlife. An understanding of the effects of oil and natural gas development is required to balance the expansion of development with the protection of natural areas. In collaboration with the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative we are addressing the effects of oil and natural gas development for native fish communities. Our research provides insight into the responses of fish populations and the potential mechanisms underlying the effects. These results can be used to develop monitoring and mitigation strategies for fish most at risk from oil and gas development.
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Wyoming Migration Initiative
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December 2023
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Wyoming's ungulate migrations, like the vast landscapes on which they occur, are a vital part of the state's cultural heritage. But corridors are facing new and ongoing threats, and their conservation is constrained by a still-incomplete understanding of migration ecology and by misconceptions among public stakeholders. In 2012, we created the Wyoming Migration Initiative (WMI) to enhance our research program, translate our research into actionable conservation tools, and expand our education and outreach to public and agency cooperators. The WMI has a broad goal of understanding and conserving ungulate migration routes through 1) migration research, 2) the development of conservation tools, 3) and public outreach and education. We conduct this work in collaboration with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in addition to a wide variety of other state and federal partners and conservation groups. Current research is focused on mapping undocumented corridors and studying the benefits and challenges of long-distance migration. Our work on conservation tools focuses on creating a powerful archive of corridor data that can guide on-the-ground conservation and policy. Our outreach and education programs continue to tell the story of migration to a broad audience, focusing on "live" tracking of migrations, compelling new videos, storytelling, and resources for K-12 instructors.
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Wyoming's ungulate migrations, like the vast landscapes on which they occur, are a vital part of the state's cultural heritage. But corridors are facing new and ongoing threats, and their conservation is constrained by a still-incomplete understanding of migration ecology and by misconceptions among public stakeholders. In 2012, we created the Wyoming Migration Initiative (WMI) to enhance our research program, translate our research into actionable conservation tools, and expand our education and outreach to public and agency cooperators. The WMI has a broad goal of understanding and conserving ungulate migration routes through 1) migration research, 2) the development of conservation tools, 3) and public outreach and education. We conduct this work in collaboration with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in addition to a wide variety of other state and federal partners and conservation groups. Current research is focused on mapping undocumented corridors and studying the benefits and challenges of long-distance migration. Our work on conservation tools focuses on creating a powerful archive of corridor data that can guide on-the-ground conservation and policy. Our outreach and education programs continue to tell the story of migration to a broad audience, focusing on "live" tracking of migrations, compelling new videos, storytelling, and resources for K-12 instructors.
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Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project
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December 2019
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The overall goal of this research project is to address important research and management needs indentified by the Mule Deer Working Group in the MDI and WRMDI. Overall, we seek to investigate the nutritional relationships between mule deer population dynamics, energy development and disturbance, habitat conditions, and climate to provide a mechanistic approach to monitoring and management of mule deer.
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Stable Isotopes to Delineate Seasonal Range Use for Wyoming Ungulates
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June 2019
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For over a century, wildlife ecologists have sought to describe animal movements and differentiate populations across the vast landscapes they occupy. Understanding the movement biology of terrestrial mammals, especially large ungulates, is important for conserving migratory corridors, understanding interchange of individuals among herds, and understanding how landscape characteristics shape animal movement patterns. Knowing when, how, and where animals use the landscape is important for the successful management of wildlife populations.
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Platte Valley Mule Deer Project
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June 2018
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The Platte Valley Herd Unit is facing considerable stresses and informational gaps that challenge its efficeint management by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Change in winter and summer habitat, predators, human development, migration barriers, competition from other ungulates, and diseases, are all factors potentially influencing this herd. In addition to the challenges these deer face, wildlife managers currently have insufficient (and contradictory!) information on the stustus and abundance of this herd. Being a large public land area near Wyoming's major population centers, the Platte Valley Herd Unit is of very high interest to the State of Wyoming because of the large amount of public hunting and viewing opportunities it provides. We have four study objectives. 1. Test, modify, and apply the Idaho Sightability model to Platte Valley deer to provide an independent estimate of current populations size, 2. Evaluate the timing of seasonal migrations for Platte Valley deer and identify the most important migration corridors connecting seasonal ranges. 3. Characterize summer range habitat use and response to beetle-killed portions of summer habitat. 4. Evaluate POP-II population estimates under a range of plausible vital rates from the literature necessary to bring predictions in line with sightability population estimates.
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Plum Island Ecosystems LTER
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June 2018
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This project examines spatial and temporal distribution, movements, and trophic function of striped bass. This research matters because top fish predators have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems and are popular sportfish prized by anglers. Thus, understanding distribution, diets, and movements of mobile fish predators, like striped bass, provides foundational insights that helps our fisheries management cooperators set science-based harvest limits. The partners for this research are the National Science Foundation. My 17-year research program on these highly motile predators has allowed me to develop a series of increasingly complex scientific questions that have management implications. For example, my research started with simple striped bass distribution-feeding relationships, progressed to using acoustic telemetry to assess local movements, tested mechanisms for mobile predator aggregations, evolved to examine coastal movements, and advanced to making connections across ecosystems. Most recently, my team has tested integrated seascape distribution patterns, quantified how geomorphic features (such as confluences) influence seascape distribution, assessed multi-scale site fidelity, and identified individual distributional groups. This research informs decisions by advancing spatially-explicit frameworks for fisheries management.
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This project examines spatial and temporal distribution, movements, and trophic function of striped bass. This research matters because top fish predators have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems and are popular sportfish prized by anglers. Thus, understanding distribution, diets, and movements of mobile fish predators, like striped bass, provides foundational insights that helps our fisheries management cooperators set science-based harvest limits. The partners for this research are the National Science Foundation. My 17-year research program on these highly motile predators has allowed me to develop a series of increasingly complex scientific questions that have management implications. For example, my research started with simple striped bass distribution-feeding relationships, progressed to using acoustic telemetry to assess local movements, tested mechanisms for mobile predator aggregations, evolved to examine coastal movements, and advanced to making connections across ecosystems. Most recently, my team has tested integrated seascape distribution patterns, quantified how geomorphic features (such as confluences) influence seascape distribution, assessed multi-scale site fidelity, and identified individual distributional groups. This research informs decisions by advancing spatially-explicit frameworks for fisheries management.
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Developing and Testing a Spatially-Explicit, Science-Based, Decision-Support Tool for Making Riverscape-Scale Management Decisions: How Dams and Culverts Affect a Threatened Native Stream Fish, the Neosho Madtom, and Select Tributary Fish Species
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February 2019
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Resource managers need science-based tools to assess how human activities (e.g., dams and habitat modification) impact fish and other aquatic resources. Useful conservation tools must be based on rigorous science, yet they also must address specific problems of interest to environmental managers. The activities in this research project matter because low-head dams are one of the major threats to aquatic biodiversity. These barriers alter geomorphology, hydrology, and ecological patterns and processes. However, relatively little research has been done on the over 2,000,000, smaller low-head dams that block U.S. streams and rivers. In this project, our partners were the Ecological Services Division of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. This research, which quantified habitat, geomorphology, hydrology, and fish communities at six low-head dams and at six undammed sites within the Neosho River, KS, informed management decisions. The novel and insights of our research included the quantification of geomorphic dam footprints, the detection of keystone habitat effects, the importance of habitat mosaics, and the finding that alternative approaches to measuring dam effects provided contrasting scientific information (i.e., the blind man and the elephant effect). This research impacted management decisions on dam removal, renovation, and associated watershed management by providing original Kansas-based data on dams that agency cooperators can use in communicating with private landowners and policy-makers.
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Resource managers need science-based tools to assess how human activities (e.g., dams and habitat modification) impact fish and other aquatic resources. Useful conservation tools must be based on rigorous science, yet they also must address specific problems of interest to environmental managers. The activities in this research project matter because low-head dams are one of the major threats to aquatic biodiversity. These barriers alter geomorphology, hydrology, and ecological patterns and processes. However, relatively little research has been done on the over 2,000,000, smaller low-head dams that block U.S. streams and rivers. In this project, our partners were the Ecological Services Division of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. This research, which quantified habitat, geomorphology, hydrology, and fish communities at six low-head dams and at six undammed sites within the Neosho River, KS, informed management decisions. The novel and insights of our research included the quantification of geomorphic dam footprints, the detection of keystone habitat effects, the importance of habitat mosaics, and the finding that alternative approaches to measuring dam effects provided contrasting scientific information (i.e., the blind man and the elephant effect). This research impacted management decisions on dam removal, renovation, and associated watershed management by providing original Kansas-based data on dams that agency cooperators can use in communicating with private landowners and policy-makers.
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Identifying Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Burrowing Owls throughout North America
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September 2024
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Project Synopsis:<br> We propose to attach “Geolocators” to 200 burrowing owls on numerous DoD installations throughout the western U.S. to identify their migratory routes and wintering grounds. This information will improve management for an At-Risk species that breeds on many DoD installations in the west. This is the first year of a 3-year project and one that builds upon a past Legacy project to address a critical need that was identified at a recent DoD-sponsored workshop in Oregon. The project represents a large collaborative partnership among 17 organizations including working closely with the Canadian Department of Defense and the Canadian Wildlife Service on this project. The use of this exciting new technology on this declining species will undoubtedly generate substantial positive media coverage that will benefit DoD and the Legacy program. The results will identify priority management needs for this declining species and help reduce conflict with the military mission on DoD installations. <br><br>Benefits to the DoD:<br>The project will benefit the DoD in general and also the 6 (or more) participating DoD installations throughout the western U.S. by providing explicit detailed information on the migratory timing, migratory routes, and wintering locations of burrowing owls that breed on DoD lands. This information is an important benefit, because without this knowledge, DoD will likely be expected to assume more and more of the management responsibility (or blame) for ensuring the persistence of burrowing owls in the U.S. as populations continue to decline. Without any knowledge of where owls on DoD installations migrate and overwinter, the only entity that can be made responsible for burrowing owls breeding on installations is DoD. Hence, greater knowledge of where “DoD owls” go during the migratory and wintering seasons will help spread the responsibility among the appropriate agencies, landowners, and countries. The project will also benefit the DoD because identifying the routes that burrowing owls take as they leave from (and return to) each participating installation during the spring and fall migratory seasons will help DoD personnel develop plans to minimize BASH problems. Knowing the migratory routes (and timing) that owls take as they leave the base each fall and return each spring will help guide practical decisions such as where NOT to install artificial burrows relative to runways (to avoid bird strikes). This knowledge will also help identify problems related to towers that are causing unnecessary mortality during migratory movements. And identifying the specific migratory corridors/routes will allow military commanders greater flexibility in using DoD lands that are outside of these corridors. The results may also help prevent burrowing owls from being listed as threatened or endangered by state and federal agencies in the U.S. Burrowing owls are already listed as federally endangered in Canada, and are listed as state endangered in several U.S. states. They have been petitioned for listing in several other U.S. states in recent years. Identifying migratory patterns and potential causes of decline on the wintering grounds will allow us to potentially reverse declines sooner and thereby prevent this species from being listed federally in the U.S. The results of this project will also identify critical areas along important migratory routes that need to be preserved and thereby identify key areas to target for habitat protection and restoration efforts. Finally, the project will benefit the DoD because it will help further identify DoD as a leader in the conservation of burrowing owls. As populations decline and more aggressive conservation measures are taken to ensure burrowing owl persistence, regulatory agencies will be able to see that DoD was funding projects to help conserve this high-profile species from the outset. Use of this exciting, new technology (Geolocators) to identify migratory patterns and wintering areas of a high-profile species-at-risk will undoubtedly generate substantial media interest. Indeed, we have already been contacted by the National Geographic Society who learned about our plans and want to help fund the project so that they can highlight it in their media outlets. The DoD and the Legacy program would benefit from such positive media coverage and would be identified as the leader of this effort. This project is a good example of integrating the goals of DoD's Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMPs) with those of the State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs) because burrowing owls are listed in INRMPs on many installations in the western U.S. and in the SWAPs of many western states. Moreover, most regional management planning efforts in the western U.S. (e.g., multi-species conservation plans such as the Sonoran Desert Ecosystem Initiative) include burrowing owl as a focal species. The proposed effort will undoubtedly be viewed as a crosscutting project using cutting-edge technology with partners in 3 countries to identify migratory pathways and wintering grounds of a high-profile species of international conservation concern. Burrowing owls appear to be changing their migratory behavior in response to global change (Macias-Duarte 2011); this project will provide the piece of the puzzle currently missing (exact wintering locations) that would allow us to fully evaluate the extent of those changes. DoD would benefit from participating as a leader in this national and international conservation initiative on burrowing owls, and would help ensure that DoD interests are given proper consideration in future conservation plans. This project will be run through the Desert Southwest Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (DSCESU). Hence, the project will further demonstrate DoD’s commitment to the CESU program and will help encourage additional partners to contribute to the project. <br><br><br>
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Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) were once a common breeder in grasslands throughout North America but are now listed as a Species of National Conservation Concern in the U.S. Despite population declines, burrowing owls are present on many DoD installations throughout the western U.S. This project will identify wintering grounds and migratory routes of burrowing owls nesting on DoD lands through the use of geolocators. The project represents a large collaborative partnership among 17 organizations including USGS, DoD, the Canadian Department of Defense, and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Identifying migratory routes and wintering grounds for burrowing owls that breed on DoD installations will help determine shared management responsibility and allow for the development of the most cost-effective management plans for recovery. The results will identify priority management needs for this declining species and help reduce conflict with the military mission on DoD installations.
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Identifying Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Burrowing Owls throughout North America
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September 2024
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Project Synopsis:<br> We propose to attach “Geolocators” to 200 burrowing owls on numerous DoD installations throughout the western U.S. to identify their migratory routes and wintering grounds. This information will improve management for an At-Risk species that breeds on many DoD installations in the west. This is the first year of a 3-year project and one that builds upon a past Legacy project to address a critical need that was identified at a recent DoD-sponsored workshop in Oregon. The project represents a large collaborative partnership among 17 organizations including working closely with the Canadian Department of Defense and the Canadian Wildlife Service on this project. The use of this exciting new technology on this declining species will undoubtedly generate substantial positive media coverage that will benefit DoD and the Legacy program. The results will identify priority management needs for this declining species and help reduce conflict with the military mission on DoD installations. <br><br>Benefits to the DoD:<br>The project will benefit the DoD in general and also the 6 (or more) participating DoD installations throughout the western U.S. by providing explicit detailed information on the migratory timing, migratory routes, and wintering locations of burrowing owls that breed on DoD lands. This information is an important benefit, because without this knowledge, DoD will likely be expected to assume more and more of the management responsibility (or blame) for ensuring the persistence of burrowing owls in the U.S. as populations continue to decline. Without any knowledge of where owls on DoD installations migrate and overwinter, the only entity that can be made responsible for burrowing owls breeding on installations is DoD. Hence, greater knowledge of where “DoD owls” go during the migratory and wintering seasons will help spread the responsibility among the appropriate agencies, landowners, and countries. The project will also benefit the DoD because identifying the routes that burrowing owls take as they leave from (and return to) each participating installation during the spring and fall migratory seasons will help DoD personnel develop plans to minimize BASH problems. Knowing the migratory routes (and timing) that owls take as they leave the base each fall and return each spring will help guide practical decisions such as where NOT to install artificial burrows relative to runways (to avoid bird strikes). This knowledge will also help identify problems related to towers that are causing unnecessary mortality during migratory movements. And identifying the specific migratory corridors/routes will allow military commanders greater flexibility in using DoD lands that are outside of these corridors. The results may also help prevent burrowing owls from being listed as threatened or endangered by state and federal agencies in the U.S. Burrowing owls are already listed as federally endangered in Canada, and are listed as state endangered in several U.S. states. They have been petitioned for listing in several other U.S. states in recent years. Identifying migratory patterns and potential causes of decline on the wintering grounds will allow us to potentially reverse declines sooner and thereby prevent this species from being listed federally in the U.S. The results of this project will also identify critical areas along important migratory routes that need to be preserved and thereby identify key areas to target for habitat protection and restoration efforts. Finally, the project will benefit the DoD because it will help further identify DoD as a leader in the conservation of burrowing owls. As populations decline and more aggressive conservation measures are taken to ensure burrowing owl persistence, regulatory agencies will be able to see that DoD was funding projects to help conserve this high-profile species from the outset. Use of this exciting, new technology (Geolocators) to identify migratory patterns and wintering areas of a high-profile species-at-risk will undoubtedly generate substantial media interest. Indeed, we have already been contacted by the National Geographic Society who learned about our plans and want to help fund the project so that they can highlight it in their media outlets. The DoD and the Legacy program would benefit from such positive media coverage and would be identified as the leader of this effort. This project is a good example of integrating the goals of DoD's Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMPs) with those of the State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs) because burrowing owls are listed in INRMPs on many installations in the western U.S. and in the SWAPs of many western states. Moreover, most regional management planning efforts in the western U.S. (e.g., multi-species conservation plans such as the Sonoran Desert Ecosystem Initiative) include burrowing owl as a focal species. The proposed effort will undoubtedly be viewed as a crosscutting project using cutting-edge technology with partners in 3 countries to identify migratory pathways and wintering grounds of a high-profile species of international conservation concern. Burrowing owls appear to be changing their migratory behavior in response to global change (Macias-Duarte 2011); this project will provide the piece of the puzzle currently missing (exact wintering locations) that would allow us to fully evaluate the extent of those changes. DoD would benefit from participating as a leader in this national and international conservation initiative on burrowing owls, and would help ensure that DoD interests are given proper consideration in future conservation plans. This project will be run through the Desert Southwest Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (DSCESU). Hence, the project will further demonstrate DoD’s commitment to the CESU program and will help encourage additional partners to contribute to the project.
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Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) were once a common breeder in grasslands throughout North America but are now listed as a Species of National Conservation Concern in the U.S. Despite population declines, burrowing owls are present on many DoD installations throughout the western U.S. This project will identify wintering grounds and migratory routes of burrowing owls nesting on DoD lands through the use of geolocators. The project represents a large collaborative partnership among 17 organizations including USGS, DoD, the Canadian Department of Defense, and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Identifying migratory routes and wintering grounds for burrowing owls that breed on DoD installations will help determine shared management responsibility and allow for the development of the most cost-effective management plans for recovery. The results will identify priority management needs for this declining species and help reduce conflict with the military mission on DoD installations.
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South Carolina Alligator Adaptive Management Strategies: Population Dynamics, Habitat Utilization and Conservation Threats
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March 2019
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The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an iconic species in South Carolina, of ecological and economic importance. This study is investigating alligator population ecology using multiple analytical methods to establish an adaptive management framework for harvest decision-making. The primary study objectives are to (1) improve the study design of alligator monitoring programs to best reflect annual variation in alligator specific size-class abundance, (2) identify factors that influence said variation, and (3) evaluate the influence of alligator habitat-use patterns on management decisions.
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The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an iconic species in South Carolina, of ecological and economic importance. This study is investigating alligator population ecology using multiple analytical methods to establish an adaptive management framework for harvest decision-making. We are collaborating with SC DNR and the GA Cooperative Research Unit to provide stakeholders with tools to enhance decision making. Our models will serve as the basis to evaluate population-level responses to management or harvest decisions and to determine the intensity of monitoring required to produce reliable population estimates.<br>
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South Carolina Alligator Adaptive Management Strategies: Population Dynamics, Habitat Utilization and Conservation Threats
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March 2019
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The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an iconic species in South Carolina, of ecological and economic importance. This study is investigating alligator population ecology using multiple analytical methods to establish an adaptive management framework for harvest decision-making. The primary study objectives are to (1) improve the study design of alligator monitoring programs to best reflect annual variation in alligator specific size-class abundance, (2) identify factors that influence said variation, and (3) evaluate the influence of alligator habitat-use patterns on management decisions.
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The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an iconic species in South Carolina, of ecological and economic importance. This study is investigating alligator population ecology using multiple analytical methods to establish an adaptive management framework for harvest decision-making. We are collaborating with SC DNR and the GA Cooperative Research Unit to provide stakeholders with tools to enhance decision making. Our models will serve as the basis to evaluate population-level responses to management or harvest decisions and to determine the intensity of monitoring required to produce reliable population estimates.
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Effectiveness of Forest Restoration Treatments on Demography of a Federally Listed Ground Squirrel
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February 2025
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Fire suppression over the past century has caused widespread changes to the structure and function of coniferous forests in the western U.S. Forest restoration efforts to reverse these changes must ensure that restoration prescriptions will not adversely impact federally listed species. Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels are federally threatened and have a very small range in central Idaho. We are comparing the effects of 2 forest treatments on Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels : 1) mechanical thinning followed by a fall-season burn (past prescription used by USFS); and 2) no treatment (control). We are using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design with field sampling >5 years prior to treatment and for >4 years post-treatment. The project is a collaboration between USGS Idaho Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Idaho Department of Fish and Game. The results will help determine whether thinning and fire treatments can be used to improve habitat suitability for Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels.
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Fire suppression over the past century has caused widespread changes to the structure and function of coniferous forests in the western U.S. Forest restoration efforts to reverse these changes must ensure that restoration prescriptions will not adversely impact federally listed species. Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels are federally threatened and have a very small range in central Idaho. We are comparing the effects of 2 forest treatments on Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels : 1) mechanical thinning followed by a fall-season burn (past prescription used by USFS); and 2) no treatment (control). We are using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design with field sampling >5 years prior to treatment and for >4 years post-treatment. The project is a collaboration between USGS Idaho Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Idaho Department of Fish and Game. The results will help determine whether thinning and fire treatments can be used to improve habitat suitability for Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels.
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Assessing the Importance of Wetlands on DoD Installations for the Persistence of Wetland-dependent Birds
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December 2019
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This project will develop detailed habitat models for rare and endangered wetland birds. We will then use the models to rank the importance of over 600 DoD installations to wetland birds and conduct wetland bird surveys on a random subset of DoD installations to verify the models and provide estimates of abundance for these rare species. We will also rank non-DoD wetlands that are within the breeding range of the numerous state and federally endangered wetland birds to document the value of DoD wetlands to the preservation of these species. The project will contribute to a large partnership of agencies and organizations in North America that are conducting marsh bird surveys following a standardized protocol written by the project POC. The project will produce a first-of-its-kind inventory of the biological value of wetlands on DoD lands, detailed habitat models for each species (which are not currently available), and baseline survey data of secretive marsh birds at a large subset of DoD installations.
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This project will develop detailed habitat models for rare and endangered wetland birds. We will then use the models to rank the importance of over 600 DoD installations to wetland birds and conduct wetland bird surveys on a random subset of DoD installations to verify the models and provide estimates of abundance for these rare species. We will also rank non-DoD wetlands that are within the breeding range of the numerous state and federally endangered wetland birds to document the value of DoD wetlands to the preservation of these species. The project will contribute to a large partnership of agencies and organizations in North America that are conducting marsh bird surveys following a standardized protocol written by the project POC. The project will produce a first-of-its-kind inventory of the biological value of wetlands on DoD lands, detailed habitat models for each species (which are not currently available), and baseline survey data of secretive marsh birds at a large subset of DoD installations.
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Impacts of Surface Water Supply Reservoirs on Stream Flow and Biota
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June 2020
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In 2010, the Massachusetts Sustainable Water Management Initiative (SWMI) was created to develop a water allocation program that satisfies human water needs while protecting aquatic ecosystem health. The current framework includes a safe yield approach to allocation, biological categorization of streams using fish communities as a surrogate for aquatic integrity, and streamflow criteria (http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/water/framework-draft-feb03-2012.pdf). The approach for setting streamflow standards was based on estimates of flow alteration indicators (based on groundwater withdrawals and discharges), and relationships between estimated flow alteration and fluvial fish assemblages. Although the SWMI process is continuing with existing data, researchers identified the lack of information about flow alteration due to surface water withdrawals from reservoirs as a major information gap. <br><br>The overall goal of this research is to quantify flow alteration due to surface water withdrawals from reservoirs and the relationship between in-stream flow and biotic assemblages downstream of water supply reservoirs. This project involves collecting stream stage, fishes, and macroinvertebrates downstream of water supply reservoirs, and comparing that to non-supply reservoirs and unimpounded streams. We will select streams with similar size watersheds, but varying levels of water withdrawal. Streams will be continuously gaged with pressure transducers, and we will compare actual flows with the monthly withdrawals reported by the water suppliers. We will also investigate relationships between flow and temperature alteration, fish assemblages, and macroinvertebrate assemblages to determine the aspects of the flow and temperature regime that predict biotic assemblages.
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Surface water reservoirs used for public water supply are common throughout the landscape and can greatly disrupt stream flow regimes. Predicting effects of water withdrawals on downstream flows and aquatic ecosystems is particularly challenging due to variation in withdrawal and dam management and characteristics of the watershed, reservoir, and streams. This project is a collaboration with the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Our hydrologic monitoring in streams will help to understand variability in flow alteration and directly link hydrology to biotic responses, which is critical for making decisions on how to manage water supply while protecting stream ecosystems.
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Landscape-scale management of forest wildlife populations in Wisconsin
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July 2024
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Conservation of species has shifted from single site efforts to landscape-scale approaches due to the scale at which forest management operates. US Forest Service national forest managers conduct monitoring activities on populations according to the Forest Plan but lack time and expertise to analyze the data to help inform their management actions. The project is a collaboration of researchers and managers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Forest Service Northern Research Station, and managers from the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. The project will evaluate several long-term wildlife monitoring programs to provide science-based information to support inventory and monitoring efforts that contribute to the management of ecosystems and activities on the national forests in Wisconsin.
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Conservation of species has shifted from single site efforts to landscape-scale approaches due to the scale at which forest management operates. US Forest Service national forest managers conduct monitoring activities on populations according to the Forest Plan but lack time and expertise to analyze the data to help inform their management actions. The project is a collaboration of researchers and managers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Forest Service Northern Research Station, and managers from the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. The project will evaluate several long-term wildlife monitoring programs to provide science-based information to support inventory and monitoring efforts that contribute to the management of ecosystems and activities on the national forests in Wisconsin.
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Landscape-scale management of grassland birds in Wisconsin
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April 2022
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It is widely recognized that grassland obligate birds are declining faster than any other bird community in the Upper Midwest. Recently, conservation delivery has changed from focusing on individual sites at the local scale to focusing on landscape-scale conservation areas. This project is a collaboration across the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and state natural resource managers in the Midwest. State-level densities will be estimated for a suite of grassland birds in the Midwest and then used to evaluate the importance of current landscape-scale conservation areas in Wisconsin for grassland bird populations.
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It is widely recognized that grassland obligate birds are declining faster than any other bird community in the Upper Midwest. Recently, conservation delivery has changed from focusing on individual sites at the local scale to focusing on landscape-scale conservation areas. This project is a collaboration across the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and state natural resource managers in the Midwest. State-level densities will be estimated for a suite of grassland birds in the Midwest and then used to evaluate the importance of current landscape-scale conservation areas in Wisconsin for grassland bird populations.
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Eastern Brown Pelicans: Dispersal, Seasonal Movements and Monitoring of PAHs and Contaminants in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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November 2019
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The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) contains a high density of oil and gas infrastructure and coastal development. It also has a rich assemblage of nearshore and pelagic seabirds. The region is of year-round importance to seabirds, including local breeding populations and breeders from distant locations that occur within the Gulf throughout the year. Because of its distribution patterns, behavior, and known sensitivity to chemical and oil contaminants exposure, the Brown Pelican (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>) is a good indicator of species-level impacts from interactions with coastal and marine development. The species is widespread throughout the northern GOM and common during all phases of the annual cycle. Despite the species’ long history as a focus for conservation and restoration efforts, much of the information required to understand pelican population dynamics and habitat requirements (i.e<i>.,</i> adult and fledgling mortality, dispersal, site fidelity, diet composition, foraging behavior, migration patterns, and nonbreeding habitat use) remains unknown or is poorly understood.<br><br>In this study, we used several unique research avenues to address questions regarding movement, habitat use, physiology, and reproductive ecology of brown pelicans. Our research encompassed six principal objectives: (1) assessing reproductive ecology; (2) assessing baseline habitat use by the species in this region, particularly individual and regional variability; (3) assessing baseline health and exposure to contaminants in this region, particularly individual and regional variability; (4) predicting overlap of pelicans with anthropogenic risk factors; (5) understanding pathways by which changes to adult movement patterns might influence reproductive ecology and how to best measure such effects in wild populations; and (6) assessing movement ecology in the context of interactions with key prey resources.<br><br><br>
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The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) contains a high density of oil and gas infrastructure and coastal development. The region is also of year-round importance to seabirds, including local breeding populations and breeders from distant locations that occur within the Gulf throughout the year. A species of high conservation concern in the region is the Brown Pelican. Despite the species’ long history as a focus for conservation and restoration efforts, much of the information required to understand pelican population dynamics, habitat requirements, or responses to environmental stress remains unknown or is poorly understood. This project relied on collaboration with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the USGS Outer Continental Shelf Program, state agencies (TX, LA, AL, and FL), and NGO partners to conduct the most spatially extensive research on Brown Pelicans nesting and movement ecology. Results from the research are informing restoration activities in the Gulf (e.g., <a href="https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2020/02/queen-bess-island-restored-time-nesting-season">https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2020/02/queen-bess-island-restored-time-nesting-season</a>) and have played a major role in the development of guidelines for the development of long-term monitoring plans for seabirds in the region (https://gomamn.org/strategic-bird-monitoring-guidelines). Results are also used by agency partners for the development of spill response plans, assessment activities, and marine spatial planning. <br><br>
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Eastern Brown Pelicans: Dispersal, Seasonal Movements and Monitoring of PAHs and Contaminants in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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November 2019
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The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) contains a high density of oil and gas infrastructure and coastal development. It also has a rich assemblage of nearshore and pelagic seabirds. The region is of year-round importance to seabirds, including local breeding populations and breeders from distant locations that occur within the Gulf throughout the year. Because of its distribution patterns, behavior, and known sensitivity to chemical and oil contaminants exposure, the Brown Pelican (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>) is a good indicator of species-level impacts from interactions with coastal and marine development. The species is widespread throughout the northern GOM and common during all phases of the annual cycle. Despite the species’ long history as a focus for conservation and restoration efforts, much of the information required to understand pelican population dynamics and habitat requirements (i.e<i>.,</i> adult and fledgling mortality, dispersal, site fidelity, diet composition, foraging behavior, migration patterns, and nonbreeding habitat use) remains unknown or is poorly understood.<br><br>In this study, we used several unique research avenues to address questions regarding movement, habitat use, physiology, and reproductive ecology of brown pelicans. Our research encompassed six principal objectives: (1) assessing reproductive ecology; (2) assessing baseline habitat use by the species in this region, particularly individual and regional variability; (3) assessing baseline health and exposure to contaminants in this region, particularly individual and regional variability; (4) predicting overlap of pelicans with anthropogenic risk factors; (5) understanding pathways by which changes to adult movement patterns might influence reproductive ecology and how to best measure such effects in wild populations; and (6) assessing movement ecology in the context of interactions with key prey resources.
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The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) contains a high density of oil and gas infrastructure and coastal development. The region is also of year-round importance to seabirds, including local breeding populations and breeders from distant locations that occur within the Gulf throughout the year. A species of high conservation concern in the region is the Brown Pelican. Despite the species’ long history as a focus for conservation and restoration efforts, much of the information required to understand pelican population dynamics, habitat requirements, or responses to environmental stress remains unknown or is poorly understood. This project relied on collaboration with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the USGS Outer Continental Shelf Program, state agencies (TX, LA, AL, and FL), and NGO partners to conduct the most spatially extensive research on Brown Pelicans nesting and movement ecology. Results from the research are informing restoration activities in the Gulf (e.g., <a href="https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2020/02/queen-bess-island-restored-time-nesting-season">https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2020/02/queen-bess-island-restored-time-nesting-season</a>) and have played a major role in the development of guidelines for the development of long-term monitoring plans for seabirds in the region (https://gomamn.org/strategic-bird-monitoring-guidelines). Results are also used by agency partners for the development of spill response plans, assessment activities, and marine spatial planning.
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Effects of forest management practices in the Acadian Northern Hardwood/Conifer Forests of Maine on forest bird communities, with emphasis on species of regional conservation priority and concern (Collaborators: D. harrison, P. Wood, C. Loftin)
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December 2018
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The goal of this study is to examine effects of Maine’s forest harvest practices employed in the northern deciduous/coniferous forest on diversity and abundance of the forest bird community of selected species of conservation interest (e.g., Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Cape May Warbler). The study will document bird communities in manipulated stands compared to reference stands and within the larger landscape context. Time since harvest will range from > 60 years (i.e., mature residual stands) to 17-40 years in regenerating clearcuts, and 14-18 years since initial harvest entry in selection harvest, shelterwood establishment, shelterwood overstory removal stands, with a gradient of harvest intensity from clearcut with herbicide to selection, to shelterwood establishment, to shelterwood overstory removal. This project is a collaboration of the US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the USGS West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the University of Maine, the Cooperative Forestry Research Unit, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The information learned in this study will inform our understanding of avian responses to stand age and structure as relates to habitat quality and in the context of changing land use practices in the northern forest landscape.
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The goal of this study is to examine effects of Maine’s forest harvest practices employed in the northern deciduous/coniferous forest on diversity and abundance of the forest bird community of selected species of conservation interest (e.g., Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Cape May Warbler). The study will document bird communities in manipulated stands compared to reference stands and within the larger landscape context. Time since harvest will range from > 60 years (i.e., mature residual stands) to 17-40 years in regenerating clearcuts, and 14-18 years since initial harvest entry in selection harvest, shelterwood establishment, shelterwood overstory removal stands, with a gradient of harvest intensity from clearcut with herbicide to selection, to shelterwood establishment, to shelterwood overstory removal. This project is a collaboration of the US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the USGS West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the University of Maine, the Cooperative Forestry Research Unit, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The information learned in this study will inform our understanding of avian responses to stand age and structure as relates to habitat quality and in the context of changing land use practices in the northern forest landscape.
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Assessing Priority Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Areas (PARCAs) and Vulnerability to Climate Change in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative (Collaborators: C. Loftin, P. deMaynadier, K. Barrett, P.Nanjappa)
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January 2019
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Amphibians and reptiles are experiencing severe habitat loss throughout North America; however, this threat to biodiversity can be mitigated by identifying and managing areas that serve a disproportionate role in sustaining herpetofauna. Identification of such areas must take into consideration the dynamic nature of habitat suitability. As climate rapidly changes it is possible that areas currently deemed suitable may no longer be so in the future. To address these needs, we will generate spatially-explicit data that will (1) identify Priority Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Areas (PARCAs) – those discrete areas most vital to maintaining reptile and amphibian diversity, (2) project regions of current and future climatic suitability for a number of priority reptiles and amphibians in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative, and (3) identify gaps in distributional data for these species that may prevent or inhibit the identification of species-level climatic suitability.
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Amphibians and reptiles are experiencing severe habitat loss throughout North America; however, this threat to biodiversity can be mitigated by identifying and managing areas that serve a disproportionate role in sustaining herpetofauna. Identification of such areas must take into consideration the dynamic nature of habitat suitability. As climate rapidly changes it is possible that areas currently deemed suitable may no longer be so in the future. To address these needs, we have generated spatially-explicit data that will (1) identify Priority Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Areas (PARCAs) – those discrete areas most vital to maintaining reptile and amphibian diversity, (2) projected regions of current and future climatic suitability for a number of priority reptiles and amphibians in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative, and (3) identified gaps in distributional data for these species that may prevent or inhibit the identification of species-level climatic suitability. The project is a collaboration of the US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Tennessee State University, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Clemson University, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition to the modeled conservation area boundaries, the climate niche models and species distribution models are hosted on the web by the USFWS for use in herpetofauna conservation planning.
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The social-ecology of an intensively managed ecosystem: pheasants and pheasant hunters in Southwest Nebraska
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December 2019
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Ring–necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are a culturally and economically important game species. Across the Midwest agroecosystems have historically served as important habitat for pheasants, but the intensification of agricultural has significantly altered the landscape resulting in a long–term decline in pheasant populations. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has helped to mitigate habitat loss and slow the rate of population decline, but enrollment in CRP is declining. Given the importance of pheasants to Nebraska, managers are interested in developing programs that will continue to support pheasant populations while ensuring hunting opportunities.
In southwest Nebraska, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission intensively manages for pheasant habitat and pheasant hunting opportunities with the goal of producing the best pheasant hunting experience for the most hunters. Starting in 2012 we began working with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission to monitor pheasants and pheasant hunters in the region to better understand how pheasants use managed agroecosystems, how hunters perceive and use public access, and how pheasants and pheasant hunters interact.
Since the start of the project we have captured and radio collared hundreds of pheasants and recorded thousands of locations on where pheasants are roosting, eating, loafing and nesting. At these locations we have collected information on vegetation characteristics, climatic conditions, and food resources to understand the ecological needs of pheasants. To understand changing population dynamics, we monitor the survival of pheasants throughout the year and each spring we monitor 20–70 nests collecting information on reproductive investment and success. We also monitor seasonal movements of pheasants and responses to management and regulations such as the opening of the hunting season or wheat stubble management. In addition to monitoring pheasants we are collecting information on hunter movements and harvest to understand how hunters interact with pheasants in the field.
The findings from this study are helping us to understand the complex dynamics between how uncontrollable factors such as weather interact with habitat and harvest management to affect pheasant population dynamics in an intensively managed ecosystem.
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Ring–necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are a culturally and economically important game species. Across the Midwest agroecosystems have historically served as important habitat for pheasants, but the intensification of agricultural has significantly altered the landscape resulting in a long–term decline in pheasant populations. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has helped to mitigate habitat loss and slow the rate of population decline, but enrollment in CRP is declining. Given the importance of pheasants to Nebraska, managers are interested in developing programs that will continue to support pheasant populations while ensuring hunting opportunities.
In southwest Nebraska, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission intensively manages for pheasant habitat and pheasant hunting opportunities with the goal of producing the best pheasant hunting experience for the most hunters. Starting in 2012 we began working with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission to monitor pheasants and pheasant hunters in the region to better understand how pheasants use managed agroecosystems, how hunters perceive and use public access, and how pheasants and pheasant hunters interact.
Since the start of the project we have captured and radio collared hundreds of pheasants and recorded thousands of locations on where pheasants are roosting, eating, loafing and nesting. At these locations we have collected information on vegetation characteristics, climatic conditions, and food resources to understand the ecological needs of pheasants. To understand changing population dynamics, we monitor the survival of pheasants throughout the year and each spring we monitor 20–70 nests collecting information on reproductive investment and success. We also monitor seasonal movements of pheasants and responses to management and regulations such as the opening of the hunting season or wheat stubble management. In addition to monitoring pheasants we are collecting information on hunter movements and harvest to understand how hunters interact with pheasants in the field.
The findings from this study are helping us to understand the complex dynamics between how uncontrollable factors such as weather interact with habitat and harvest management to affect pheasant population dynamics in an intensively managed ecosystem.
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The demography of Northern Spotted Owls in Oregon and Washington
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March 2023
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The Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act, primarily because of the loss of old growth forest habitat due to timber harvest. The Northwest Forest Plan was developed in the mid-1990's to conserve the owl and other old growth species, while allowing greatly reduced levels of commercial timber harvest on federal land. The Plan required the implementation of a regional effectiveness monitoring program for the spotted owl. This research project collects and analyzes data from 5 of the 7 spotted owl effectiveness monitoring program study areas across the owl's range. Data from this work is used to regularly evaluate population trends of spotted owls, as well as increase our understanding of owl ecology, including dispersal, diet, nest site selection, behavior, genetics, and response to a recent, congeneric invader, the Barred Owl (Strix varia).
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The Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act, primarily because of the loss of old growth forest habitat due to timber harvest. The Northwest Forest Plan was developed in the mid-1990's to conserve the owl and other old growth species, while allowing greatly reduced levels of commercial timber harvest on federal land. The Plan required the implementation of a regional effectiveness monitoring program for the spotted owl. In collaboration with USDA FS - PNW, this research project collects and analyzes data from 5 of the 7 spotted owl effectiveness monitoring program study areas across the owl's range. Data from this work is used to regularly evaluate population trends of spotted owls, as well as increase our understanding of owl ecology, including dispersal, diet, nest site selection, behavior, genetics, and response to a recent, congeneric invader, the Barred Owl (Strix varia).
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Long-term meta-population demographics of Adélie penguins on Ross island, Antarctica
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September 2025
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The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a sea-ice obligate species so ocean habitats in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica are crucial during all stages of the species annual cycle. Changes in wind, temperature, and associated sea ice patterns in some of the more northern regions of the species range in are causing reductions in the size and distribution of Adélie penguin breeding colonies. In collaboration with Point Blue Conservation Science and HT Harvey and Associates, this NSF-funded study is designed to investigate the effects of environmental variation on vital rates and population size for Adélie penguins at 3 colonies within a metapopulation in the Southern Ross Sea. The core of our research is a long-term data set (24th season in 2019) on individually marked, known-age, known-breeding history penguins at these 3 colonies. With these data we can estimate population-level vital rates that produce population change, and attempt to understand the ecological factors that affect these vital rates. The southern Ross Sea has experienced a much smaller human footprint than other regions on the planet, so this project provides a unique and invaluable opportunity to disentangle climate change effects from anthropogenic influences for a species sensitive to predicted environmental changes.
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The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a sea-ice obligate species so ocean habitats in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica are crucial during all stages of the species annual cycle. Changes in wind, temperature, and associated sea ice patterns in some of the more northern regions of the species range in are causing reductions in the size and distribution of Adélie penguin breeding colonies. In collaboration with Point Blue Conservation Science and HT Harvey and Associates, this NSF-funded study is designed to investigate the effects of environmental variation on vital rates and population size for Adélie penguins at 3 colonies within a metapopulation in the Southern Ross Sea. The core of our research is a long-term data set (24th season in 2019) on individually marked, known-age, known-breeding history penguins at these 3 colonies. With these data we can estimate population-level vital rates that produce population change, and attempt to understand the ecological factors that affect these vital rates. The southern Ross Sea has experienced a much smaller human footprint than other regions on the planet, so this project provides a unique and invaluable opportunity to disentangle climate change effects from anthropogenic influences for a species sensitive to predicted environmental changes.
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Understanding downstream migratory survival of Atlantic salmon smolts in the Penobscot River Maine; effects of dams and restoration
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September 2020
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The downstream migration of Atlantic salmon juveniles is a critical stage in their life cycle. During this stage, individuals undergo a series of morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that prepare them for the migration and for life at sea. Survival of juveniles in the Penobscot River has been studied since 2005, using acoustic and radio telemetry. Several areas of high concern, have been recognized - namely dams and the estuary. The system-wide survival of smolts in the Penobscot River has been consistently low throughout the years, but the influence of stocking timing, flow and delays are being revealed. Together with NOAA, USFWS, Penobscot Nation, we are working to understand how the range of conditions in the river can influence the odds of restoration success. These data are being used to inform both stocking strategies and stimulate innovative restoration techniques.
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The downstream migration of Atlantic salmon juveniles is a critical stage in their life cycle. During this stage, individuals undergo a series of morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that prepare them for the migration and for life at sea. Survival of juveniles in the Penobscot River has been studied since 2005, using acoustic and radio telemetry. Several areas of high concern, have been recognized - namely dams and the estuary. The system-wide survival of smolts in the Penobscot River has been consistently low throughout the years, but the influence of stocking timing, flow and delays are being revealed. Together with NOAA, USFWS, Penobscot Nation, we are working to understand how the range of conditions in the river can influence the odds of restoration success. These data are being used to inform both stocking strategies and stimulate innovative restoration techniques.
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Passage of adult Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River before and after dam removal
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January 2022
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The Penobscot River has experienced two main-stem dam removals and other engineering changes, including the installation of a fish lift at Milford Dam (the lowest dam in the system) with hopes of restoring Atlantic salmon. Efforts to restore these federally endangered fish will rely on safe and effective fish passage. We sought to use acoustic, radio telemetry and PIT tag technology are being used to characterize migration patterns and passage efficiency of adult Atlantic salmon. This work in the Penobscot River, Maine, necessitating effective collaboration with USFWS, NOAA, Penobsot Nation, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Brookfield Power, TNC and the Penobscot River Restoration Trust. Characterizing migration patterns and passage efficiency in the Penobscot River, Maine can inform restoration strategies into the future.
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The Penobscot River has experienced two main-stem dam removals and other engineering changes, including the installation of a fish lift at Milford Dam (the lowest dam in the system) with hopes of restoring Atlantic salmon. Efforts to restore these federally endangered fish will rely on safe and effective fish passage. We sought to use acoustic, radio telemetry and PIT tag technology are being used to characterize migration patterns and passage efficiency of adult Atlantic salmon. This work in the Penobscot River, Maine, necessitating effective collaboration with USFWS, NOAA, Penobsot Nation, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Brookfield Power, TNC and the Penobscot River Restoration Trust. Characterizing migration patterns and passage efficiency in the Penobscot River, Maine can inform restoration strategies into the future.
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Web-Accessible Database of Standard Fish Sampling Data
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December 2024
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In 2009, the American Fisheries Society developed standard methods to sample freshwater fish populations, publishing them in the book <i>Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes</i>. The Arizona Unit leader was project lead, which involved over 280 biologists from the United States, Canada and Mexico from over 100 agencies, organization, and universities. This project was supported in part through partnership with the USGS Cooperative Research Units System, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and eight other agency and private partners. In 2019, the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) and the American Fisheries Society funded a second edition of the book. The 2009 book’s final chapter included summaries of growth, condition, length frequency, and catch per unit effort for fifteen of the most common North American fishes; averaged by ecoregion and rangewide and collected using standard gears. Protection and management of freshwater fishes was enhanced by these data which provided managers with baselines for examination of population trends, population health and other indicators. However, further work was needed – these data were inconvenient to access and use. Therefore, we developed a website and database that accompanied Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes. This website (1) has an online expandable database of standard sampling data for comparison, (2) provides an overview of the standard sampling project, and (3) serves as a repository of comments on the published standard sampling procedures, and (4) uses the PHP-based Drupal framework to make it relatively easy to modify the web application to meet initial application needs and the needs that arise as users test and interact with the system.<br>The initial database (1) provided on-line summaries of 4,092 data sets of condition, length-frequency, CPUE and growth indices of common freshwater fishes, collected using standard gears, from 42 states and provinces across North America, (2) allowed entry of new data collected using standardized methods, so averages of commonly-used fishery indices can be updated in the future, (3) allowed queries, graphical, and tabular output of the data summaries so they can be easily accessed and integrated into projects across North America. Users are able to compare condition, growth and abundance of fish collected in a particular waterbody with regional and rangewide averages and percentiles, thus increasing resource information in a variety of areas. Generated broad-scale knowledge is useful in the enhancement of fish habitat and populations on both public and private lands. This database served as a small demonstration project by USGS, the USGS Cooperative Research Units and other sponsors, and helped demonstrate the usefulness of other larger efforts to provide continental fisheries data. Now the database tool is being updated through support from AFWA, the University of Arizona and the American Fisheries Society. The update will provide the user with more species to compare, significantly more data, and improved function, with the ability to perform summaries by U.S. state and Canadian province. Programming on the database is currently underway. This data tool is being updated in conjunction with the development of the 2nd edition of <i>Standard Sampling of North American Freshwater Fishes.</i>
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In 2009, the American Fisheries Society developed standard methods to sample freshwater fish populations, publishing them in the book Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes. The Arizona Unit leader was project lead, which involved over 280 biologists from the United States, Canada and Mexico from over 100 agencies, organization, and universities. This project was supported in part through partnership with the USGS Cooperative Research Units System, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and eight other agency and private partners. In 2019, the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) and the American Fisheries Society funded a second edition of the book. The 2009 book’s final chapter included summaries of growth, condition, length frequency, and catch per unit effort for fifteen of the most common North American fishes; averaged by ecoregion and rangewide and collected using standard gears. Protection and management of freshwater fishes was enhanced by these data which provided managers with baselines for examination of population trends, population health and other indicators. However, further work was needed – these data were inconvenient to access and use. Therefore, we developed a website and database that accompanied Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes. This website (1) has an online expandable database of standard sampling data for comparison, (2) provides an overview of the standard sampling project, and (3) serves as a repository of comments on the published standard sampling procedures, and (4) uses the PHP-based Drupal framework to make it relatively easy to modify the web application to meet initial application needs and the needs that arise as users test and interact with the system.<br>The initial database (1) provided on-line summaries of 4,092 data sets of condition, length-frequency, CPUE and growth indices of common freshwater fishes, collected using standard gears, from 42 states and provinces across North America, (2) allowed entry of new data collected using standardized methods, so averages of commonly-used fishery indices can be updated in the future, (3) allowed queries, graphical, and tabular output of the data summaries so they can be easily accessed and integrated into projects across North America. Users are able to compare condition, growth and abundance of fish collected in a particular waterbody with regional and rangewide averages and percentiles, thus increasing resource information in a variety of areas. Generated broad-scale knowledge is useful in the enhancement of fish habitat and populations on both public and private lands. This database served as a small demonstration project by USGS, the USGS Cooperative Research Units and other sponsors, and helped demonstrate the usefulness of other larger efforts to provide continental fisheries data. Now the database tool is being updated through support from AFWA, the University of Arizona and the American Fisheries Society. The update will provide the user with more species to compare, significantly more data, and improved function. Programming on the database is currently underway. This data tool is being updated in conjunction with the development of the 2nd edition of Standard Sampling of North American Freshwater Fishes.
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Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes
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October 2023
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Standardization in industry, medicine and science has led to great advances. However, despite its benefits, freshwater fish sampling was generally unstandardized, or at most standardized locally. Standardization across large regions allows for measurement of large-scale effects of climate or geography on fish populations; larger sample sizes to evaluate management techniques, reliable means to document rare species; easier communication; and simpler data sharing. With increased interaction among fisheries professionals worldwide, reasons for wide-scale standardization were more compelling than ever. The Fish Management Section of the American Fisheries Society in collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, USGS Cooperative Research Units Program, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, AFS Education and Computer User’s Sections, and Arizona Game and Fish Department developed standard sampling methods for North America. This was the largest such project in the history of fisheries science. Almost 50 United States, Canadian and Mexican fish sampling experts authored a book on the subject. These methods were reviewed by 54 representatives from 33 North American agencies and by biologists from six European and one African country. Final drafts were reviewed by an additional 36 sampling experts. In total 284 biologists from 107 agencies and organizations contributed as authors, reviewers, data providers and sponsors. Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes, was published in 2009, and described standard methods to sample fish in specific environments so population indices can be more easily compared across regions and time. Environments include ponds, reservoirs, natural lakes, streams and rivers containing cold and warmwater fishes. This book provides rangewide and regional averages; calculated from over 4000 data sets from 42 states and provinces; of size structure, CPUE, growth, and condition for common fishes collected using methods discussed. Biologists can use these data to determine if fish from their waterbody are below, above, or at average for an index. These procedures will be useful to those hoping to benefit from standard sampling programs in their regions. Since publication, these methods are being increasingly adopted across North America. Three symposiums at the North American meeting of the American Fisheries Society have been held; and numerous presentations on the techniques throughout the United States, Mexico and Canada have been given. Furthermore, keynotes have also been invited and presented in the United Kingdom, South Korea and the Czech Republic discussing the techniques. Publications concerning this work since 2016 have been published in Fisheries, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, and Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference at FAO, United Nations, Rome. Now a 2nd edition is underway with unanimous support from the Fisheries Management Section of the American Fisheries Society, and funding from the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Currently design and writing of the book is underway and publication date is slated at 2021-2022.
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Standardization in industry, medicine and science has led to great advances. However, despite its benefits, freshwater fish sampling was generally unstandardized, or at most standardized locally. Standardization across large regions allows for measurement of large-scale effects of climate or geography on fish populations; larger sample sizes to evaluate management techniques, reliable means to document rare species; easier communication; and simpler data sharing. With increased interaction among fisheries professionals worldwide, reasons for wide-scale standardization were more compelling than ever. The Fish Management Section of the American Fisheries Society in collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, USGS Cooperative Research Units Program, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, AFS Education and Computer User’s Sections, and Arizona Game and Fish Department developed standard sampling methods for North America. This was the largest such project in the history of fisheries science. Almost 50 United States, Canadian and Mexican fish sampling experts authored a book on the subject. These methods were reviewed by 54 representatives from 33 North American agencies and by biologists from six European and one African country. Final drafts were reviewed by an additional 36 sampling experts. In total 284 biologists from 107 agencies and organizations contributed as authors, reviewers, data providers and sponsors. Standard Methods for Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes, was published in 2009, and described standard methods to sample fish in specific environments so population indices can be more easily compared across regions and time. Environments include ponds, reservoirs, natural lakes, streams and rivers containing cold and warmwater fishes. This book provides rangewide and regional averages; calculated from over 4000 data sets from 42 states and provinces; of size structure, CPUE, growth, and condition for common fishes collected using methods discussed. Biologists can use these data to determine if fish from their waterbody are below, above, or at average for an index. These procedures will be useful to those hoping to benefit from standard sampling programs in their regions. Since publication, these methods are being increasingly adopted across North America. Three symposiums at the North American meeting of the American Fisheries Society have been held; and numerous presentations on the techniques throughout the United States, Mexico and Canada have been given. Furthermore, keynotes have also been invited and presented in the United Kingdom, South Korea and the Czech Republic discussing the techniques. Publications concerning this work since 2016 have been published in Fisheries, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, and Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference at FAO, United Nations, Rome. Now a 2nd edition is underway with unanimous support from the Fisheries Management Section of the American Fisheries Society, and funding from the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Currently design and writing of the book is underway and publication date is slated at 2021-2022.
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Regeneration of Forest Vegetation in Response to Browsing by Moose and Deer: An Experimental Approach Using Exclosures
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December 2027
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In cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Harvard Forest, and several other groups, we have built 16 sets of experimental exclosures to monitor the response of forest vegetation in relation to browsing by moose and deer. Each site has two 20x20 m fenced treatments (full exclosure with fencing to the ground, and a partial exclosure with fencing two feet off the ground to allow access to deer but not moose) and an unfenced control. We have documented varying responses of woody vegetation based on treatment in the first few years of the experiment. Our goal is to see that this experiment continues for at least the next few decades.
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Moose (Alces americanus) returned to southern New England in the late 20th century after a 1-2 century absence. Moose are generalist browsers and, coupled with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), can have long-term influences on the structure and composition of forest ecosystems. We set out to understand these relationships by constructing 15 20 x 20 m exclosures in a randomized block design with 3 treatment levels: (1) no-ungulates (full exclosure), (2) deer only (partial exclosure), and (3) deer + moose (control, i.e., no fence). During the first phase of this research, we discovered that in logged forests, moose and deer used the cuts at roughly the same frequency despite moose densities being much lower than deer densities. Moose were the dominant browser and after 6–7 years of browsing, deer + moose reduced stem densities and basal area by 2-3-fold, cherry and oak recruitment by 3–6 fold, and species richness by 1.7 species (19%). Browsing resulted in greater herbaceous species richness and greater woody species richness than ungulate exclusion and deer alone. Our initial results illustrate the complex interactions that two native browser can have on forests, with implications for understanding forest ecological dynamics and timber management. The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Harvard University, Highstead Foundation, and U. S. Forest Service collaborated on this research. We will continue with this long-term study through various stages of forest development. The information will be used by conservation and management agencies to further understand wildlife-forest habitat relationships and the role they play in forest ecology, animal community dynamics, watershed management, and production of timber and other forest products.
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Migration Corridors and Landscape Connectivity Project
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June 2018
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We are using geospatial modeling to determine existing ungulate migration corridors, landscape connectivity and integrity patterns throughout Wyoming. Our work focuses on the use of geospatial tools and modeling to determine a) where ungulate migration corridors occur in Wyoming, b) statewide distribution of existing intact landscapes, and c) how a and b relate spatially to each other.
In order to determine existing ungulate migration corridors, a combination of existing collar data on populations in Wyoming will be considered, as well as existing spatial data maintained by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), based on collar data and best professional opinion. These will be used in combination with modeling techniques that include deterministic variables such as elevation, vegetation, phenology, and anthropogenic disturbances, among others.
Modeling existing intact landscapes will involve the incorporation of a variety of factors, including the weighted evaluation of all anthropogenic disturbances, from grazing and other agricultural uses to oil and gas development, transportation, and rural development.
In consideration of their relationship to each other, ungulate migration corridors and landscape connectivity and integrity, a variety of variables will be considered, including existing barriers to migration.
This work is currently in its initial phase, and is being funded by the University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources, and will contribute to the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the Western Governors Association. Future considerations for this work include evaluation of how migration corridors are considered in energy, agriculture, and rural development management decisions in Wyoming.
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The effectiveness of the Greater Sage-Grouse as an umbrella for non-game sagebrush SGCN
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June 2018
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The greater sage-grouse is frequently considered a promising umbrella species for the management of co-occurring wildlife species within North American sagebrush steppe. Sage-grouse are well-studied, habitat specialists, have large home ranges, and are already the target of extensive conservation and management efforts. Previous analyses of sage-grouse as an umbrella species, however, have revealed potential issues that must be addressed before accepting the use of the sage-grouse as an effective single-species surrogate. The primary project partner is the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Project results have clarified the other sensitive species for which the sage-grouse is a suitable conservation surrogate, and at which spatial scales.
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The greater sage-grouse is frequently considered a promising umbrella species for the management of co-occurring wildlife species within North American sagebrush steppe. Sage-grouse are well-studied, habitat specialists, have large home ranges, and are already the target of extensive conservation and management efforts. Previous analyses of sage-grouse as an umbrella species, however, have revealed potential issues that must be addressed before accepting the use of the sage-grouse as an effective single-species surrogate. The primary project partner is the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Project results have clarified the other sensitive species for which the sage-grouse is a suitable conservation surrogate, and at which spatial scales.
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Responses of large mammals to forest restoration treatments and wildfire in the southwest Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
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April 2025
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Decades of fire suppression, overgrazing, and logging in the western U.S. have resulted in increased tree densities, altered habitat conditions for many wildlife species, and increased risk of stand-replacing wildfires. Land managers are currently implementing landscape-scale treatments in efforts to mitigate catastrophic wildfires and to restore historical forest conditions. The goals of this project are to monitor the responses of mule deer, elk, black bear, and mountain lion to forest restoration treatments and wildfires as part of the Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Restoration Project. Specifically, we are assessing changes in forage conditions, movements, and resource selection of mule deer, elk, black bear and mountain lion in relation to prescribed fires, restoration thinning, and previous wildfires. The results of this project will allow for more informed design and implementation of restoration treatments that simultaneously mitigate wildfire risk and enhance habitat conditions for mule deer, elk, black bears and mountain lions. This research is in collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources Management at Texas Tech University, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Jemez Pueblo, and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
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Decades of fire suppression, overgrazing, and logging in the western U.S. have resulted in increased tree densities, altered habitat conditions for many wildlife species, and increased risk of stand-replacing wildfires. Land managers are currently implementing landscape-scale treatments in efforts to mitigate catastrophic wildfires and to restore historical forest conditions. The goals of this project are to monitor the responses of mule deer, elk, black bear, and mountain lion to forest restoration treatments and wildfires as part of the Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Restoration Project. Specifically, we are assessing changes in forage conditions, movements, and resource selection of mule deer, elk, black bear and mountain lion in relation to prescribed fires, restoration thinning, and previous wildfires. The results of this project will allow for more informed design and implementation of restoration treatments that simultaneously mitigate wildfire risk and enhance habitat conditions for mule deer, elk, black bears and mountain lions. This research is in collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources Management at Texas Tech University, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Jemez Pueblo, and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
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Pollination Security for Fruit and Vegetable Crops in the Northeast (collaborative project with Frank Drummond, Aaron Hoshide, Sam Hanes, Alison Dibble at UMaine)
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May 2019
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Pollinator-dependent crops require a readily available source of pollinators. Although honey bees provide this service for a variety of crops, a diverse pollinator community is needed to ensure sustainability in this service. Native bee pollinators potentially contribute to this sustainability, however, knowledge about factors that affect their abundance and distributions is lacking. We are collaborating with a larger team of scientists to examine a variety of factors that potentially affect native pollinators of blueberries. Our focus is to understand relationships between native pollinators of wild blueberries and the landscape composition and arrangement around wild blueberry fields.
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Pollinator-dependent crops require a readily available source of pollinators. Although honey bees provide this service for a variety of crops, a diverse pollinator community is needed to ensure sustainability in this service. Native bee pollinators potentially contribute to this sustainability, however, knowledge about factors that affect their abundance and distributions is lacking. This is a collaboration of a team of scientists from the University of Maine, US Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, the University of Massachusetts, University of Connecticut, University of Tennessee, and Cornell University to examine a variety of factors that potentially affect native pollinators of blueberries. Our focus is to understand relationships between native pollinators of wild blueberries and the landscape composition and arrangement around wild blueberry fields. The research will develop web tools for understanding native bee spatial use of the landscape, guidance for pollinator conservation for the agricultural community, evaluation of the InVEST crop pollination model, and published science.
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Using a Mechanistic Model to Develop Management Strategies to Cool Apache Trout Streams under the Threat of Climate Change
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October 2019
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User‐friendly stream temperature models populated with on‐site data may help in developing strategies to manage temperatures of individual stream reaches that are subject to climate change. We used the field‐tested Stream Segment Temperature model (U.S. Geological Survey) to simulate how altering discharge, groundwater input, channel wetted width, and shade prevents the temperatures of White Mountain, Arizona, stream reaches from exceeding the thermal tolerance of Apache Trout <i>Oncorhynchus apache</i>, both under existing conditions and under a climate change scenario. Simulations suggested increasing shade, either through streamside planting of specific numbers and species of plants or by other means, would be most effective and feasible for cooling the stream reaches we studied. Ponderosa pine <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and Douglas fir <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> provided the most shade followed in order by Engelman spruce <i>Picea engelmannii</i>, Bebb's willow <i>Salix bebbiana</i>, Arizona alder <i>Alnus oblongifolia</i>, and finally coyote willow <i>Salix exigua</i>. Vegetation survival depends on the appropriateness of site conditions at present and under climate change, and planting in buffer strips minimizes additional water removal from the watershed through evapotranspiration. Alternative shading options, including thick sedge growth, shade cloth, or felled woody vegetation, may be considered when environmental conditions do not support plantings. Increasing groundwater input can cool streams, but additional sources are scarce in the region. Decreasing the width‐to‐depth ratio would succeed best on reaches with widths greater than 2.0 m. Increasing discharge from upstream may lower water temperature on reaches with an initial discharge greater than 0.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Existing models provide suggestions to cool stream reaches. Further development of accessible software packages that incorporate evaporation, fragmentation, and other projected climate change effects into their routines will provide additional tools to help manage climate change effects. Partners include the AZGFD. Products included a thesis and a featured article in a journal.
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User‐friendly stream temperature models populated with on‐site data may help in developing strategies to manage temperatures of individual stream reaches that are subject to climate change. We used the field‐tested Stream Segment Temperature model (U.S. Geological Survey) to simulate how altering discharge, groundwater input, channel wetted width, and shade prevents the temperatures of White Mountain, Arizona, stream reaches from exceeding the thermal tolerance of Apache Trout <i>Oncorhynchus apache</i>, both under existing conditions and under a climate change scenario. Simulations suggested increasing shade, either through streamside planting of specific numbers and species of plants or by other means, would be most effective and feasible for cooling the stream reaches we studied. Ponderosa pine <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> and Douglas fir <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> provided the most shade followed in order by Engelman spruce <i>Picea engelmannii</i>, Bebb's willow <i>Salix bebbiana</i>, Arizona alder <i>Alnus oblongifolia</i>, and finally coyote willow <i>Salix exigua</i>. Vegetation survival depends on the appropriateness of site conditions at present and under climate change, and planting in buffer strips minimizes additional water removal from the watershed through evapotranspiration. Alternative shading options, including thick sedge growth, shade cloth, or felled woody vegetation, may be considered when environmental conditions do not support plantings. Increasing groundwater input can cool streams, but additional sources are scarce in the region. Decreasing the width‐to‐depth ratio would succeed best on reaches with widths greater than 2.0 m. Increasing discharge from upstream may lower water temperature on reaches with an initial discharge greater than 0.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Existing models provide suggestions to cool stream reaches. Further development of accessible software packages that incorporate evaporation, fragmentation, and other projected climate change effects into their routines will provide additional tools to help manage climate change effects. Partners include the AZGFD. Products included a thesis and a featured article in a journal.
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Connecticut River Migratory Fish
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September 2018
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Recently much of the popular science literature has focused on the concept of climate change. Thus far, there have been some very simple predictions on how climate change will affect temperature, especially in more northern latitudes. As ectotherms, fish are affected directly by any changes in temperature, which can range from altering foraging, reproduction, metabolism, migration timing, etc. In the Connecticut River, anadromous fish (e.g., Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)) are predicted to change migration patterns in relation to climate change. The life cycle complexity of migratory species introduces several unknowns regarding the transitions from freshwater to marine and back, and from tributary to mainstem in some species. The changing thermal regime will be accompanied by changes in discharge as a component of the altered water cycle. Predictions of changes in shorter-term weather patterns include more severe events; e.g., a tornado occurred in Vermont on May 9, 2009 and Hurricane Irene caused major damage in Vermont tributaries in August 2011. This backdrop provides an opportunity to expand on our previous modeling of Atlantic salmon migration in the Connecticut River. We explored how temperature, discharge, and the indirect effects of dams (by creating delays in migration) were related to survival of Atlantic salmon smolts. We worked in this area for several years using data from previous monitoring and research. The final phase of our efforts was to model juvenile American shad migration in response to changing environmental conditions.
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In the Connecticut River, anadromous fish (e.g., Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)) are predicted to change migration patterns in relation to climate change. The life cycle complexity of migratory species introduces several unknowns regarding the transitions from freshwater to marine and back. This backdrop provided an opportunity to expand on our previous modeling of Atlantic salmon migration in the Connecticut River. We explored how temperature, discharge, and the indirect effects of dams (by creating delays in migration) were related to survival. In the last phase of this research, we collaborated with Vermont Fish and Wildlife in modeling American shad a mainstem spawner. Our results showed how temperatures and flow regimes can affect juvenile American shad and their success under changing conditions.
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Wisconsin's wildlife and a changing climate
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September 2023
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Grassland ecosystems originally dominated central North America, but now, prairies in general, and tall-grass prairies in particular, are one of the most extensively human-altered ecosystems and one of the most vulnerable to changing climate. Grassland bird conservation focuses on habitat restoration, but there is little understanding of how effects of changing climate on grassland birds might be mitigated by management actions. Understanding if habitat microclimates might help nesting grassland birds avoid some of the impacts from events such as drought and heat waves will help inform the development of new habitat management strategies for grassland birds. This project is a collaboration across multiple organizations and includes the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service, non-governmental organizations, and State natural resource managers in Wisconsin. A report documenting the importance of habitat microclimates for grassland bird productivity will be developed to inform natural resource managers in Wisconsin.
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Grassland ecosystems originally dominated central North America, but now, prairies in general, and tall-grass prairies in particular, are one of the most extensively human-altered ecosystems and one of the most vulnerable to changing climate. Grassland bird conservation focuses on habitat restoration, but there is little understanding of how effects of changing climate on grassland birds might be mitigated by management actions. Understanding if habitat microclimates might help nesting grassland birds avoid some of the impacts from events such as drought and heat waves will help inform the development of new habitat management strategies for grassland birds. This project is a collaboration across multiple organizations and includes the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service, non-governmental organizations, and State natural resource managers in Wisconsin. A report documenting the importance of habitat microclimates for grassland bird productivity will be developed to inform natural resource managers in Wisconsin.
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Feeding the world in 2050: Building resilience in global fisheries and food systems
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December 2024
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Fisheries are coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) important for human health and well-being. However, research approaches that consider human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant fisheries are scarce. As such, I am developing next-generation CHANS frameworks for understanding how fisheries – freshwater and marine – are locally, regionally, and globally connected with implications for food, nutrition, and livelihood security.
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Fisheries are coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) important for human health and well-being. However, research approaches that consider human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant fisheries are scarce. As such, I am developing next-generation CHANS frameworks for understanding how fisheries – freshwater and marine – are locally, regionally, and globally connected with implications for food, nutrition, and livelihood security.
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Diverse portfolios: investing in tributaries for restoration of large river fishes in the 1 Anthropocene
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December 2023
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Human-induced changes to large Anthropocene rivers requires engagement of diverse stakeholders across a broad range of sociopolitical boundaries and balancing multiple objectives. Competing objectives often constrain options for ecological restoration of large rivers and subsequent conservation of native fishes. Fewer competing objectives may exist in a subset of tributaries than in large mainstem rivers. Further, tributaries contribute toward building a “portfolio” of river ecosystem assets through physical and biological processes that may present opportunities to enhance the resilience of large river fishes. Our goal is to review roles of tributaries in enhancing mainstem large river fish populations. We present case histories from two greatly altered and distinct large-river tributary systems that highlight how tributaries contribute four portfolio assets to support large-river fish populations: 1) habitat diversity, 2) connectivity, 3) ecological asynchrony, and 4) density-dependent processes. Finally, we identify future research directions to advance our understanding of tributary roles and inform conservation actions.
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Human-induced changes to large Anthropocene rivers requires engagement of diverse stakeholders across a broad range of sociopolitical boundaries and balancing multiple objectives. Competing objectives often constrain options for ecological restoration of large rivers and subsequent conservation of native fishes. Fewer competing objectives may exist in a subset of tributaries than in large mainstem rivers. Further, tributaries contribute toward building a “portfolio” of river ecosystem assets through physical and biological processes that may present opportunities to enhance the resilience of large river fishes. Our goal is to review roles of tributaries in enhancing mainstem large river fish populations. We present case histories from two greatly altered and distinct large-river tributary systems that highlight how tributaries contribute four portfolio assets to support large-river fish populations: 1) habitat diversity, 2) connectivity, 3) ecological asynchrony, and 4) density-dependent processes. Finally, we identify future research directions to advance our understanding of tributary roles and inform conservation actions.
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Creation of statewide framework for ecological limits of hydrologic alteration based on aquatic community classification
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June 2023
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In Missouri, development of flow-ecology relationships has been an iterative process, whereby workshops, discussions and exploratory analysis have directed the process for developing flow ecology relationships. We conducted a variety of analyses to characterize individual indicator datasets, evaluate potential relationships between flows and fish responses, identify data gaps, and prioritize field sampling. This work identified lack of stream flow data as a limitation to developing quantitative relationships. Flow estimates for individual stream segments are derived from drainage-area based regression equations for the group and adjusted for the effects of springflow and losing streams (a stream or stream reach that water flows from the streambed into the ground-water system). Our proposed flow-based classification is designed to be integrated into an ELOHA framework (Figure 1) for Missouri streams that provides a scientific foundation for informed water-use decisions specific to species or guilds and the entire fish community. Our model will leverage ongoing and recent efforts including the RAM program data to characterize the structure of fish assemblages in different types of Missouri streams based on catchment size, predicted flow, and temperature. Our flow-based classification is an important step that addresses a MDC strategic action: Support the creation of a statewide framework for ecological limits of hydrologic alteration based on aquatic community classification by the end of FY23. The goal of this project is to provide the scientific foundation for ecological flow assessments to inform internal decision making and enhance the Department’s ability to advocate for water resources within the context of interagency efforts on site-specific projects or any future partner initiated effort to establish environmental flow standards.
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In Missouri, development of flow-ecology relationships has been an iterative process, whereby workshops, discussions and exploratory analysis have directed the process for developing flow ecology relationships. We conducted a variety of analyses to characterize individual indicator datasets, evaluate potential relationships between flows and fish responses, identify data gaps, and prioritize field sampling. This work identified lack of stream flow data as a limitation to developing quantitative relationships. Flow estimates for individual stream segments are derived from drainage-area based regression equations for the group and adjusted for the effects of springflow and losing streams (a stream or stream reach that water flows from the streambed into the ground-water system). Our proposed flow-based classification is designed to be integrated into an ELOHA framework (Figure 1) for Missouri streams that provides a scientific foundation for informed water-use decisions specific to species or guilds and the entire fish community. Our model will leverage ongoing and recent efforts including the RAM program data to characterize the structure of fish assemblages in different types of Missouri streams based on catchment size, predicted flow, and temperature. Our flow-based classification is an important step that addresses a MDC strategic action: Support the creation of a statewide framework for ecological limits of hydrologic alteration based on aquatic community classification by the end of FY23. The goal of this project is to provide the scientific foundation for ecological flow assessments to inform internal decision making and enhance the Department’s ability to advocate for water resources within the context of interagency efforts on site-specific projects or any future partner initiated effort to establish environmental flow standards.
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Quantifying the impacts of climate change on fish growth and production to enable sustainable management of diverse inland fisheries
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December 2023
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Climate change is altering all aspects of freshwaters, with important implications for managed fisheries. Both individual growth and population production are fundamental metrics for designing and evaluating effective regulations. We propose to quantify changes in fish thermal habitat conditions, growth, and production for multiple managed species encompassing a range of thermal preferences in Midwestern lentic systems ranging from the Laurentian Great Lakes to inland glacial lakes (e.g., MI, MN, WI) to large reservoirs (e.g., MO, AR). Focal species will include coolwater walleye, warmwater largemouth bass, and 2-4 additional species identified based on agency priorities and data availability. We will quantify the relationship between temperature and growth using statistical models of length and will use bioenergetics models to estimate whether growth and consumption will change under future temperature conditions. Results of this analysis will be used to inform managers about the effectiveness of length-based regulations under changing climates. The data, tools, and results of this project will be co-produced with state agency personnel and disseminated via several mechanisms, including state-specific webinars, extension of an existing data visualization tool, and direct liaison with management agencies through our project team. Our project team consists of leading fisheries scientists, including representatives from fisheries management agencies throughout the Midwest. We will engage additional partners in the state fisheries management agencies of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, to identify relevant metrics related to thermal habitat, growth and production; co-produce communication tools; and to obtain necessary data and incorporate input into final products
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Climate change is altering all aspects of freshwaters, with important implications for managed fisheries. Both individual growth and population production are fundamental metrics for designing and evaluating effective regulations. We propose to quantify changes in fish thermal habitat conditions, growth, and production for multiple managed species encompassing a range of thermal preferences in Midwestern lentic systems ranging from the Laurentian Great Lakes to inland glacial lakes (e.g., MI, MN, WI) to large reservoirs (e.g., MO, AR). Focal species will include coolwater walleye, warmwater largemouth bass, and 2-4 additional species identified based on agency priorities and data availability. We will quantify the relationship between temperature and growth using statistical models of length and will use bioenergetics models to estimate whether growth and consumption will change under future temperature conditions. Results of this analysis will be used to inform managers about the effectiveness of length-based regulations under changing climates. The data, tools, and results of this project will be co-produced with state agency personnel and disseminated via several mechanisms, including state-specific webinars, extension of an existing data visualization tool, and direct liaison with management agencies through our project team. Our project team consists of leading fisheries scientists, including representatives from fisheries management agencies throughout the Midwest. We will engage additional partners in the state fisheries management agencies of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, to identify relevant metrics related to thermal habitat, growth and production; co-produce communication tools; and to obtain necessary data and incorporate input into final products
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Development of a flexible mid-sized river habitat sampling protocol to complement fish protocols
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June 2027
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Standardized sampling protocols for fish and aquatic habitat is essential for long term monitoring and assessment of management actions and exist for small (wadable) streams (Resource Assessment and Monitoring; RAM), and Great Rivers (e.g., Mississippi River Long Term Resource Monitoring). Habitat assessments are crucial to monitor habitat changes over time, understand biological responses to changes, and overcome habitat deficits through restoration. Recently the MDC invested in the development of a flexible, standardized fish sampling protocol for mid-sized rivers (Dunn 2019; MDC CA 359 with MU). <i>However, there is no complementary aquatic habitat sampling protocol for these rivers. </i>Current wadable stream habitat protocols (e.g., RAM) are not feasible for mid-sized rivers. MDC managers have indicated the protocol can be used to help regional staff understand if the stream is healthy to explain why native fishes that were historically found at a site are now absent, or to interpret why catch rates for target species have changed over time to identify disturbances such as pollution, mining or lack of a riparian buffer. Therefore, there is a need to develop a habitat sampling protocol that is efficient, at a relevant spatial scale to aquatic biota, spatially referenced, and scalable to address multiple Resource Management and Science Branch objectives. Once developed, the mid-sized rivers habitat sampling protocol could be immediately implemented by MDC in conjunction with the mid-sized rivers sampling protocol.<br> <br>
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Standardized sampling protocols for fish and aquatic habitat is essential for long term monitoring and assessment of management actions and exist for small (wadable) streams (Resource Assessment and Monitoring; RAM), and Great Rivers (e.g., Mississippi River Long Term Resource Monitoring). Habitat assessments are crucial to monitor habitat changes over time, understand biological responses to changes, and overcome habitat deficits through restoration. Recently the MDC invested in the development of a flexible, standardized fish sampling protocol for mid-sized rivers (Dunn 2019; MDC CA 359 with MU). <i>However, there is no complementary aquatic habitat sampling protocol for these rivers. </i>Current wadable stream habitat protocols (e.g., RAM) are not feasible for mid-sized rivers. MDC managers have indicated the protocol can be used to help regional staff understand if the stream is healthy to explain why native fishes that were historically found at a site are now absent, or to interpret why catch rates for target species have changed over time to identify disturbances such as pollution, mining or lack of a riparian buffer. Therefore, there is a need to develop a habitat sampling protocol that is efficient, at a relevant spatial scale to aquatic biota, spatially referenced, and scalable to address multiple Resource Management and Science Branch objectives. Once developed, the mid-sized rivers habitat sampling protocol could be immediately implemented by MDC in conjunction with the mid-sized rivers sampling protocol.<br>
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Factors affecting Lake Sturgeon reproduction: the next step in recovery and management
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June 2027
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Identifying and documenting spawning by Lake Sturgeon is critical to achieve recovery and is central to many of the objectives in the 2021 draft revised recovery plan. Therefore, the recovery of Lake Sturgeon cannot be achieved without the documentation of spawning and natural recruitment to a sustainable level. The proposed project would address this critical need and help inform the recovery and potential for a future recreational fishery of Lake Sturgeon. Nearly all decisions related to Lake Sturgeon recovery (e.g., should we stock Lake Sturgeon? Where are critical habitats we need to protect? Can we eventually open a limited recreational fishery?) are linked to identifying if Lake Sturgeon spawn, where that is located, and if the progeny recruit to the population.
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Identifying and documenting spawning by Lake Sturgeon is critical to achieve recovery and is central to many of the objectives in the 2021 draft revised recovery plan. Therefore, the recovery of Lake Sturgeon cannot be achieved without the documentation of spawning and natural recruitment to a sustainable level. The proposed project would address this critical need and help inform the recovery and potential for a future recreational fishery of Lake Sturgeon. Nearly all decisions related to Lake Sturgeon recovery (e.g., should we stock Lake Sturgeon? Where are critical habitats we need to protect? Can we eventually open a limited recreational fishery?) are linked to identifying if Lake Sturgeon spawn, where that is located, and if the progeny recruit to the population.
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Private Lands Conservation
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December 2024
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This project aims to provide critical information for project selection - we are ranking the value of each project based on its protection of habitat within mapped migration corridors and stopovers. Project rankings are being used by collaborators such as the Natural Resource Conservation Service and land trusts throughout Wyoming to guide acquisition of conservation easements. This project holds promise to catalyze targeted conservation of private lands that migrating ungulates rely on, and we hope it will serve as a conservation model for other regions.
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This project aims to provide critical information for project selection - we are ranking the value of each project based on its protection of habitat within mapped migration corridors and stopovers. Project rankings are being used by collaborators such as the Natural Resource Conservation Service and land trusts throughout Wyoming to guide acquisition of conservation easements. This project holds promise to catalyze targeted conservation of private lands that migrating ungulates rely on, and we hope it will serve as a conservation model for other regions.
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Absaroka Fence Initiative: Fence Inventory and Associated Analysis
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December 2024
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Providing technical assistance to AFI by mapping and inventorying fences, analyzing animal movement and behavior, and testing new fence designs to help target fence retrofits on private and public lands.
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Providing technical assistance to AFI by mapping and inventorying fences, analyzing animal movement and behavior, and testing new fence designs to help target fence retrofits on private and public lands.
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Integrating multiple data sources to develop climate adaptation strategies for inland fish and recreational fishing
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September 2028
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Existing data sets are valuable because they can have a broad geographic footprint and/or long-term data that cannot be collected in a short duration research or monitoring effort. Many agencies compile data from recreational anglers because recreational fishing has great social and ecological importance in the U.S. In 2020 alone, more than 42 million people participated in freshwater fishing. However, climate change may affect the numbers, sizes, and species of fish available to anglers. Agencies tasked with managing fisheries often keep records of angler catch and harvest to better manage fisheries. Existing tools can be used to determine how fish species important to anglers may change in growth or abundance, which may dictate if anglers even pursue these species in the future. Our proposed work will use existing data in the “CreelCat” and “FiCli” databases coupled with ongoing studies to relate regionwide trends in angler effort, catch, and harvest to environmental metrics. This work can help inform management strategies for predicted fish and angler behavior in a changing climate.
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Existing data sets are valuable because they typically encompass more data (spatially and temporally) that can be collected by a specific research/monitoring effort. For fish and recreational fisheries data, efforts to integrate across datasets to inform management are limited. Despite the implementation of angler and fish surveys and their importance to fisheries management at state scales, regional, and national coordination among these activities is minimal, limiting data applicability to larger-scale management practices and research, particularly as fish and anglers adapt to a changing climate. We will maintain and further develop the U.S. Inland Creel and Angler Survey Catalog (CreelCat) and the Fish and Climate Change database (FiCli) to highlight applications of using both databases to inform management, particularly climate adaptation. CreelCat and FiCli are publicly available databases that establish a baseline of national inland recreational fishing metrics and provide summary information on climate effect on fish and management actions, respectively. We will use these databases to ask how catch and harvest vary regionally, how angler social dynamics may be linked to fish population information (e.g., growth rates) as some anglers may target larger fish found in systems with fast growth rates, and how climate change may affect he social and ecological dynamics of recreational fisheries. Although these tools are useful individually, integrating them with ongoing CASC-funded research of fish growth and consumption, will drive a suite of modeling efforts to predict inland recreational anglers’ responses to global environmental change.
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Identifying effects of weather and land use on autumn and winter waterfowl distribution dynamics in the 21st century
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June 2023
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Waterfowl are of substantial economic and cultural importance, with over 1 million hunters contributing approximately $700 million in total expenditures to local and regional economies annually. However recent concern over potential shifts in autumn and winter waterfowl distributions in response to changes in weather and land use patterns and the subsequent effects on recreational opportunities (e.g., harvest) have conservation and management implications at the continental level. Understanding if autumn and winter waterfowl distributions are changing and the relative role of weather and land use in influencing distributions will provide information for managers to communicate with stakeholders and could allow for more strategic conservation and management of habitat resources to accommodate potentially shifting waterfowl populations. We will quantify within season and across year shifts in waterfowl distribution in the Mississippi and Central flyways based on band recovery, parts collection survey and long-term waterfowl count data. We will also analyze the relative importance of weather and land use in explaining autumn and winter waterfowl distribution. This approach will allow us to map species-specific shifts in waterfowl distribution during autumn and winter, project future distributions and identify adaptive capacities required to provide sufficient habitat and food energy for shifting waterfowl distributions<br>
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Waterfowl are of substantial economic and cultural importance, with over 1 million hunters contributing approximately $700 million in total expenditures to local and regional economies annually. However recent concern over potential shifts in autumn and winter waterfowl distributions in response to changes in weather and land use patterns and the subsequent effects on recreational opportunities (e.g., harvest) have conservation and management implications at the continental level. Understanding if autumn and winter waterfowl distributions are changing and the relative role of weather and land use in influencing distributions will provide information for managers to communicate with stakeholders and could allow for more strategic conservation and management of habitat resources to accommodate potentially shifting waterfowl populations. We will quantify within season and across year shifts in waterfowl distribution in the Mississippi and Central flyways based on band recovery, parts collection survey and long-term waterfowl count data. We will also analyze the relative importance of weather and land use in explaining autumn and winter waterfowl distribution. This approach will allow us to map species-specific shifts in waterfowl distribution during autumn and winter, project future distributions and identify adaptive capacities required to provide sufficient habitat and food energy for shifting waterfowl distributions<br>
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Quantifying King Rail habitat suitability in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
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December 2025
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King Rails (<i>Rallus elegans</i>) are a migratory species of secretive marsh bird (rails, bitterns, grebes, gallinules) and are listed as endangered or threatened in 12 U.S. states as well as Canada and basic information on King Rail ecology is limited, including knowledge of their habitat requirements throughout the full annual life cycle. The objective of this project is to we identify suitable King Rail habitat distribution throughout the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, which can assist resource managers in identifying critical areas for management actions or restoration that could benefit King Rails populations
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King Rails (<i>Rallus elegans</i>) are a migratory species of secretive marsh bird (rails, bitterns, grebes, gallinules) and are listed as endangered or threatened in 12 U.S. states as well as Canada and basic information on King Rail ecology is limited, including knowledge of their habitat requirements throughout the full annual life cycle. The objective of this project is to we identify suitable King Rail habitat distribution throughout the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, which can assist resource managers in identifying critical areas for management actions or restoration that could benefit King Rails populations
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Evaluating toxicity implications of wetland sediment insecticide concentrations on benthic aquatic insects and temporal changes in aquatic invertebrate communities in Missouri wetland ecosystems
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September 2026
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Widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides in North America has led to frequent detection of neonicotinoids in surface waters, although few studies have evaluated underlying sediments for presence of neonicotinoids. Recent research found neonicotinoid concentrations in Missouri wetland sediments were consistently an order of magnitude greater than water concentrations. The overall goals of the study are to derive benthic invertebrate toxicity thresholds for clothianidin in sediment that can be used to support risk management decisions on public lands and evaluate the relative role of agrochemicals in contributing to potential long-term changes in aquatic invertebrate communities
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Widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides in North America has led to frequent detection of neonicotinoids in surface waters, although few studies have evaluated underlying sediments for presence of neonicotinoids. Recent research found neonicotinoid concentrations in Missouri wetland sediments were consistently an order of magnitude greater than water concentrations. The overall goals of the study are to derive benthic invertebrate toxicity thresholds for clothianidin in sediment that can be used to support risk management decisions on public lands and evaluate the relative role of agrochemicals in contributing to potential long-term changes in aquatic invertebrate communities
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Assessment of native bee responses to Farm Bill pollinator plantings in Missouri.
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September 2026
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Native bees have declined markedly in recent decades with habitat loss and land use intensification highlighted as leading factors. The US Farm Bill has invested in a range of incentive-based conservation programs on agricultural land to mitigate recent bee declines while providing multiple other benefits for agriculture and surrounding environments. However, documentation that these programs have achieved their desired outcome of increasing wild native bees in the landscape is needed. Our goal is to monitor wild native bees (both bumble bees and solitary bees) in Farm Bill conservation plantings in Missouri to demonstrate the efficacy of existing Farm Bill practices and inform recommendations for adaptations to improve the program.
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Native bees have declined markedly in recent decades with habitat loss and land use intensification highlighted as leading factors. The US Farm Bill has invested in a range of incentive-based conservation programs on agricultural land to mitigate recent bee declines while providing multiple other benefits for agriculture and surrounding environments. However, documentation that these programs have achieved their desired outcome of increasing wild native bees in the landscape is needed. Our goal is to monitor wild native bees (both bumble bees and solitary bees) in Farm Bill conservation plantings in Missouri to demonstrate the efficacy of existing Farm Bill practices and inform recommendations for adaptations to improve the program.
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Linking wetland inundation and habitat selection to Blue-winged teal survival throughout the full annual cycle
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June 2025
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Compared with other dabbling ducks, blue-winged teal (<i>Spatula discors</i>, BWTE) migrate earlier in autumn, migrate later in spring, and winter at more southern latitudes with a broader distribution. Thus, the extent to which management decisions, particularly wetland inundation that allow other dabbling species to access food resources, benefit BWTE remains unclear. We propose to use data from BWTE marked with GPS-GSM transmitters and satellite imagery, to better understand the role of environmental variability (e.g., water availability) and land ownership on BWTE resource selection, movement, and survival during the annual cycle.
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Compared with other dabbling ducks, blue-winged teal (<i>Spatula discors</i>, BWTE) migrate earlier in autumn, migrate later in spring, and winter at more southern latitudes with a broader distribution. Thus, the extent to which management decisions, particularly wetland inundation that allow other dabbling species to access food resources, benefit BWTE remains unclear. We propose to use data from BWTE marked with GPS-GSM transmitters and satellite imagery, to better understand the role of environmental variability (e.g., water availability) and land ownership on BWTE resource selection, movement, and survival during the annual cycle.
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Development of a nationally scalable monitoring and assessment protocol for ACEP-WRE wetland program
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December 2026
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The proposed goal of this project is to develop such a national-scale ecological monitoring and assessment framework to support the NRCS wetland easement program. This research also will provide quantitative evidence on cost-quality trade-offs in monitoring and assessment activities that will facilitate management decisions for enhancing efficiency, effectiveness, and impacts of NRCS’s wetland easements. The above goal will be accomplished by completion of the following objectives:<br>1) To develop a national-scale ecological monitoring framework for wetland easements that encompasses their structure and function and can facilitate easement assessment,<br>2) To identify a framework and determine costs for conducting regular ecological monitoring and executing management practices on ACEP-WRE easements.
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The proposed goal of this project is to develop such a national-scale ecological monitoring and assessment framework to support the NRCS wetland easement program. This research also will provide quantitative evidence on cost-quality trade-offs in monitoring and assessment activities that will facilitate management decisions for enhancing efficiency, effectiveness, and impacts of NRCS’s wetland easements. The above goal will be accomplished by completion of the following objectives:<br>1) To develop a national-scale ecological monitoring framework for wetland easements that encompasses their structure and function and can facilitate easement assessment,<br>2) To identify a framework and determine costs for conducting regular ecological monitoring and executing management practices on ACEP-WRE easements.
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Effects of Spotted Bass on Shoal Bass and Largemouth Bass in the Flint River
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December 2025
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Shoal Bass are endemic to the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint (ACF) River basin in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama and support a socioeconomically important fishery in the ACF basin. Introduction of nonnative Spotted Bass into this system is cause for concern due to potential negative interactions with native Shoal Bass and Largemouth Bass. We will assess how Shoal Bass and Largemouth Bass have responded to the introduction of Spotted Bass in the Flint River, evaluate how quickly Spotted Bass have spread throughout the system, and identify the environmental conditions associated with preferred sites. This project will provide new insights for managing native bass species and associated fisheries in the ACF basin.
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Shoal Bass are endemic to the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint (ACF) River basin in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama and support a socioeconomically important fishery in the ACF basin. Introduction of nonnative Spotted Bass into this system is cause for concern due to potential negative interactions with native Shoal Bass and Largemouth Bass. We will assess how Shoal Bass and Largemouth Bass have responded to the introduction of Spotted Bass in the Flint River, evaluate how quickly Spotted Bass have spread throughout the system, and identify the environmental conditions associated with preferred sites. This project will provide new insights for managing native bass species and associated fisheries in the ACF basin.
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Habitat Modeling and Disease Risk Assessment for Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep on the Jicarilla Apache Nation
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May 2025
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Bighorn sheep are culturally significant to the Jicarilla Apache people. Through history, bighorn sheep were found and hunted throughout the higher elevations of the Jicarilla Apache’s ancestral range. An opportunity to consider the potential of introducing bighorn sheep to Jicarilla Apache Nation lands has seemingly been created by a series of wildfires. The NM CRU is assisting with modeling potential habitat and conducting a disease transmission risk assessment for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in the Archuleta Mesa area of the Jicarilla Apache Nation in northern New Mexico.
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Bighorn sheep are culturally significant to the Jicarilla Apache people. Through history, bighorn sheep were found and hunted throughout the higher elevations of the Jicarilla Apache’s ancestral range. An opportunity to consider the potential of introducing bighorn sheep to Jicarilla Apache Nation lands has seemingly been created by a series of wildfires. The NM CRU is assisting with modeling potential habitat and disease risk potential for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.
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Quantifying freshwater mussel abundance and composition in two prairie rivers of northern Oklahoma with the aid of side scan sonar to identify novel habitat patches
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June 2025
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Prairie rivers of northern Oklahoma such as the Verdigris and Caney rivers harbor a diverse assemblage of freshwater mussels, but drivers of their abundance and composition are not well known. Previous research focused on proportional abundance using timed searches, which impedes inferences about temporal trends. Moreover, recent studies nearby have documented increases in rare species, suggesting some species may be more prevalent than previously documented or locally abundant in certain locations. This project partners with biologists from Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and US Fish and Wildlife Service to identify freshwater mussel habitat within the Verdigris and Caney rivers of northern Oklahoma and use quantitative sampling in identified mesohabitats to estimate density and community composition. Calculation of detection and occupancy estimates among mesohabitat types will aid development of future monitoring efforts.
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Prairie rivers of northern Oklahoma such as the Verdigris and Caney rivers harbor a diverse assemblage of freshwater mussels, but drivers of their abundance and composition are not well known. Previous research focused on proportional abundance using timed searches, which impedes inferences about temporal trends. Moreover, recent studies nearby have documented increases in rare species, suggesting some species may be more prevalent than previously documented or locally abundant in certain locations. This project partners with biologists from Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and US Fish and Wildlife Service to identify freshwater mussel habitat within the Verdigris and Caney rivers of northern Oklahoma and use quantitative sampling in identified mesohabitats to estimate density and community composition. Calculation of detection and occupancy estimates among mesohabitat types will aid development of future monitoring efforts.
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Evaluating landscape permeability and connectivity for pronghorn in southwestern New Mexico
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December 2025
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The landscapes necessary to maintain large mammal movements are becoming increasingly fragmented across the western United States due to anthropogenic factors. These conditions in the broader landscape may influence the functional connectivity and impede the ability of wild ungulates to cope with changes in habitat and forage conditions associated with changing climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities, which may ultimately compromise sustainability of many big game populations. Adaptive movements by non-migratory populations allow animals to efficiently exploit dynamic nutritional landscape. These movements are critical for migratory and non-migratory populations alike as they allow them to maximize nutritional gain, enhance survival and recruitment, and increase probability of population persistence. This will be especially important for populations in arid and semi-arid regions that are predicted to become hotter and drier under various climate change models. Pronghorn in the arid Southwest are generally nomadic rather than seasonal migrants. However, impediments to movements that allow pronghorn to track changing forage conditions in an arid landscape are equally important for population persistence as migration routes are to truly migratory populations in more north temperate regions. This project will monitor pronghorn movements in southwestern New Mexico for a period of 2-3 years. The goals are to monitor space use and movements, identify impediments or barriers to movement that can be targeted by management agencies for remediation, and assess habitat use patterns to determine habitat utilization, with a particular emphasis on vegetation restoration treatments implemented by BLM.
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The landscapes necessary to maintain large mammal movements are becoming increasingly fragmented across the western United States due to anthropogenic factors. These conditions in the broader landscape may influence the functional connectivity and impede the ability of wild ungulates to cope with changes in habitat and forage conditions associated with changing climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities, which may ultimately compromise sustainability of many big game populations. Funding provided to state and federal agencies from Secretarial Order 3362 (Improving Habitat Quality in Western Big Game Winter Range and Migration Corridors) has contributed to substantial efforts to identify, map and monitor big game migration routes across the western United States. Yet many big game populations are non-migratory, characterized by resident or nomadic movement strategies. These resident and nomadic populations characterize the majority of mule deer and pronghorn populations across the lower elevation and more arid portions of the southwestern U.S. Mapping efforts for these populations are largely not covered by funding from Secretarial Order 3362, resulting in a gap in the knowledge of animal movements and distribution needed to make informed land management decisions. This project will monitor pronghorn movements in southwestern New Mexico for a period of 2-3 years. The goals are to monitor space use and movements, identify impediments or barriers to movement that can be targeted by management agencies for remediation, and assess habitat use patterns to determine habitat utilization, with a particular emphasis on vegetation restoration treatments implemented by BLM.
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Targeted surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wildlife
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October 2025
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This study will be coordinated with targeted surveillance studies led by partner institutions so that similar designs are used and the data can be analyzed as one large dataset. The targeted surveillance data for SARS-CoV-2 will be analyzed at USDA/APHIS/WS-National Wildlife Research Center in risk assessment analyses.
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The project was initiated to conduct collaborative, targeted surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in white-tailed deer (WTD) populations. Targeted surveillance will involve placing GPS tracking devices on deer in the Established Area of Disease Management Area 2 from the same population chronic wasting disease has been detected, and sampling the same deer multiple times where possible. We will also leverage additional ongoing studies by the state where deer are being tracked with GPS collars to collect samples from those populations as well. Targeted surveillance data will complement opportunistic surveillance data that are being collected by state agencies and Wildlife Services management through hunter and agency harvest. While harvest data serve to determine the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer, the data collected here will allow for: (1) Recording sample locations, (2) determining infection status over time in nature for the same individual (when possible) and within the same population, (3) identifying how deer movement determines infection status, (4) understanding the relative role of human-deer spillover versus deer-to-deer transmission, (5) estimating epidemiological parameters (i.e., force of infection), (6) identifying and understanding factors that lead to persistence and reservoir status of SARS-CoV-2 in deer, and (7) understanding the potential impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on deer populations.
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Waterfowl Habitat Selection in Arid Landscapes
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December 2025
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Wetlands and riparian areas represent less than 2% of land cover in the southwestern United States; of this historic 2% more than 1/3 has been lost to agriculture and urbanization. Numerous migratory waterbirds use southwestern wetlands as energetic linkages between wetland habitats during migration and as important staging and wintering areas. However, the ephemeral nature and annual variability in timing and location limit the value of these resources to most species across the entirety of all life history events. The Mexican duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos diazi</i>) has unique life history adaptations that allow the species to take advantage of these variable wetland conditions throughout their entire cycle. Our study will evaluate and habitat use patterns of Mexican ducks and other southwestern dabbling duck species to better understand habitat needs for waterfowl in a changing climate. This study is partnering with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Texas at El Paso.
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Wetlands and riparian areas represent less than 2% of land cover in the southwestern United States; of this historic 2% more than 1/3 has been lost to agriculture and urbanization. Numerous migratory waterbirds use southwestern wetlands as energetic linkages between wetland habitats during migration and as important staging and wintering areas. However, the ephemeral nature and annual variability in timing and location limit the value of these resources to most species across the entirety of all life history events. The Mexican duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos diazi</i>) has unique life history adaptations that allow the species to take advantage of these variable wetland conditions throughout their entire cycle. Our study will evaluate and habitat use patterns of Mexican ducks and other southwestern dabbling duck species to better understand habitat needs for waterfowl in a changing climate. This study is partnering with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the University of Texas at El Paso.
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Assessing angler opinions and perceptions about non-native freshwater fishes in Florida
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June 2024
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More non-native freshwater fish species have been found in Florida than any other state. These introductions often present major challenges to resource management agencies, although some non-native fishes support socioeconomically valuable fisheries that benefit anglers and fisheries managers alike. For instance, in south Florida, popular fisheries have developed for species such as Peacock Bass, Clown Knifefish, Oscar, and Mayan Cichlid. However, in other parts of the state, non-native fishes such as Pterygoplichthys spp. cause bank erosion and destabilization and associated economic and aesthetic costs. Overall, human perceptions of non-native fishes in Florida are likely to be highly variable, yet this subject has scarcely been investigated, much less used to inform fisheries management in the state. The purpose of this project is to develop and disseminate survey instruments to gauge opinions of anglers and the general public about non-native freshwater fishes throughout the state of Florida.
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More non-native freshwater fish species have been found in Florida than any other state. These introductions often present major challenges to resource management agencies, although some non-native fishes support socioeconomically valuable fisheries that benefit anglers and fisheries managers alike. For instance, in south Florida, popular fisheries have developed for species such as Peacock Bass, Clown Knifefish, Oscar, and Mayan Cichlid. However, in other parts of the state, non-native fishes such as Pterygoplichthys spp. cause bank erosion and destabilization and associated economic and aesthetic costs. Overall, human perceptions of non-native fishes in Florida are likely to be highly variable, yet this subject has scarcely been investigated, much less used to inform fisheries management in the state. The purpose of this project is to develop and disseminate survey instruments to gauge opinions of anglers and the general public about non-native freshwater fishes throughout the state of Florida.
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Near Real Time Acoustic Monitoring of Imperiled Birds on DoD Installations
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December 2026
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The presence of threatened and endangered species (TES) on military installations often leads to training conflicts and economic costs for the Department of Defense (DoD). The presence of TES necessitates surveying and monitoring to ensure that TES are not harmed or harassed by training. Approaches that streamline and reduce costs of monitoring will be extremely beneficial to installations. Near-time-continuous (NRT) acoustic monitoring could be an effective and cost-efficient method to detect TES occurring on installations. Although promising, NRT acoustic monitoring requires demonstration and validation to understand the limits of its effectiveness and to improve deployment capabilities. Here, we propose to run a series of validation experiments to better understand how the environment and acoustic interference (e.g., from wind or heterospecific birds) influences the ability of NRT acoustic recorders to detect the vocalizations of two TES bird species present on Pōhakuloa Training Area, HI (PTA). Results from this demonstration will improve the ability to use NRT acoustic recorders and inform our understanding of their limitations and approaches to circumvent those limitations.
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The presence of threatened and endangered species (TES) on military installations often leads to training conflicts and economic costs for the Department of Defense (DoD). The presence of TES necessitates surveying and monitoring to ensure that TES are not harmed or harassed by training. Approaches that streamline and reduce costs of monitoring will be extremely beneficial to installations. Near-time-continuous (NRT) acoustic monitoring could be an effective and cost-efficient method to detect TES occurring on installations. Although promising, NRT acoustic monitoring requires demonstration and validation to understand the limits of its effectiveness and to improve deployment capabilities. Here, we propose to run a series of validation experiments to better understand how the environment and acoustic interference (e.g., from wind or heterospecific birds) influences the ability of NRT acoustic recorders to detect the vocalizations of two TES bird species present on Pōhakuloa Training Area, HI (PTA). Results from this demonstration will improve the ability to use NRT acoustic recorders and inform our understanding of their limitations and approaches to circumvent those limitations.
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WildSNaP: Biodiversity in Solar through Native Planting
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March 2026
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Renewable energy production is exponentially increasing worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. Solar energy has rapidly expanded across the US landscape to meet the population’s growing energy needs, with a projected increase of solar energy contribution from 3% of total electricity generation in 2020 to 20% in 2050. Solar production in the US is estimated to have increased by 33.2% just in the last year. Production of small-scale residential and commercial solar arrays has increased, but the largest contribution of solar energy growth now comes from utility-scale solar arrays. These arrays are frequently built in agricultural fields or croplands, because the flat open landscape maximizes efficiency of solar power generation and minimizes site preparation activities. There has been a recent movement to plant low-growing native plant communities under solar arrays to reduce the costs associated with turf grass mowing. We are evaluating how the bird, amphibian, pollinator, bat, and mammal communities use solar arrays with an understory of native grasses and forbs compared to sites with turf grass as well as reference sites.
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Renewable energy production is exponentially increasing worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. Solar energy has rapidly expanded across the US landscape to meet the population’s growing energy needs, with a projected increase of solar energy contribution from 3% of total electricity generation in 2020 to 20% in 2050. Solar production in the US is estimated to have increased by 33.2% just in the last year. Production of small-scale residential and commercial solar arrays has increased, but the largest contribution of solar energy growth now comes from utility-scale solar arrays. These arrays are frequently built in agricultural fields or croplands, because the flat open landscape maximizes efficiency of solar power generation and minimizes site preparation activities. There has been a recent movement to plant low-growing native plant communities under solar arrays to reduce the costs associated with turf grass mowing. We are evaluating how the bird, amphibian, pollinator, bat, and mammal communities use solar arrays with an understory of native grasses and forbs compared to sites with turf grass as well as reference sites.
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FLAKES: A multi-organization dataset to investigate invasive plant management impacts in Florida lakes
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December 2024
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Aquatic plant management is critical for maintaining open waterways for navigation and recreation, reducing mosquito-borne diseases, and protecting freshwater ecosystems. Florida invests heavily in aquatic plant control, with state and federal agencies spending over $20 million annually on management. Most aquatic plant management efforts in the state involve herbicide application, with a primary focus on hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce. Although these three species are classified as invasive and have been present in Florida for decades, research on their impacts has yielded inconsistent results. There is a critical need to better characterize effects of invasive plants and their management on aquatic ecosystems in Florida. To this end, our objectives are to evaluate (1) the direct impacts of invasive plant management on plant species abundances and (2) the indirect impacts of invasive plant management on Largemouth Bass populations through changes in plant abundances after curating a master dataset composed of long-term data collected by various agencies across Florida.
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Aquatic plant management is critical for maintaining open waterways for navigation and recreation, reducing mosquito-borne diseases, and protecting freshwater ecosystems. Florida invests heavily in aquatic plant control, with state and federal agencies spending over $20 million annually on management. Most aquatic plant management efforts in the state involve herbicide application, with a primary focus on hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce. Although these three species are classified as invasive and have been present in Florida for decades, research on their impacts has yielded inconsistent results. There is a critical need to better characterize effects of invasive plants and their management on aquatic ecosystems in Florida. To this end, our objectives are to evaluate (1) the direct impacts of invasive plant management on plant species abundances and (2) the indirect impacts of invasive plant management on Largemouth Bass populations through changes in plant abundances after curating a master dataset composed of long-term data collected by various agencies across Florida.
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The effects of harvest on wolf dispersal
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July 2026
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Gray wolves are a managed big game species in Idaho. Hunting and trapping as well as control for livestock depredations can influence wolf pack structure and the dispersal decisions made by individuals. We currently do not know how do groups backfill after harvest or targeted removal or what impact harvest has on dispersal. We propose to combine data from IDFGs annual wolf monitoring program with genetic samples from harvested wolves as well as those from a 16 year study collecting genetic samples in Idaho to answer questions about the effects of harvest on wolf dispersal.<br>We propose generating population-level genetic metrics (e.g., private alleles, Fst, r) for harvested wolves in three IDFG wolf density strata to test whether there is genetic evidence for nearby vs far away immigrants as a function of wolf density and harvest rate. We will also use data from long-term study areas where we have observed full pack turnover. Lastly, we propose to build a predictive model using prey data, IDFG wolf density strata, and relatedness to identify dispersers from harvest data and estimate dispersal rates as a function of harvest rate, prey abundance, wolf density, and other relevant covariates.
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Gray wolves are a managed big game species in Idaho. Hunting and trapping as well as control for livestock depredations can influence wolf pack structure and the dispersal decisions made by individuals. We currently do not know how do groups backfill after harvest or targeted removal or what impact harvest has on dispersal. We propose to combine data from IDFGs annual wolf monitoring program with genetic samples from harvested wolves as well as those from a 16 year study collecting genetic samples in Idaho to answer questions about the effects of harvest on wolf dispersal.<br>We propose generating population-level genetic metrics (e.g., private alleles, Fst, r) for harvested wolves in three IDFG wolf density strata to test whether there is genetic evidence for nearby vs far away immigrants as a function of wolf density and harvest rate. We will also use data from long-term study areas where we have observed full pack turnover. Lastly, we propose to build a predictive model using prey data, IDFG wolf density strata, and relatedness to identify dispersers from harvest data and estimate dispersal rates as a function of harvest rate, prey abundance, wolf density, and other relevant covariates.
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Occupancy status of Northern Spotted Owls in southern Oregon.
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August 2027
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The Northern Spotted Owl (<i>Strix occidentalis caurina</i>) is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act, primarily because of the loss of old growth forest habitat due to timber harvest. The impact of management activities that may remove or modify spotted owl nesting, roosting or foraging habitat on federal lands is required because of the federally threatened status of the northern spotted owl. The purpose of this study is to conduct surveys to locate resident spotted owls and identify owl territories that might be affected by a proposed management activity in the Fremont-Winema and Rogue Siskiyou National Forest in southern Oregon. These data will continue to be used to understand trends in occupancy status of northern spotted owls and barred owls and increase our understanding of owl ecology and habitat use within the region.
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The purpose of this study is to conduct surveys to locate resident spotted owls and identify owl territories that might be affected by a proposed management activity in the Fremont-Winema and Rogue Siskiyou National Forest in southern Oregon. The impact of management activities that may remove or modify spotted owl nesting, roosting or foraging habitat on federal lands is required because of the federally threatened status of the northern spotted owl. This is a continuation of Northern spotted owl population monitoring that has been accomplished thru nearly 3 decades of collaborations and partnerships between the USDA Forest Service Region 6, Pacific Northwest Research Station, the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and Oregon State University. These data will continue to be used to understand trends in occupancy status of northern spotted owls and barred owls and increase our understanding of owl ecology and habitat use within the region.
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Methods to evaluate and increase survival of razorback sucker stocking in the Verde River and Horseshoe Reservoir Arizona.
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January 2026
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Testing methods to evaluate and improve survival of stocked razorback sucker in the Verde River, Arizona
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Testing methods to evaluate and improve survival of stocked razorback sucker.
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Leveraging passive acoustics to improve aquatic species monitoring in the Hudson River estuary
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October 2024
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Here we leverage novel passive acoustics to monitor phenology and distribution of migratory fish in the Hudson River.
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Here we leverage novel passive acoustics to monitor phenology and distribution of migratory fish in the Hudson River.
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Desert birds and solar energy
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September 2027
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Study on interactions between solar energy development and desert birds in the Colorado Desert.
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Study on interactions between solar energy development and desert birds in the Colorado Desert.
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Caney Mountain Cave Crayfish Habitat
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August 2023
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The Caney Mountain Cave Crayfish occurs in only one cave system in the world. Given its rarity, understanding aspects of its environment are important to protect the population from human-induced changes that may be detrimental. This project, led by an undergraduate student, is a collaboration between the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit and seeks to quantify aspects of the physical and chemical habitat in the cave. We are using monthly site visits and deployed sensors to monitor water depth, temperature, and various other parameters for a one-year period. Information gained from this project will provide a baseline of conditions for which managers can compare future conditions and may provide recommended target levels for managers to maintain.
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The Caney Mountain Cave Crayfish occurs in only one cave system in the world. Given its rarity, understanding aspects of its environment are important to protect the population from human-induced changes that may be detrimental. This project, led by an undergraduate student, is a collaboration between the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit and seeks to quantify aspects of the physical and chemical habitat in the cave. We are using monthly site visits and deployed sensors to monitor water depth, temperature, and various other parameters for a one-year period. Information gained from this project will provide a baseline of conditions for which managers can compare future conditions and may provide recommended target levels for managers to maintain.
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SARS-CoV-2 at the human–wildlife interface: Understanding wildlife as potential reservoirs for COVID-19 across urban-rural gradients
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February 2023
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SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has led to the COVID-19 pandemic. While vaccines and drugs are reducing mortality rates, the impacts of the virus may persist long-term, especially if non-human reservoirs for the disease create permanent sources of human infection. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been documented in numerous wildlife species in North America (e.g., white-tailed deer, rabbits, ferrets); however, it is unclear how prevalent SARS-CoV-2 is across wildlife species and regions, and whether wildlife can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans and domestic species. Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife and how prevalence rates vary across the human-wildlife interface is critically important to evaluate the maintenance and transmission of COVID-19. We are capturing and testing white-tailed deer in North Carolina to investigate SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and the predictors of SARS-CoV-2 across an urban–rural continuum. White-tailed deer are a particularly relevant study species because they are abundant in landscapes as diverse as rural forests and suburban neighborhoods and high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (>30%) is documented in other regions of North America. Our proposed study will provide seed data for future proposals that expand these concepts to consider SARS-CoV-2 prevalence across multiple species (e.g., mice, raccoons, coyotes, pets), spatial scales (within and beyond North Carolina), and the socio-economic factors affecting transmission risk.
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SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has led to the COVID-19 pandemic. While vaccines and drugs are reducing mortality rates, the impacts of the virus may persist long-term, especially if non-human reservoirs for the disease create permanent sources of human infection. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been documented in numerous wildlife species in North America (e.g., white-tailed deer, rabbits, ferrets); however, it is unclear how prevalent SARS-CoV-2 is across wildlife species and regions, and whether wildlife can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans and domestic species. Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife and how prevalence rates vary across the human-wildlife interface is critically important to evaluate the maintenance and transmission of COVID-19. We are capturing and testing white-tailed deer in North Carolina to investigate SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and the predictors of SARS-CoV-2 across an urban–rural continuum. White-tailed deer are a particularly relevant study species because they are abundant in landscapes as diverse as rural forests and suburban neighborhoods and high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (>30%) is documented in other regions of North America. Our proposed study will provide seed data for future proposals that expand these concepts to consider SARS-CoV-2 prevalence across multiple species (e.g., mice, raccoons, coyotes, pets), spatial scales (within and beyond North Carolina), and the socio-economic factors affecting transmission risk.
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Invasion ecology of Round Goby in the Hudson River
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December 2024
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We are investigating the invasion ecology of Hudson River round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) at the freshwater-saltwater invasion front of North America. Understanding the ability of round goby to adapt to brackish and saline environments in North America is needed to inform management responses for this rapidly expanding introduced fish.
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We are investigating the invasion ecology of Hudson River round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) at the freshwater-saltwater invasion front of North America. Understanding the ability of round goby to adapt to brackish and saline environments in North America is needed to inform management responses for this rapidly expanding introduced fish.
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PFAS Bioaccumulation in Coastal Seabirds
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December 2024
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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic pollutants that are ubiquitous in human and natural environments, highly persistent, and associated with impacts at low levels of exposure in humans. PFAS are released into the environment via a number of pathways, including use and disposal of consumer products, manufacturing activities, and application of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), particularly at DoD sites. , Limited information exists relating concentrations of multiple precursors or terminal PFAS in abiotic matrices impacted by AFFF (e.g. sediment, water) and prey items (e.g. fish, invertebrates) to observed residue levels in avifauna or other predators at or near AFFF-impacted sites. The poor understanding of these pathways and relationships is problematic considering avifauna, including seabirds, have been documented to contain elevated levels of PFOS and other PFAS, with limited data suggesting potential impacts on hormone disruption, lipid expression, and reproduction at current exposure levels. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple organizatios and includes The Universitty of Rhode Island, The Nature Conservancy, and SC DNR. We will measure the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of a wide range of PFAS in seabirds that rely on environments and food webs downstream from Joint Base Charleston within the Charleston, SC region, using a unique combination of a field sampling campaign paired with biologging efforts, coupled to analysis of targeted terminal PFAS, environmental precursors, EOF, and stable isotopes. This comprehensive field effort will leverage collaborative partnerships to sample environmental media (air, water, sediment) and prey food, and will be paired with spatial tracking efforts and biological sampling of adult seabirds, chicks, and eggs, to provide novel information about the bioaccumulation of PFAS in estuarine and marine avifauna.
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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic pollutants that are ubiquitous in human and natural environments, highly persistent, and associated with impacts at low levels of exposure in humans. PFAS are released into the environment via a number of pathways, including use and disposal of consumer products, manufacturing activities, and application of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), particularly at DoD sites. , Limited information exists relating concentrations of multiple precursors or terminal PFAS in abiotic matrices impacted by AFFF (e.g. sediment, water) and prey items (e.g. fish, invertebrates) to observed residue levels in avifauna or other predators at or near AFFF-impacted sites. The poor understanding of these pathways and relationships is problematic considering avifauna, including seabirds, have been documented to contain elevated levels of PFOS and other PFAS, with limited data suggesting potential impacts on hormone disruption, lipid expression, and reproduction at current exposure levels. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple organizatios and includes The Universitty of Rhode Island, The Nature Conservancy, and SC DNR. We will measure the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of a wide range of PFAS in seabirds that rely on environments and food webs downstream from Joint Base Charleston within the Charleston, SC region, using a unique combination of a field sampling campaign paired with biologging efforts, coupled to analysis of targeted terminal PFAS, environmental precursors, EOF, and stable isotopes. This comprehensive field effort will leverage collaborative partnerships to sample environmental media (air, water, sediment) and prey food, and will be paired with spatial tracking efforts and biological sampling of adult seabirds, chicks, and eggs, to provide novel information about the bioaccumulation of PFAS in estuarine and marine avifauna.
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Taxonomy of Longnose Darter
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May 2023
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The petitioning of the Longnose Darter under the US Endangered Species Act triggered a need for further investigation of population genetics to inform the Species Status Assessment and listing decision. Part of this effort will identify if evolutionally significant units or potentially cryptic diversity (undescribed species) exist within populations of what is currently classified as Longnose Darter,<i> Percina nasuta</i>. Together with Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Missouri Department of Conservation, and Yale University, the USGS MO Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit has assisted to collect genetic samples from across the range of the species. The results of this study will be used to inform the listing decision for the species and help managers identify populations essential to the conservation of diversity within this species complex.
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The petitioning of the Longnose Darter under the US Endangered Species Act triggered a need for further investigation of population genetics to inform the Species Status Assessment and listing decision. Part of this effort will identify if evolutionally significant units or potentially cryptic diversity (undescribed species) exist within populations of what is currently classified as Longnose Darter,<i> Percina nasuta</i>. Together with Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Missouri Department of Conservation, and Yale University, the USGS MO Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit has assisted to collect genetic samples from across the range of the species. The results of this study will be used to inform the listing decision for the species and help managers identify populations essential to the conservation of diversity within this species complex.
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Identification of Landscape Thresholds and Patch Dynamics for Lesser Prairie-Chickens
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December 2025
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Lesser prairie-chickens exhibit sudden changes in occupancy. We are evaluating the potential of landscape thresholds in changes in occupancy.
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Lesser prairie-chickens exhibit sudden changes in occupancy. We are evaluating the potential of landscape thresholds in changes in occupancy.
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Movements, Space Use, and Vital Rates of Mourning Doves
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September 2025
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Assessment of mourning dove ecology in Kansas including vital rate estimation, movements, habitat selection, and assessment of harvest.
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Assessment of mourning dove ecology in Kansas including vital rate estimation, movements, habitat selection, and assessment of harvest.
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Thermal ecology of two imperiled crayfishes
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December 2022
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Lab-derived information on the thermal ecology of crayfishes exists for approximately 5% of species worldwide, leaving a gap in knowledge available for managers to address threats such as climate change or species invasions. This project, a collaboration between the Missouri Department of Conservation, Auburn University, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit seeks to estimate critical thermal maximum and electron transport system activity for to recently petitioned species of crayfish and one invasive crayfish in Missouri. Results will allow managers to better understand if species partition thermal habitats in such a way that could promote coexistence.
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Lab-derived information on the thermal ecology of crayfishes exists for approximately 5% of species worldwide, leaving a gap in knowledge available for managers to address threats such as climate change or species invasions. This project, a collaboration between the Missouri Department of Conservation, Auburn University, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit seeks to estimate critical thermal maximum and electron transport system activity for to recently petitioned species of crayfish and one invasive crayfish in Missouri. Results will allow managers to better understand if species partition thermal habitats in such a way that could promote coexistence.
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A comprehensive understanding of mussel populations in the Duck River, Tennessee for their conservation and to establish ecological flows for ongoing water withdrawals and water management
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January 2030
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This is a comprehensive research program that is intended to provide guidance to natural resources agencies in TN tasked with the protection and use of its water resources, in particular, the Duck River, in response to increased demand for water withdrawal. It is intended as a multi-year, multi-step research program with individual research projects that, together, will provide this guidance. Our overarching goal is to provide an assessment of the ecological impacts of water quantity withdrawals on the Duck River that can inform a science-based policymaking on water management for this critically important watershed. If completed, this framework can be used elsewhere in Tennessee and the Southeastern United states to proactively manage water withdrawals in locations of high conservation priority and growing human populations.
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This is a comprehensive research program that is intended to provide guidance to natural resources agencies in TN tasked with the protection and use of its water resources, in particular, the Duck River, in response to increased demand for water withdrawal. It is intended as a multi-year, multi-step research program with individual research projects that, together, will provide this guidance.
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An analysis of habitat use and suitability of Abrams Creek for reintroduction of the Blo tchside Logperch (Percina burtoni) to complement ongoing genetic studies
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January 2023
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The purpose of this proposed project is to provide guidance for the ongoing reintroduction of the Blotchside Logperch into Abrams Creek. Although within the species’ former range, isolation due to the Chilhowee Reservoir from source populations make it highly improbable Blotchside would independently recolonize Abrams Creek. Further, changes in habitat configurations since the 1950s may have altered the suitability of this system for logperch, highlighting the need for an assessment to insure enough adequate habitat is in Abrams Creek to sustain a logperch population and make ongoing reintroduction efforts worthwhile.
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The purpose of this proposed project is to provide guidance for the ongoing reintroduction of the Blotchside Logperch into Abrams Creek. Although within the species’ former range, isolation due to the Chilhowee Reservoir from source populations make it highly improbable Blotchside would independently recolonize Abrams Creek. Further, changes in habitat configurations since the 1950s may have altered the suitability of this system for logperch, highlighting the need for an assessment to insure enough adequate habitat is in Abrams Creek to sustain a logperch population and make ongoing reintroduction efforts worthwhile. This work complements ongoing work funded by the Tennessee Valley Authority investigating how to maintain genetically robust, viable, self-sustaining population.
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Creation of a Statewide Freshwater Mussel Database for the State of Tennessee
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January 2030
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This study represents the initiation project for the creation of a comprehensive freshwater mussel database for the state of Tennessee, which can not only serve the multiple agencies and stakeholders tasked with the management and conservation of the state’s biota, but also as the basis for multiple research and conservation initiatives (see attached). Our objective for this proposal is to compile freshwater mussel historic and current records from the Duck River Drainage, Tennessee and organize them into a concise, spatially explicit, expandable, and method-specific database, specifically using the McClung Museum database as a model and starting point. We will also organize the data in an expandable, attributable, spatial, and open-source format to improve user capacity and speed for analyzing trends of species distribution, richness, and abundance. We will produce not only the data outcomes below, but also an underlying structure, location, curation, presentation, and long-term plan for a living, statewide database that will be the core foundation of a long-term research program proposed by the Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, with the goal of a long-term interactive database housed and maintained within the TN Tech Water Center (see letter of support attached).
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This study represents the initiation project for the creation of a comprehensive freshwater mussel database for the state of Tennessee, which can not only serve the multiple agencies and stakeholders tasked with the management and conservation of the state’s biota, but also as the basis for multiple research and conservation initiatives (see attached). Our objective for this proposal is to compile freshwater mussel historic and current records from the Duck River Drainage, Tennessee and organize them into a concise, spatially explicit, expandable, and method-specific database, specifically using the McClung Museum database as a model and starting point. We will also organize the data in an expandable, attributable, spatial, and open-source format to improve user capacity and speed for analyzing trends of species distribution, richness, and abundance. We will produce not only the data outcomes below, but also an underlying structure, location, curation, presentation, and long-term plan for a living, statewide database that will be the core foundation of a long-term research program proposed by the Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, with the goal of a long-term interactive database housed and maintained within the TN Tech Water Center (see letter of support attached).
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A re-survey of the mussel fauna and a habitat assessment of the Wolf River, Tennessee
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January 2024
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The overarching goal of the proposed research is to determine the status of mussel populations and suitable habitat in the Wolf River, Tennessee.
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The overarching goal of the proposed research is to determine the status of mussel populations and suitable habitat in the Wolf River, Tennessee. The project is broken into two primary phases: the first phase is focused on repeating the mussel assemblage surveys conducted in the Wolf River in 2005-06 (Moles et al. 2007) to determine changes to the status of these populations in the last 15-16 years (Phase 1, funded, Fast Track FWS). The second phase is focused on habitat surveys of the system to identify likely threats to remaining mussel populations and opportunities for restoration in the system (this proposal)<br><b> </b><br><b><i>Project Deliverables</i></b><i>:</i><br>Updated information on the distribution of the mussel fauna of the Wolf River, TN, including 4 species of particular concern for the Fish and Wildlife Service. (Phase 1, Year 1)Where possible, information on the abundance, size frequency, and/or presence of recruitment for core areas of mussel abundance for all species in the Wolf River. (year 1-2)Identification of likely limiting factors for mussel concentrations in the Wolf River system. (Year 2-3)Identification of location and potential impact of threats to mussel assemblages in the Wolf River system. (Year 2-3)
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Assessment and Modeling of the Freswhater Mussel Distributions and Habitat Preferences in the Hatchie River, Tennessee
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January 2026
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We propose a three-year project to update freshwater mussel distributions in the Hatchie River and measure and model the physical habitat of the river in regards to its suitability for freshwater mussels. The results of this project may guide ongoing and future restorative efforts in other watersheds in WT for freshwater mussel conservation and reintroductions.
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We propose a three-year project to update freshwater mussel distributions in the Hatchie River and measure and model the physical habitat of the river in regards to its suitability for freshwater mussels. The results of this project may guide ongoing and future restorative efforts in other watersheds in WT for freshwater mussel conservation and reintroductions. Our specific objectives are as follows:<br>Update the distribution of freshwater mussels in the Hatchie River drainage through field survey or directing surveys for collaborating partners.Describe hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics associated with observed and known mussel concentrations through physical habitat measurements and modeling using aerial imagery and remote sensing data.Investigate relationships between mussel presence and metrics used to determine the successfulness of restoration activities in WT.
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Update to Tennessee Status Assessments and Recovery Plans for Listed Mussel Species
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January 2025
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Research is designed to assist the Fish and Wildlife Service with their backlog of Status Assessments, Recovery Plans, and baseline information for species listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act using the best available information, methodology, and scientific approaches. <br><br>
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Research is designed to assist the Fish and Wildlife Service with their backlog of Status Assessments, Recovery Plans, and baseline information for species listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act using the best available information, methodology, and scientific approaches.
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Update to Tennessee Status Assessments and Recovery Plans for Listed Mussel Species
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January 2025
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Research is designed to assist the Fish and Wildlife Service with their backlog of Status Assessments, Recovery Plans, and baseline information for species listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act using the best available information, methodology, and scientific approaches.
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Research is designed to assist the Fish and Wildlife Service with their backlog of Status Assessments, Recovery Plans, and baseline information for species listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act using the best available information, methodology, and scientific approaches.
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Environmental DNA Surveillance of Rare species
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January 2025
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The aim of the proposed project is to use environmental DNA (eDNA) surveillance to monitor Little Chucky Creek and associated tributaries with similar habitat features within its known and former range for the presence of chucky madtom (a federally endangered catfish) known from only two systems, Little Chucky Creek and Dunn Creek.<br><br>While likely extirpated (doesn't exist in the wild) from Dunn Creek, the chucky madtom may still exist in a small stretch (3 km) of the Little Chucky Creek. However, given the rarity and cryptic behavior of this fish, surveillance with traditional methods (e.g., snorkeling or kick-seining) is time consuming, may yield inaccurate detection, or harm the species. <br><br>Environmental DNA may offer an alternative surveillance option for this small, cryptic, and extremely rare fish species. Environmental DNA surveillance works by collecting a water sample from targeted sites with no harm or harassment to the animal or habitat, and offers a less time-consuming and more sensitive surveillance method for rare and cryptic species.
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The Chucky Madtom (<i>Noturus crypticus</i>) is a federally endangered catfish known from only two systems, Little Chucky Creek and Dunn Creek. While likely extirpated from Dunn Creek, the Chucky Madtom may still exist in a small stretch (3 km) of the Little Chucky Creek. However, given the rarity and cryptic behavior of this fish, surveillance with traditional methods (e.g., snorkeling or kick-seining) is time consuming, may yield inaccurate detection, or harm the species. Environmental DNA may offer an alternative surveillance option for this small, cryptic, and extremely rare fish species. Environmental DNA surveillance works by collecting a water sample from targeted sites with no harm or harassment to the animal or habitat, and offers a less time-consuming and more sensitive surveillance method for rare and cryptic species.<br><br>This method can be paired with targeted sampling in likely habitats based on historical information and habitat modeling intended to highlight similar habitats that may also contain the species to confirm its known distribution and discover other, undocumented populations.<br><br> aim of the proposed project is to use environmental DNA (eDNA) surveillance to monitor Little Chucky Creek and associated tributaries with similar habitat features within its known and former range for the presence of <i>Noturus crypticus</i>.<br>Objectives:<br>Develop a quantitative PCR assay(s) for use of eDNA surveillance on <i>N. crypticus. </i>Create sampling design aimed at surveying sites in the extant and historic distributionsCreate sampling design aimed at surveying sites along a seasonal gradient to determine optimized eDNA sampling windowCollect water and sediment/benthic samples to increase eDNA detection probabilityOur objectives aim to create an eDNA assay, sampling design, and sampling methods that allow resource agencies to rapidly and effectively survey for <i>N. crypticus</i> for current and future surveillance efforts. Sediment/benthic samples would allow us to determine a range of historic distributions given that benthic substrate can protect eDNA for months or years, which could help guide contemporary survey efforts. Water samples provide more contemporary signals of living or recently living individuals. Furthermore, collecting samples over a wide seasonal range will help encompass potential spawning season. Spawning events can greatly increase detection probability and conversely, eDNA surveillance may help determine important spawning timing and locations.
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Space Allocation in State Conservation Magazines
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August 2023
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State conservation agencies often publish magazines for the general public in which they discuss various topics and taxa important to hunting, fishing, outdoor recreation, and conservation. This project seeks to determine how much attention is given to specific topics and taxa in these magazines to see if certain topics or taxa receive greater attention than others. This collaborative undergraduate research project involving the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit will address this question and bring attention to topics or taxa that may be underrepresented to the public by state agencies.
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State conservation agencies often publish magazines for the general public in which they discuss various topics and taxa important to hunting, fishing, outdoor recreation, and conservation. This project seeks to determine how much attention is given to specific topics and taxa in these magazines to see if certain topics or taxa receive greater attention than others. This collaborative undergraduate research project involving the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit will address this question and bring attention to topics or taxa that may be underrepresented to the public by state agencies.
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Novel Sediment Compaction Sampling Methodology
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May 2023
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Compaction of bed sediments in streams can result in reduced habitat utility for benthic organisms such as fish, crayfish, and mussels. Currently, sediment compaction levels are often estimated using qualitative measures. A quantitative measurement method would allow researchers to more accurately assess bed compaction as an important component of benthic organism habitat. In this study we developed and tested a new method to reliably quantify sediment compaction. We anticipate that this new methodology will be adopted by scientists and managers to better understand aquatic habitats and benthic species. This project is a collaborative effort between the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.
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Compaction of bed sediments in streams can result in reduced habitat utility for benthic organisms such as fish, crayfish, and mussels. Currently, sediment compaction levels are often estimated using qualitative measures. A quantitative measurement method would allow researchers to more accurately assess bed compaction as an important component of benthic organism habitat. In this study we developed and tested a new method to reliably quantify sediment compaction. We anticipate that this new methodology will be adopted by scientists and managers to better understand aquatic habitats and benthic species. This project is a collaborative effort between the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.
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Distribution of Threatened Endemic Crayfishes of the St. Francis River Drainage, MO and Spread of the Invasive Woodland Crayfish
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June 2024
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The St. Francis River Crayfish (<i>Faxonius quadruncus</i>) and the Big Creek Crayfish (<i>Faxonius peruncus</i>) have been proposed for listing as federally threatened and a final listing rule formalizing the proposed status is expected during 2022. Both species are stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to portions of the upper St. Francis River drainage in Missouri and their primary threat is displacement by the invasive Woodland Crayfish (<i>Faxonius hylas</i>). We plan to sample over 100 locations throughout the upper St. Francis River drainage to determine the current distribution of all three species. Using those data, we will create a species distribution model to predict the probability of species presence in un-sampled stream segments. We will also intensively sample the leading edges of the invasion to estimate the spread of the invasive. Study results will provide current and comprehensive distributional records for the invasive and two native crayfishes proposed for federal listing, define the leading edges of the invasion in all known invaded streams, and produce more accurate estimates of invasion rates and native declines. This information is essential to recovery planning to identify potential refugia where natives occur and the invasive has not yet reached. This is a cooperative project between the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.
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The St. Francis River Crayfish (<i>Faxonius quadruncus</i>) and the Big Creek Crayfish (<i>Faxonius peruncus</i>) have been proposed for listing as federally threatened and a final listing rule formalizing the proposed status is expected during 2022. Both species are stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to portions of the upper St. Francis River drainage in Missouri and their primary threat is displacement by the invasive Woodland Crayfish (<i>Faxonius hylas</i>). We plan to sample over 100 locations throughout the upper St. Francis River drainage to determine the current distribution of all three species. Using those data, we will create a species distribution model to predict the probability of species presence in un-sampled stream segments. We will also intensively sample the leading edges of the invasion to estimate the spread of the invasive. Study results will provide current and comprehensive distributional records for the invasive and two native crayfishes proposed for federal listing, define the leading edges of the invasion in all known invaded streams, and produce more accurate estimates of invasion rates and native declines. This information is essential to recovery planning to identify potential refugia where natives occur and the invasive has not yet reached. This is a cooperative project between the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.<br><br>
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Distribution of Threatened Endemic Crayfishes of the St. Francis River Drainage, MO and Spread of the Invasive Woodland Crayfish
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June 2024
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The St. Francis River Crayfish (<i>Faxonius quadruncus</i>) and the Big Creek Crayfish (<i>Faxonius peruncus</i>) have been proposed for listing as federally threatened and a final listing rule formalizing the proposed status is expected during 2022. Both species are stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to portions of the upper St. Francis River drainage in Missouri and their primary threat is displacement by the invasive Woodland Crayfish (<i>Faxonius hylas</i>). We plan to sample over 100 locations throughout the upper St. Francis River drainage to determine the current distribution of all three species. Using those data, we will create a species distribution model to predict the probability of species presence in un-sampled stream segments. We will also intensively sample the leading edges of the invasion to estimate the spread of the invasive. Study results will provide current and comprehensive distributional records for the invasive and two native crayfishes proposed for federal listing, define the leading edges of the invasion in all known invaded streams, and produce more accurate estimates of invasion rates and native declines. This information is essential to recovery planning to identify potential refugia where natives occur and the invasive has not yet reached. This is a cooperative project between the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.
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The St. Francis River Crayfish (<i>Faxonius quadruncus</i>) and the Big Creek Crayfish (<i>Faxonius peruncus</i>) have been proposed for listing as federally threatened and a final listing rule formalizing the proposed status is expected during 2022. Both species are stream-dwelling crayfish endemic to portions of the upper St. Francis River drainage in Missouri and their primary threat is displacement by the invasive Woodland Crayfish (<i>Faxonius hylas</i>). We plan to sample over 100 locations throughout the upper St. Francis River drainage to determine the current distribution of all three species. Using those data, we will create a species distribution model to predict the probability of species presence in un-sampled stream segments. We will also intensively sample the leading edges of the invasion to estimate the spread of the invasive. Study results will provide current and comprehensive distributional records for the invasive and two native crayfishes proposed for federal listing, define the leading edges of the invasion in all known invaded streams, and produce more accurate estimates of invasion rates and native declines. This information is essential to recovery planning to identify potential refugia where natives occur and the invasive has not yet reached. This is a cooperative project between the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit.
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Crayfish Movement Ecology
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December 2024
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Invasive crayfish are increasingly common around the world, including in Missouri where there are over 30 documented invasions. These invasions disrupt the functioning of native ecosystems, threaten native species, and have economic consequences. Despite their importance, we know little about how fast the invasions occur or about the movement ecology of crayfish. This project will use expertise from the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit to investigate movement capacity for multiple invasive crayfishes. Results from the the study will inform managers of how long they have to enact conservation measures before invasive species spread to new areas.
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Invasive crayfish are increasingly common around the world, including in Missouri where there are over 30 documented invasions. These invasions disrupt the functioning of native ecosystems, threaten native species, and have economic consequences. Despite their importance, we know little about how fast the invasions occur or about the movement ecology of crayfish. This project will use expertise from the Missouri Department of Conservation and the USGS Missouri Coop Unit to investigate movement capacity for multiple invasive crayfishes. Results from the the study will inform managers of how long they have to enact conservation measures before invasive species spread to new areas.
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Inventory of Freshwater Mussels at Ozark National Scenic Riverways
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December 2024
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Freshwater mussel populations have not been recently surveyed in the Current River and the National Park Service wishes to develop a standardized and repeatable survey methodology to assess species richness, habitat associations, and occupancy. This project will use spatially replicated sampling at numerous sites within the mainstem Current River to estimate the desired metrics. Results of the work will be used to inform park planning, assist with mussel recovery efforts, and will be employed in future surveys as a way to monitor the status of mussel populations through time.
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Freshwater mussel populations have not been recently surveyed in the Current River and the National Park Service wishes to develop a standardized and repeatable survey methodology to assess species richness, habitat associations, and occupancy. This project will use spatially replicated sampling at numerous sites within the mainstem Current River to estimate the desired metrics. Results of the work will be used to inform park planning, assist with mussel recovery efforts, and will be employed in future surveys as a way to monitor the status of mussel populations through time.
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Conservation and Management of At-Risk and Listed Species in Missouri
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December 2026
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is tasked with protecting Threatened, Endangered, or At-Risk species throughout the United States, which has over 1,600 plants and animal listed and another 500 that need protections. However, a challenge with managing these species is there is often limited information about their distribution and the biology, or the current and future threats are unknown. The primary objective of this project is to determine the life history and distribution of selected at-risk species, with additional emphasis on threats to their populations. Information from this study will be used to inform Species Status Assessments and recovery planning actions.
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is tasked with protecting Threatened, Endangered, or At-Risk species throughout the United States, which has over 1,600 plants and animal listed and another 500 that need protections. However, a challenge with managing these species is there is often limited information about their distribution and the biology, or the current and future threats are unknown. The primary objective of this project is to determine the life history and distribution of selected at-risk species, with additional emphasis on threats to their populations. Information from this study will be used to inform Species Status Assessments and recovery planning actions.
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Big Piney River Aquatic Organism Passage Assessment
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September 2027
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This project will assess the ability of aquatic organisms, including fish hosts of rare freshwater mussels, to move through an engineered bypass reach in the Big Piney River of Missouri. There is currently a fish passage barrier at the site in the form a water intake weir. We will use stationary passive integrated transponder antenna arrays to determine if focal species of fish and amphibians are able to successfully use the bypass in both upstream and downstream directions. Results of this work will inform local managers of potential barriers to aquatic organism movement, thus allowing them to take alternate measures if organism passage is not feasible given the installed design
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This project will assess the ability of aquatic organisms, including fish hosts of rare freshwater mussels, to move through an engineered bypass reach in the Big Piney River of Missouri. There is currently a fish passage barrier at the site in the form a water intake weir. We will use stationary passive integrated transponder antenna arrays to determine if focal species of fish and amphibians are able to successfully use the bypass in both upstream and downstream directions. Results of this work will inform local managers of potential barriers to aquatic organism movement, thus allowing them to take alternate measures if organism passage is not feasible given the installed design.
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Mule deer in changing forests
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August 2024
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We are developing structural equation models to understand complex effects of habitat and mammal communities on mule deer occurrence.
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Humans have direct and indirect effects on wildlife behavior, habitat, and communities. The complexity of causal mechanisms that link humans to wildlife make it difficult to understand and predict effects of management and conservation actions. To make progress, we will couple large data sets with sophisticated statistical models. Data come from motion-sensing trail cameras (n = 250 sites) deployed from 2019–2022 across gradients of human disturbance, including logging, fires, road density, and human presence. We will develop structural equation models, generalized additive models, and mixed effects models to link image data to objectives. Our first objective is to assess the effects of human disturbance on mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>)<i> </i>daily activity patterns and quantify whether the response alters mule deer exposure to predator and competitor species. Our second objective is to quantify the cumulative effects of landscape disturbance and human presence on the occurrence of mule deer, including both direct and indirect effects. Our third objective is to quantify the influence of human disturbance on species richness in the Southern Interior British Columbia mammal community. This novel work will provide new insight into long-standing concerns about wildlife conservation and management in Southern Interior British Columbia.
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Development of a basis for allocation of fish production between management needs and double-crested cormorant predation within their nesting range
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September 2022
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Double-crested cormorants (DCCO) are a native waterbird that consume fish species that anglers prefer to catch (e.g., yellow perch) or that are prey for preferred fish. As populations of DCCO grow around the country, anglers have voiced concerns about these birds consuming too many fish and removing angling opportunity. The goal of this project is to provide decision support to the USFWS for allocating fish production in lake systems in the US between stakeholders (e.g., recreational fishers) and predators (i.e., DCCO). In an this project we are conducting a series of structured decision making workshops with biologists and managers around the region to determine objectives for DCCO control, creating quantitative models of fish and DCCO to predict the outcomes of management actions on each objective, and making tradeoffs among objectives.
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Double-crested cormorants (DCCO) are a native waterbird that consume fish species that anglers prefer to catch (e.g., yellow perch) or that are prey for preferred fish. As populations of DCCO grow around the country, anglers have voiced concerns about these birds consuming too many fish and removing angling opportunity. The goal of this project is to provide decision support to the USFWS for allocating fish production in lake systems in the US between stakeholders (e.g., recreational fishers) and predators (i.e., DCCO). In an this project we are conducting a series of structured decision making workshops with biologists and managers around the region to determine objectives for DCCO control, creating quantitative models of fish and DCCO to predict the outcomes of management actions on each objective, and making tradeoffs among objectives.
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Using stock assessment information to inform harvest policy in data-limited fisheries
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December 2022
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We are developing and demonstrating the capacity to guide discussions about assessment and management of data-limited fisheries in the Great Lakes, based on a tool named FishPath that has been developed by a team of international fisheries experts. We will apply FishPath to 2 selected case study fisheries, and engage managers and stakeholders in the FishPath process at 2 workshops, one in Canada and one in the US. At the end of the project academics, managers, and Great Lakes Fishery Commission staff will have been trained and gained practical experience with FishPath, for potential future application in the Great Lakes and beyond, and a select group of managers and stakeholders will be in a position to assess the tool’s potential for future use.
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We are developing and demonstrating the capacity to guide discussions about assessment and management of data-limited fisheries in the Great Lakes, based on a tool named FishPath that has been developed by a team of international fisheries experts. We will apply FishPath to 2 selected case study fisheries, and engage managers and stakeholders in the FishPath process at 2 workshops, one in Canada and one in the US. At the end of the project academics, managers, and Great Lakes Fishery Commission staff will have been trained and gained practical experience with FishPath, for potential future application in the Great Lakes and beyond, and a select group of managers and stakeholders will be in a position to assess the tool’s potential for future use.
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Midwest Tribal Wild Rice Coordination and Planning in Partnership with the Center for Cooperative Ecological Resilience
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March 2024
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We are collaborating with the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians' Wildlife Program and Michigan State University’s Center for Cooperative Ecological Resilience to provide coordination for the Midwest Tribal Wild Rice Collaborative, including hosting regular working group meetings, hosting annual in-person meetings, producing a regional wild rice stewardship plan, and providing training opportunities for the Ambient Water Quality Monitoring System. The final product of this planning process will be a framework for adaptive management of manoomin, or wild rice, throughout the midwest.
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We are collaborating with the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians' Wildlife Program and Michigan State University’s Center for Cooperative Ecological Resilience to provide coordination for the Midwest Tribal Wild Rice Collaborative, including hosting regular working group meetings, hosting annual in-person meetings, producing a regional wild rice stewardship plan, and providing training opportunities for the Ambient Water Quality Monitoring System. The final product of this planning process will be a framework for adaptive management of manoomin, or wild rice, throughout the midwest.
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Inter-agency planning for St. Marys River (MI) coastal wetland resiliency
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May 2023
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This project is in collaboration with the Salt Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. Over the course of the project, we will convene a group of governmental agencies, stakeholders, community members, and decision analysis and technical experts to participate in a structured, facilitated process focused on prioritization of coastal wetlands for protection and restoration in the St. Marys River, Michigan and development of a comprehensive inter-agency resilience plan. The St. Marys River is the major connecting channel between Lakes Superior and Huron and is a critical waterway for Tribal and non-Tribal communities, wildlife (e.g., threatened waterbirds, marshbirds, and waterfowl), fisheries, wetlands, and international commercial freighter traffic and is subject to water level fluctuations related to lake level changes and storm events as well as chronic stressors resulting from the impacts of wakes created by intensive freighter traffic.
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This project is in collaboration with the Salt Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. Over the course of the project, we will convene a group of governmental agencies, stakeholders, community members, and decision analysis and technical experts to participate in a structured, facilitated process focused on prioritization of coastal wetlands for protection and restoration in the St. Marys River, Michigan and development of a comprehensive inter-agency resilience plan. The St. Marys River is the major connecting channel between Lakes Superior and Huron and is a critical waterway for Tribal and non-Tribal communities, wildlife (e.g., threatened waterbirds, marshbirds, and waterfowl), fisheries, wetlands, and international commercial freighter traffic and is subject to water level fluctuations related to lake level changes and storm events as well as chronic stressors resulting from the impacts of wakes created by intensive freighter traffic.
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Developing a holistic approach to evaluate and communicate natural resource assets and management actions for Michigan’s large rivers: Focus on the Au Sable River
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March 2023
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Michigan's cold-water streams support important fisheries, including native brook trout. These streams are threatened by climate change and land-use change, which has led to increased concern by managers and stakeholders. We are implementing a decision analysis framework to convene agency biologists and managers, as well as stakeholders, in determining how to enhance resilience of these systems in the face of uncertainty about climate and land-use change. We are focusing on the Au Sable River as our case study for this work, and we hope to take the knowledge gained from this system to apply it to other streams in Michigan and beyond.
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Michigan's cold-water streams support important fisheries, including native brook trout. These streams are threatened by climate change and land-use change, which has led to increased concern by managers and stakeholders. We are implementing a decision analysis framework to convene agency biologists and managers, as well as stakeholders, in determining how to enhance resilience of these systems in the face of uncertainty about climate and land-use change. We are focusing on the Au Sable River as our case study for this work, and we hope to take the knowledge gained from this system to apply it to other streams in Michigan and beyond.
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OA 99: Avian community response and focal species survival to treatment of pinyon-juniper woodlands.
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April 2024
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Pinyon-juniper woodlands are an extensive and biologically important vegetation community across the western United States. A history of overgrazing and fire suppression has resulted in pinyon-juniper woodlands expanding beyond its historical distribution and encroaching into predominantly grassland vegetation communities. This has led to efforts to reduce pinyon-juniper as part of grassland restoration, but it also has been documented that pinyon-juniper thinning and removal reduces avian diversity and abundance. This is of concern due to pinyon-juniper having the highest diversity of birds, highest density of nesting birds, and the highest number of bird species throughout the year compared to other upland habitats in the west. Of special concern is how thinning practices may influence pinyon-juniper obligate species of concern, especially the Juniper Titmouse and the Pinyon Jay. We are working with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to address this issue in New Mexico. Specifically, we are assessing avian community structure in pinyon-juniper areas in thinned and un-thinned plots, and before and after thinning occurs, to acquire data that facilitates informed management decision analysis for landscape level management.
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Pinyon-juniper woodlands are an extensive and biologically important vegetation community across the western United States. A history of overgrazing and fire suppression has resulted in pinyon-juniper woodlands expanding beyond its historical distribution and encroaching into predominantly grassland vegetation communities. This has led to efforts to reduce pinyon-juniper as part of grassland restoration, but it also has been documented that pinyon-juniper thinning and removal reduces avian diversity and abundance. This is of concern due to pinyon-juniper having the highest diversity of birds, highest density of nesting birds, and the highest number of bird species throughout the year compared to other upland habitats in the west. Of special concern is how thinning practices may influence pinyon-juniper obligate species of concern, especially the Juniper Titmouse and the Pinyon Jay. We are working with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to address this issue in New Mexico. Specifically, we are assessing avian community structure in pinyon-juniper areas in thinned and un-thinned plots, and before and after thinning occurs, to acquire data that facilitates informed management decision analysis for landscape level management.
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Using flow-ecology relationships to inform the state water planning in South Carolina
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July 2024
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Appropriation of water resources will continually increase with the rapidly growing human population in South Carolina, increasing 11.3% from 2010 to 2019. Protecting instream flows for ecosystem services will be one of society’s great challenges this century. South Carolina is a water-rich state that will face unique challenges and opportunities as demand increases. Protecting instream flow from anthropogenic alterations and maintaining ecosystem services of water resources first requires an understanding of the relationship between aquatic organisms and instream flow. Accordingly, the goal of the proposed project is to identify key relationships between flow metrics and biotic response (flow-ecology relationships) in the State’s eight, major river basins and to use these relationships to predict the response of aquatic organisms to changes in streamflow and water withdrawals to inform river basin planning across the State.
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Appropriation of water resources will continually increase with the rapidly growing human population in South Carolina, increasing 11.3% from 2010 to 2019. Protecting instream flows for ecosystem services will be one of society’s great challenges this century. South Carolina is a water-rich state that will face unique challenges and opportunities as demand increases. Protecting instream flow from anthropogenic alterations and maintaining ecosystem services of water resources first requires an understanding of the relationship between aquatic organisms and instream flow. Accordingly, the goal of the proposed project is to identify key relationships between flow metrics and biotic response (flow-ecology relationships) in the State’s eight, major river basins and to use these relationships to predict the response of aquatic organisms to changes in streamflow and water withdrawals to inform river basin planning across the State. We will provide technical assistance to, and work in cooperation with, Clemson University, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, River Basin Councils, the River Basin Council Facilitator, and the River Basin Council Surface Water Technical Support Contractor. The flow-ecology relationships identified by this work will be incorporated in the river basin planning process.
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An Atlas and Registry for Seabird Colonies and Associated Habitats in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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December 2023
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Along with key stakeholders from federal agencies, state agencies, and NGOs in the northern Gulf of Mexico, the SC Cooperative Research Unit is developing an Atlas and Register of Seabird Colony Sites for the region. The PIs met with stakeholders in summer 2022 to begin the process of obtaining colony data and focusing the atlas effort.
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The coastal zone of the northern Gulf also supports a diverse array of breeding nearshore seabirds most of which are colonial and nest on islands, marshes, mainland beaches, or human-made structures. Although nest-site fidelity is common among seabirds, the dynamic nature of the coastal zone in the northern Gulf can result in inter-annual shifts in the locations of colonies and in the existence, size, or stability of the islands or habitats that support them. Overlaid on this dynamic system is a stakeholder network responsible for management of these species and their breeding habitats that includes natural resource agencies from five states, multiple federal agencies (e.g., USFWS, NPS, BLM, DOD, ACOE), and numerous private organizations (e.g., National Audubon Society, Nature Conservancy). In an effort to coordinate and facilitate the management and conservation of avian taxa throughout this wide range of habitats and across this complex network of stakeholders in the northern Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico Avian Monitoring Network (GoMAMN) recently released strategic monitoring guidelines that highlighted the need for a spatial inventory of breeding sites of seabirds in the region. The development of this Atlas will build from efforts by the Gulf Coast Joint Venture’s Bird Nesting Island Cooperative, and it’s “Atlas” Team. Stakeholders from each Gulf state and from regional NGOs will also be participating. The Atlas will support inventory, monitoring, management, disaster response, and research. The atlas and register also will be valuable for marine spatial planning issues, including but not limited to sighting wind turbines, scheduling and siting sand-dredging and beach nourishment operations, managing recreation and access, and land/marine conservation planning.
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Socio-ecological of predator, prey, and human interactions
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December 2024
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As global changes continue to intensify in severity and frequency, it is essential to understand not just their effects on the environment, but also their broader effects on social-ecological systems. Using a range of tools from genetic analysis to stakeholder interviews, this project examines a diverse range of topics, from wildfire to human-wildlife conflict, from the lens of social-ecological change in the Anthropocene.
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As global changes continue to intensify in severity and frequency, it is essential to understand not just their effects on the environment, but also their broader effects on social-ecological systems. Using a range of tools from genetic analysis to stakeholder interviews, this project examines a diverse range of topics, from wildfire to human-wildlife conflict, from the lens of social-ecological change in the Anthropocene.
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Environmental Justice and Wildlife Conservation
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December 2024
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As global environmental changes continue to accelerate, research and practice in the field of <i>conservation biology</i> may be essential to help forestall precipitous declines in the earth’s ability to sustain a diversity of life. However, many conservation programs have faced scrutiny for the social injustices they create, especially within the paradigm of demarcating protected lands. Currently, a new conservation paradigm emphasizing landscapes shared by people and wildlife is emerging, and with it, an opportunity to ensure that justice for both human and beyond-human groups is given consideration. Here, we draw from theories in <i>environmental justice</i> to detail the many forms of justice at stake in these efforts. Our analysis shows that a pluralistic application of justice is required to ensure that new conservation practices do not produce and reproduce injustices for people. In addition, we show that the success of these emerging programs in meeting their conservation goals in fact depends on meaningfully addressing a range of justice concerns. By developing this framework, we also identify domains in which environmental justice scholarship can expand its scope. To this end, we introduce the novel concept of affective environmental justice, which describes the complex role of emotions as environmental harms, as disruptors of understanding other forms of justice, and as links between logics of oppression. Our framework offers a comprehensive resource to work through in planning and implementing wildlife management and recovery programs, and we conclude by describing the challenges and opportunities for further aligning conservation and environmental justice in research and practice.
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As global environmental changes continue to accelerate, research and practice in the field of <i>conservation biology</i> may be essential to help forestall precipitous declines in the earth’s ability to sustain a diversity of life. However, many conservation programs have faced scrutiny for the social injustices they create, especially within the paradigm of demarcating protected lands. Currently, a new conservation paradigm emphasizing landscapes shared by people and wildlife is emerging, and with it, an opportunity to ensure that justice for both human and beyond-human groups is given consideration. Here, we draw from theories in <i>environmental justice</i> to detail the many forms of justice at stake in these efforts. Our analysis shows that a pluralistic application of justice is required to ensure that new conservation practices do not produce and reproduce injustices for people. In addition, we show that the success of these emerging programs in meeting their conservation goals in fact depends on meaningfully addressing a range of justice concerns. By developing this framework, we also identify domains in which environmental justice scholarship can expand its scope. To this end, we introduce the novel concept of affective environmental justice, which describes the complex role of emotions as environmental harms, as disruptors of understanding other forms of justice, and as links between logics of oppression. Our framework offers a comprehensive resource to work through in planning and implementing wildlife management and recovery programs, and we conclude by describing the challenges and opportunities for further aligning conservation and environmental justice in research and practice.
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California Grizzly Reintroduction Socio-ecology
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December 2024
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Large carnivore reintroductions play an increasingly large role in global conservation efforts, yet they have been at the center of social conflicts that remain poorly understand. Improving our understanding of public support and opposition for these programs, especially at the local scale, is essential to sound decision-making that supports long-term conservation successes. In this research, I employ multiple methods in a case study of brown bear ("grizzly bear") reintroductions under consideration in California. Using novel spatial methods, I reconsider notions of habitat suitability by incorporating multiple approaches for understanding human tolerance for reintroduction. Simultaneously, using social science methods, I am conducting a longitudinal study of local attitudes and values around reintroduction at sites throughout the state. The findings of this research will support a well informed public conversation and first-of-its-kind data on how attitudes evolve in time and space before - and potentially during and after - a reintroduction.
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Large carnivore reintroductions play an increasingly large role in global conservation efforts, yet they have been at the center of social conflicts that remain poorly understand. Improving our understanding of public support and opposition for these programs, especially at the local scale, is essential to sound decision-making that supports long-term conservation successes. In this research, I employ multiple methods in a case study of brown bear ("grizzly bear") reintroductions under consideration in California. Using novel spatial methods, I reconsider notions of habitat suitability by incorporating multiple approaches for understanding human tolerance for reintroduction. Simultaneously, using social science methods, I am conducting a longitudinal study of local attitudes and values around reintroduction at sites throughout the state. The findings of this research will support a well informed public conversation and first-of-its-kind data on how attitudes evolve in time and space before - and potentially during and after - a reintroduction.
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Novel methods for studying human-wolf interactions in Washington
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December 2024
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As gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) recolonize Washington state, they provoke strong, polarized responses among the state’s diverse human communities. While numerous studies have investigated the unique reaction of people to wolves and wolf management, managing wolves and human-wolf interactions remains challenging, and new methods in the environmental social sciences offer great promise in revealing patterns and supporting management. In this study, we will work with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in three new methodological domains that have been urgently called for but rarely applied in the scientific literature. These domains are 1) longitudinal studies of attitudes and perspectives over time in an area experiencing recolonization; 2) mapping social phenomena to complement ecological understandings of habitat suitability and connectivity; and 3) including robust understandings of attitudes and values in science communication. Taken together, these methods can offer insights at local and broad scales and help identify systems under stress and prioritize management. The support provided by this funding will train a graduate student investigator in this important but understudied research domain and will directly lead to the production of a dissertation chapter.
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As gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) recolonize Washington state, they provoke strong, polarized responses among the state’s diverse human communities. While numerous studies have investigated the unique reaction of people to wolves and wolf management, managing wolves and human-wolf interactions remains challenging, and new methods in the environmental social sciences offer great promise in revealing patterns and supporting management. In this study, we will work with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in three new methodological domains that have been urgently called for but rarely applied in the scientific literature. These domains are 1) longitudinal studies of attitudes and perspectives over time in an area experiencing recolonization; 2) mapping social phenomena to complement ecological understandings of habitat suitability and connectivity; and 3) including robust understandings of attitudes and values in science communication. Taken together, these methods can offer insights at local and broad scales and help identify systems under stress and prioritize management. The support provided by this funding will train a graduate student investigator in this important but understudied research domain and will directly lead to the production of a dissertation chapter.
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Proactive development of CWD outreach, education, and policy to guide disease management in Washington
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August 2023
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The mission of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) is to preserve, protect, and perpetuate the state’s fish, wildlife, and ecosystems while providing sustainable fish and wildlife recreational and commercial opportunities. This mission represents the deeply held value of connection with the natural world that all Washingtonians share and forms the basis of the Department’s commitment to respond to significant risks to the health of the state’s native wildlife. In the case of disease risks to resident cervid species, the consequences of inaction could profoundly affect Washington’s vibrant hunting and outdoor recreation culture, as well as the economic benefits that support communities and conservation throughout the state.<br>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) represents a potentially significant long-term threat to Washington’s diverse native cervid species, one of which is federally protected (Columbian white-tailed deer), and to populations that are co-managed with Tribes (29 federally-recognized in Washington). Currently, the disease has been identified in 26 states and 4 Canadian provinces, with the closest positive 70 miles from Washington. A comprehensive CWD response must include biological and sociological components, ideally developed before the disease is detected. Proactive CWD management is paramount given the increasing evidence that long-term population declines are likely when outbreaks persist, further reducing hunting participation and diminishing public trust in management agencies. Unfortunately, Agency responses are almost always reactive, which further reduces support and subverts opportunities for disease elimination. Examples from other states indicate that a successful CWD response is predicated on stakeholder support for management actions. <b>Essentially, Agency success will increase if a strong human dimensions component is developed and incorporated <i>before </i>an outbreak</b>.<br>The WDFW developed a CWD management plan in 2021, and this proposed project will align with its first objective, “Proactively build trust with and support from the public and stakeholders regarding CWD management activities during each phase of the Plan.” Here, we will employ accepted social science methods to guide CWD-related decision-making, with an emphasis on education and outreach. We will conduct focus groups/interviews of key parties, including (but not limited to) Tribal representatives, agricultural producers, cervid hunting groups, agency personnel, and other influential individuals. Knowledge gained from focus groups/interviews will be used to develop a quantitative survey using a random sample of Washington hunters. The survey will address issues such as CWD knowledge, risk perceptions, behavior, support for regulatory alternatives (e.g., increased harvest, deer feeding bans, financial incentives), and agency trust. The survey items will provide information essential to selecting management actions that garner public support, as well as anticipating opposition.<br>Finally, and crucially, we will produce public-facing education and outreach materials based on the findings of our interviews and surveys. These brochures, videos, and presentations will reach a large portion of Washington’s cervid hunters and help WDFW effectively communicate about CWD and its management, minimizing opposition and building trust in the agency. Ultimately, this project outlines a cost-effective yet comprehensive approach to meeting Objective 5 of the USDA funding priorities, “Develop and/or deliver educational outreach materials or programs to wild cervid stakeholders or Tribal entities.”
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The mission of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) is to preserve, protect, and perpetuate the state’s fish, wildlife, and ecosystems while providing sustainable fish and wildlife recreational and commercial opportunities. This mission represents the deeply held value of connection with the natural world that all Washingtonians share and forms the basis of the Department’s commitment to respond to significant risks to the health of the state’s native wildlife. In the case of disease risks to resident cervid species, the consequences of inaction could profoundly affect Washington’s vibrant hunting and outdoor recreation culture, as well as the economic benefits that support communities and conservation throughout the state.<br>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) represents a potentially significant long-term threat to Washington’s diverse native cervid species, one of which is federally protected (Columbian white-tailed deer), and to populations that are co-managed with Tribes (29 federally-recognized in Washington). Currently, the disease has been identified in 26 states and 4 Canadian provinces, with the closest positive 70 miles from Washington. A comprehensive CWD response must include biological and sociological components, ideally developed before the disease is detected. Proactive CWD management is paramount given the increasing evidence that long-term population declines are likely when outbreaks persist, further reducing hunting participation and diminishing public trust in management agencies. Unfortunately, Agency responses are almost always reactive, which further reduces support and subverts opportunities for disease elimination. Examples from other states indicate that a successful CWD response is predicated on stakeholder support for management actions. <b>Essentially, Agency success will increase if a strong human dimensions component is developed and incorporated <i>before </i>an outbreak</b>.<br>The WDFW developed a CWD management plan in 2021, and this proposed project will align with its first objective, “Proactively build trust with and support from the public and stakeholders regarding CWD management activities during each phase of the Plan.” Here, we will employ accepted social science methods to guide CWD-related decision-making, with an emphasis on education and outreach. We will conduct focus groups/interviews of key parties, including (but not limited to) Tribal representatives, agricultural producers, cervid hunting groups, agency personnel, and other influential individuals. Knowledge gained from focus groups/interviews will be used to develop a quantitative survey using a random sample of Washington hunters. The survey will address issues such as CWD knowledge, risk perceptions, behavior, support for regulatory alternatives (e.g., increased harvest, deer feeding bans, financial incentives), and agency trust. The survey items will provide information essential to selecting management actions that garner public support, as well as anticipating opposition.<br>Finally, and crucially, we will produce public-facing education and outreach materials based on the findings of our interviews and surveys. These brochures, videos, and presentations will reach a large portion of Washington’s cervid hunters and help WDFW effectively communicate about CWD and its management, minimizing opposition and building trust in the agency. Ultimately, this project outlines a cost-effective yet comprehensive approach to meeting Objective 5 of the USDA funding priorities, “Develop and/or deliver educational outreach materials or programs to wild cervid stakeholders or Tribal entities.”
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Assessing Perceptions of Risk and Uncertainty during Adaptive Management: A Case Study of the Washington State Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan
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June 2023
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The adaptive management program (AMP) of the Washington Forest Practices HCP (FPHCP) is perhaps the largest nonfederal adaptive management program in the United States. Its successes and failures during its 20-year term can inform both local policy in Washington state as well as broader discussions about science-driven environmental management. This project will strive to understand how AMP participants, composed of scientists and policy makers (hereafter program participants), perceive the AMP; how the AMP addresses key scientific uncertainties, risks, goals, and performance targets identified by the AMP; the role of science in reducing uncertainty and resolving policy issues; and the ways these issues affect policy discussions among the participants. Using social science methods, including but not limited to semi-structured interviews and Q-methodological approaches, this project’s objectives are to better understand latent perspectives, conflicts, and shared values that can help improve our understanding of the AMP as well as adaptive management programs more broadly. The project will involve close collaboration between the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, WDFW cooperators spearheading other aspects of the broader research program, and a postdoctoral researcher hired to achieve the objectives outlined below.<br> <br>Work with the University of Washington (Dr. Alex McInturff, Assistant Unit Leader – Wildlife at the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit) is composed of five tasks. The collective goal of these tasks is to understand how program participant groups perceive the AMP’s scope, purpose, outcomes, and how these perceptions can affect policy decisions. The tasks described in more detail below include: i) Characterizing the program-participant groups’ satisfaction with ultimate policy outcomes based on new knowledge, i.e., were outcomes rationale, fair, transparent, decisive, true to Forests and Fish goals, and reasons for perceptions of these outcomes, ii) An exploration of hypotheses that could explain why program participants were unable to agree on rule change and dissatisfied with certain policy outcomes, and iii) How the AMP process could be improved to build common understanding and avoid future dissatisfaction. Ultimately, this research should improve the AMP, it will also serve as a major case study for understanding how participant perceptions influence environmental policy outcomes.<br><b><u> </u></b>
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The adaptive management program (AMP) of the Washington Forest Practices HCP (FPHCP) is perhaps the largest nonfederal adaptive management program in the United States. Its successes and failures during its 20-year term can inform both local policy in Washington state as well as broader discussions about science-driven environmental management. This project will strive to understand how AMP participants, composed of scientists and policy makers (hereafter program participants), perceive the AMP; how the AMP addresses key scientific uncertainties, risks, goals, and performance targets identified by the AMP; the role of science in reducing uncertainty and resolving policy issues; and the ways these issues affect policy discussions among the participants. Using social science methods, including but not limited to semi-structured interviews and Q-methodological approaches, this project’s objectives are to better understand latent perspectives, conflicts, and shared values that can help improve our understanding of the AMP as well as adaptive management programs more broadly. The project will involve close collaboration between the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, WDFW cooperators spearheading other aspects of the broader research program, and a postdoctoral researcher hired to achieve the objectives outlined below.<br> <br>Work with the University of Washington (Dr. Alex McInturff, Assistant Unit Leader – Wildlife at the Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit) is composed of five tasks. The collective goal of these tasks is to understand how program participant groups perceive the AMP’s scope, purpose, outcomes, and how these perceptions can affect policy decisions. The tasks described in more detail below include: i) Characterizing the program-participant groups’ satisfaction with ultimate policy outcomes based on new knowledge, i.e., were outcomes rationale, fair, transparent, decisive, true to Forests and Fish goals, and reasons for perceptions of these outcomes, ii) An exploration of hypotheses that could explain why program participants were unable to agree on rule change and dissatisfied with certain policy outcomes, and iii) How the AMP process could be improved to build common understanding and avoid future dissatisfaction. Ultimately, this research should improve the AMP, it will also serve as a major case study for understanding how participant perceptions influence environmental policy outcomes.<br><b><u> </u></b>
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Salmon habitat and shoreline vulnerability to recreational boat wakes in Big Lake, Alaska
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September 2024
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The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, in south-central Alaska, implements a successful cost share program to restore shorelines along freshwaters. However, landowners are concerned that an increase in recreational boating to create large wakes for jet skis and other watersports are undercutting these efforts, leading to increased erosion and potential sedimentation on vulnerable salmon habitat. This research aims to quantify the extent of this potential issue, both in terms of bank erosion and effects on salmon egg-laying habitat. It will inform potential future management decisions to limit ballast boat use for wake generation, and identify the shorelines and underwater habitats where implementing such actions might be most important for conservation. Key partners on the project include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, as well as the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and private landowners who implement the cost-share program. Results of this research will yield a model of shoreline and salmon egg-laying habitat vulnerability. Presentations to stakeholders are also anticipated as part of the management and decision-making process.
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The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, in south-central Alaska, implements a successful cost share program to restore shorelines along freshwaters. However, landowners are concerned that an increase in recreational boating to create large wakes for jet skis and other watersports are undercutting these efforts, leading to increased erosion and potential sedimentation on vulnerable salmon habitat. This research aims to quantify the extent of this potential issue, both in terms of bank erosion and effects on salmon egg-laying habitat. It will inform potential future management decisions to limit ballast boat use for wake generation, and identify the shorelines and underwater habitats where implementing such actions might be most important for conservation. Key partners on the project include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, as well as the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and private landowners who implement the cost-share program. Results of this research will yield a model of shoreline and salmon egg-laying habitat vulnerability. Presentations to stakeholders are also anticipated as part of the management and decision-making process.
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Development of an Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Framework for the ACEP-WRE Program
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October 2026
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This project is part of a national evaluation of the USDA NRCS ACEP Program, which enrolls wetlands in easements for conservation purposes.
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To be completed.
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Role of study length and life-history traits on the reliability of management recommendations
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September 2023
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A PhD student will maintain annual capture-mark-recapture study of Columbia spotted frongs and formulate research questions with broad research and management relevance, and identify other long-term, reliable data sets.
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<b>Background & Need: </b>Increasing variation in the frequency and magnitude of weather-related anomalies such as drought, hurricanes, and wildfires have direct relevance for managing wildlife populations. More than ever, we need to be confident that the science and recommendations that we deliver to resource managers are accurate and reliable. However, the increasingly-variable conditions under which data are collected makes it more difficult provide reliable information that is not highly dependent upon the time period in which it was collected. This issue is especially relevant for short-term studies and for species with highly variable vital rates.<br>Resource managers and conservation biologists are often required to assess population status and trends from relatively short (e.g., 5-10 year) studies (Gerrodette 1987, Morris and Doak 2002). This general problem is illustrated by recent controversy over the nature, extent, and statistical support for amphibian population declines (Pechmann et al. 2991, Pechmann et al. 1994, Pounds et al. 1997, Alford and Richards 1999, Green 2003). For populations that can vary widely in abundance over time, it is unclear how to best assess trends or how many years of data are necessary to detect meaningful trends in populations (Pechmann et al. 1991, Pechmann et al. 1994). Short-term datasets may often be capturing short-term trends rather than long-term trajectories (Meyer et al. 1998, Bierzychudek 1999, Whitemand and Wissinger 2005), and these trends can depend on the particular sequence of years being examined (e.g., a series of “good” or “bad” years) rather than the number of years of data examined, particularly for species with high variation in population growth rates.<br>We propose to use long-term datasets from a variety of species to investigate how (1) differing temporal scales that are common in wildlife studies affect conclusions made from those studies and (2) how the conclusions vary according to life-history traits such as mean adult survival. If conclusions drawn from studies that last only 2 to 5 years do not often differ from studies that last 10 years, then we can save significant time and resources by focusing on short studies. However, if conclusions often shift from short-term vs. long-term studies, then we risk providing unreliable information to managers. It is clear that longer-term studies encompass more annual variation, but it is not clear how our understanding of the key drivers of population dynamic shift across temporal scales or how it interacts with life-history traits.
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North Sapphire Elk Project Phase II
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June 2023
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A graduate student will lead data analysis, writing, and completion of the final report for develop a research project evaluating the effects of changes in travel management and hunter access on elk distribution in the Sapphire Mountains
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The specific objectives of this project are to:<br> Evaluate if recent changes in travel management and land ownership have changed the previously documented patterns of elk migratory behaviors and distributions during the hunting seasons. Evaluate male and female elk responses to changes in travel management and hunter access to private lands during the fall hunting seasons.Conduct a habitat conservation assessment to identify important core seasonal use areas and the movement corridors connecting these areas. Evaluate if important changes in core use areas or movement corridors have occurred between 2014-2016 and 2018-2020, and if these changes are related to land management. Evaluate factors such as age and individual resource selection behaviors affecting bull vulnerability to harvest.Conduct a hunter/private landowner attitude and opinion survey to assess current attitudes towards elk management.Provide recommendations regarding management of travel, hunter access, and security areas to benefit male and female elk.
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Structuring Governance to Achieve Landscape-scale Conservation Outcomes
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January 2024
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A PhD student will investigate the role of study length on the reliability of information provided to managers.
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<b>Problem statement</b><br>The challenges of conservation in the Southeast and across the country require collaborative approaches. The issues conservation-focused agencies and organizations work on transcend political and jurisdictional boundaries. Successful conservation therefore requires coordination, which in turn requires a governance structure or framework that partners can agree to and work within to accomplish shared goals. To date, SECAS has helped provide an overarching vision for landscape conservation in the Southeast. However, SECAS was organized around Landscape Conservation Collaboratives that are now disassembling or transitioning to new arrangements. As such, SECAS partners are interested in learning about governance structures being utilized by other efforts across the country to help inform future conversations about how to best facilitate meaningful interaction between state, federal, NGO, and private sector partners.<br> This Scope of Work will begin to address that need by examining the characteristics and performance of existing landscape conservation initiative governance structures and providing recommendations for landscape conservation practitioners and the research community based on the results of that research and analysis. A core deliverable of the project will be a practitioner guide that can be used by agencies and decision-makers advancing the Southeast Conservation Adaptation Strategy (SECAS) vision to update their governance structure.<br>This project will be utilized to provide experiential training to a cohort of graduate students enrolled in the Natural Resources Conflict Resolution Program at the University of Montana.<br>Role of Study:<br><b>Background & Need: </b>Increasing variation in the frequency and magnitude of weather-related anomalies such as drought, hurricanes, and wildfires have direct relevance for managing wildlife populations. More than ever, we need to be confident that the science and recommendations that we deliver to resource managers are accurate and reliable. However, the increasingly-variable conditions under which data are collected makes it more difficult provide reliable information that is not highly dependent upon the time period in which it was collected. This issue is especially relevant for short-term studies and for species with highly variable vital rates.<br>Resource managers and conservation biologists are often required to assess population status and trends from relatively short (e.g., 5-10 year) studies (Gerrodette 1987, Morris and Doak 2002). This general problem is illustrated by recent controversy over the nature, extent, and statistical support for amphibian population declines (Pechmann et al. 2991, Pechmann et al. 1994, Pounds et al. 1997, Alford and Richards 1999, Green 2003). For populations that can vary widely in abundance over time, it is unclear how to best assess trends or how many years of data are necessary to detect meaningful trends in populations (Pechmann et al. 1991, Pechmann et al. 1994). Short-term datasets may often be capturing short-term trends rather than long-term trajectories (Meyer et al. 1998, Bierzychudek 1999, Whitemand and Wissinger 2005), and these trends can depend on the particular sequence of years being examined (e.g., a series of “good” or “bad” years) rather than the number of years of data examined, particularly for species with high variation in population growth rates.<br> We propose to use long-term datasets from a variety of species to investigate how (1) differing temporal scales that are common in wildlife studies affect conclusions made from those studies and (2) how the conclusions vary according to life-history traits such as mean adult survival. If conclusions drawn from studies that last only 2 to 5 years do not often differ from studies that last 10 years, then we can save significant time and resources by focusing on short studies. However, if conclusions often shift from short-term vs. long-term studies, then we risk providing unreliable information to managers. It is clear that longer-term studies encompass more annual variation, but it is not clear how our understanding of the key drivers of population dynamic shift across temporal scales or how it interacts with life-history traits.
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UM Pronghorn Movement and Population Study
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June 2024
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A graduate student will be trained and conduct a spatial analysis of pronghorn movements and assist with completion of the final report. A research associate will assist with all aspects of project logistics, data management and lead writing of the annual reports. A research associate will assist with development of a pronghorn population model.
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The purpose of this research project is to evaluate pronghorn movement and population ecology and Montana. Specific objectives of this project include: (1) Delineate seasonal range and movement corridors of pronghorn in the seven areas across Montana. (2) Distribute maps of seasonal range and movement areas for pronghorn widely to conservation partners and landowners via a web-based platform. (3) Use seasonal range and movement data to identify potential barriers to movements, inform habitat management decisions, and prioritize locations for habitat improvement projects. (4) Develop a population model to identify important vital rates affecting population growth rates and describe important demographic differences between pronghorn populations that are growing or stable, versus those that are limited in their population performance. A population model will be developed and a draft report explaining model development and results prepared by 2/28/22. A final report explaining the population modeling results and including all associated data and model code will be completed and delivered to the State by 6/30/22. A graduate student thesis will be completed by 12/31/23, and all associated writing and analysis code will be organized and delivered to the State by 12/31/23. An annual report will be completed each year by August 1, and a final report will be completed by 3/1/24.
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Sage-grouse Synergies: Community Responses to Wetland Restoration in the Northern Great Plans
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September 2024
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A PhD student who will use a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design to compare and contrast responses on stream reaches where BDAs are installed vs. streams without BDAs to (1) determine how BDAs modify water storage and characteristics (e.g., flow, temperature) and (2) determine how aquatic communities respond to installation of replicated BDAs in several study areas.
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Restoration of mesic and wet meadow habitats is being used as a conservation tool to Restoration of mesic and wet meadow habitats is being used as a conservation tool to help recover and maintain viable populations of grassland and sagebrush-associated species, such as the greater sage-grouse (hereafter, ‘sage-grouse’). Based on evidence that riparian and wet meadow habitats are limiting resources for sage-grouse, the National Wildlife Federation is leading a 3-year project to install ≥20 beaver dam analogs (BDAs) (Pollock et al. 2014) and/or Zeedyk structures (Zeedyk and Clothier 2009) on headwater streams in prairie and sagebrush lands in north-central Montana. The BDAs will be installed on BLM, USFWS, and The Nature Conservancy lands in 3 to 4 counties.<br><br>While the installation of BDAs is being done to help recover or maintain sage-grouse populations, the increase in stored water will also likely benefit many aquatic and semi-aquatic species. Small, ponded waterbodies are a limited resource in arid lands such as the northern Great Plains and can support many rare species and increase both terrestrial and aquatic connectivity (Anderson et al. 2014). Even in forested lands, the addition of beaver ponds or other ponded waters to stream networks tends to increase local and regional diversity, especially macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles (Russell et al. 1999, Wright et al. 2002, Hossack et al. 2015).<br><br> We propose to build upon the management actions planned by the National Wildlife Federation and partners to assess how restoration of riparian and wet meadow habitats in the arid northern Great Plains benefits wetland-associated species. This collaborative project provides a rare opportunity to collect data on population and community structure before and after restoration actions, which will provide important and useful information to guide future management actions in different study areas.
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Fish Creek Recreation Planning
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June 2023
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The Plan will help tie together short- and intermediate-range planning opportunities for all FWP and DNRC sites in the area. Moreover, it will build upon previous planning efforts undertaken by FWP staff and will provide the agency with a holistic and well-integrated road map for managing current and future recreational use of an entire watershed. This includes recognizing the importance of maintaining a key wildlife migratory corridor intact and conserving Fish Creek and the splendid habitat it sustains.
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The Plan will help tie together short- and intermediate-range planning opportunities for all FWP and DNRC sites in the area. Moreover, it will build upon previous planning efforts undertaken by FWP staff and will provide the agency with a holistic and well-integrated road map for managing current and future recreational use of an entire watershed. This includes recognizing the importance of maintaining a key wildlife migratory corridor intact and conserving Fish Creek and the splendid habitat it sustains.
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Preventing Predation
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July 2024
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Preventing predation: mechanistic drivers of and deterrents in conflict with jaguars
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Preventing predation: mechanistic drivers of and deterrents in conflict with jaguars
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Nongame Project Impacts
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March 2023
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Evaluation of survey approaches to assess status of Species of Greatest Inventory Need and effects of MFWP habitat management on non-game indicator species. The fundamental objectives of the Montana FWP non-game management program include: conserving, enhancing and restoring habitat for nongame wildlife; maintaining nongame species distribution and abundance; and minimizing the number of nongame species that meet criteria for Federal listing or are state listed as Species of Concern (SOC) category ≤3.
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Evaluation of survey approaches to assess status of Species of Greatest Inventory Need and effects of MFWP habitat management on non-game indicator species. The fundamental objectives of the Montana FWP non-game management program include: conserving, enhancing and restoring habitat for nongame wildlife; maintaining nongame species distribution and abundance; and minimizing the number of nongame species that meet criteria for Federal listing or are state listed as Species of Concern (SOC) category ≤3.
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Grizzly Connectivity Modeling
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December 2022
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Connectivity among wildlife populations is of pressing concern for many species given the ongoing and accelerating threats of habitat loss to human development, which fragments remaining habitats and isolates the populations relying on them. Species that rely on large areas of undisturbed habitat are often the first to disappear. Loss of connectivity among populations may reduce genetic variation and the ability to respond to changing environmental conditions. Theory and empirical precedent have shown that island populations face greater risks of extinction, especially when small<sup>1</sup>. The loss of connectivity may accordingly accelerate the irreversible loss of entire species.
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Connectivity among wildlife populations is of pressing concern for many species given the ongoing and accelerating threats of habitat loss to human development, which fragments remaining habitats and isolates the populations relying on them. Species that rely on large areas of undisturbed habitat are often the first to disappear. Loss of connectivity among populations may reduce genetic variation and the ability to respond to changing environmental conditions. Theory and empirical precedent have shown that island populations face greater risks of extinction, especially when small<sup>1</sup>. The loss of connectivity may accordingly accelerate the irreversible loss of entire species.
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Elk Recreation Study
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June 2024
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A PhD student will investigate the role of study length on the reliability of information provided to managers.
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The State agrees to provide $346,000 to the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, for Dr. Paul Lukacs to work closely with Dr. Kelly Proffitt and staff from the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Department (CPW) to conduct a research project evaluating the effects of trail-based recreation on elk habitat selection and distribution. This project is a collaborative effort between CPW, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and the University of Montana. In 2019, CPW began an extensive study of the effects of outdoor recreation on elk recruitment, habitat selection, and distribution. This agreement will facilitate the addition of a largely-public-land Montana study area with less outdoor recreation than the existing Colorado study areas. The addition of this Montana study area will contribute information regarding elk movements and recreational use in a different setting that likely experience less recreational pressure than the Colorado sites. The collaborative analysis of recreational effects on elk distributions from the Colorado and Montana study areas will improve the overall inference of the study by capturing a diversity of recreation pressures and help to ensure relevance of the inferences to Montana elk herds. This grant will specifically cover the costs of implementing the field work in Montana and university costs related to producing analyses and inferences from Colorado and Montana study areas combined.<br>A postdoctoral will conduct a research project evaluating the effects of trail-based recreation on elk habitat selection and distribution.<br>A Role of Study length:<br><b>Background & Need: </b>Increasing variation in the frequency and magnitude of weather-related anomalies such as drought, hurricanes, and wildfires have direct relevance for managing wildlife populations. More than ever, we need to be confident that the science and recommendations that we deliver to resource managers are accurate and reliable. However, the increasingly-variable conditions under which data are collected makes it more difficult provide reliable information that is not highly dependent upon the time period in which it was collected. This issue is especially relevant for short-term studies and for species with highly variable vital rates.<br>Resource managers and conservation biologists are often required to assess population status and trends from relatively short (e.g., 5-10 year) studies (Gerrodette 1987, Morris and Doak 2002). This general problem is illustrated by recent controversy over the nature, extent, and statistical support for amphibian population declines (Pechmann et al. 2991, Pechmann et al. 1994, Pounds et al. 1997, Alford and Richards 1999, Green 2003). For populations that can vary widely in abundance over time, it is unclear how to best assess trends or how many years of data are necessary to detect meaningful trends in populations (Pechmann et al. 1991, Pechmann et al. 1994). Short-term datasets may often be capturing short-term trends rather than long-term trajectories (Meyer et al. 1998, Bierzychudek 1999, Whitemand and Wissinger 2005), and these trends can depend on the particular sequence of years being examined (e.g., a series of “good” or “bad” years) rather than the number of years of data examined, particularly for species with high variation in population growth rates.<br> We propose to use long-term datasets from a variety of species to investigate how (1) differing temporal scales that are common in wildlife studies affect conclusions made from those studies and (2) how the conclusions vary according to life-history traits such as mean adult survival. If conclusions drawn from studies that last only 2 to 5 years do not often differ from studies that last 10 years, then we can save significant time and resources by focusing on short studies. However, if conclusions often shift from short-term vs. long-term studies, then we risk providing unreliable information to managers. It is clear that longer-term studies encompass more annual variation, but it is not clear how our understanding of the key drivers of population dynamic shift across temporal scales or how it interacts with life-history traits.
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Predator use of Prey
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June 2024
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This project will fund a PhD student to use IDFG’s existing data to formulate and parameterize predator-prey models, with the goal to help manage the multiple predators (wolves, cougars, bears, and mountain lions) and multiple prey species (mule deer, elk, white-tailed deer) in a community context. Predator and prey population dynamics do not operate in isolation. For example, altering harvest of mule deer and elk are likely to affect predator populations that are dependent on them. Conversely, management of wolves is likely to have an effect on the wolves’ prey population dynamics. Most management strategies evaluate and manage populations independently. The goal of this project is to holistically model multiple predator populations and multiple prey populations incorporating how these populations affect each other. We will formulate mechanistic mathematical models that include species interactions and feedbacks, mainly using existing IDFG data on these populations, but also drawing from previous research in other areas. These models will allow us to explore various management strategies to optimize management across the entire predator-prey community.
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This project will fund a PhD student to use IDFG’s existing data to formulate and parameterize predator-prey models, with the goal to help manage the multiple predators (wolves, cougars, bears, and mountain lions) and multiple prey species (mule deer, elk, white-tailed deer) in a community context. Predator and prey population dynamics do not operate in isolation. For example, altering harvest of mule deer and elk are likely to affect predator populations that are dependent on them. Conversely, management of wolves is likely to have an effect on the wolves’ prey population dynamics. Most management strategies evaluate and manage populations independently. The goal of this project is to holistically model multiple predator populations and multiple prey populations incorporating how these populations affect each other. We will formulate mechanistic mathematical models that include species interactions and feedbacks, mainly using existing IDFG data on these populations, but also drawing from previous research in other areas. These models will allow us to explore various management strategies to optimize management across the entire predator-prey community.
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From Beavers to Bats: Assessing the Importance of Beaver and Beaver-based Restoration to Riparian Communities in Prairie Systems
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December 2027
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We plan to use standardized sampling methods (e.g., night-time sticky traps and acoustic monitoring) to estimate (1) insect production, (2) bat foraging activity, and (3) species richness of bats at beaver sites, BDA sites, other available water bodies (human-made ponds/reservoirs/wetlands), as well as corresponding control stream sites. There has been very little work done on the ecosystem effects of beaver in Northern Plains systems, and even less on their potential benefits to non-aquatic species. Because bats in our region forage on flying invertebrates, they are closely associated with water. Water is scarce in the Northern Plains. To help land managers make effective resource decisions and to better understand the role of beaver in prairie systems, we plan to measure the role of natural and artificial beaver ponds (e.g., beaver dam analogs) in insect product and local bat activity.
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We plan to use standardized sampling methods (e.g., night-time sticky traps and acoustic monitoring) to estimate (1) insect production, (2) bat foraging activity, and (3) species richness of bats at beaver sites, BDA sites, other available water bodies (human-made ponds/reservoirs/wetlands), as well as corresponding control stream sites. There has been very little work done on the ecosystem effects of beaver in Northern Plains systems, and even less on their potential benefits to non-aquatic species. Because bats in our region forage on flying invertebrates, they are closely associated with water. Water is scarce in the Northern Plains. To help land managers make effective resource decisions and to better understand the role of beaver in prairie systems, we plan to measure the role of natural and artificial beaver ponds (e.g., beaver dam analogs) in insect product and local bat activity.
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The Next Frontier: D&E Tools to estimate density via cameras to examine population impacts of CWD/Effects of Management
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June 2023
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We will jointly develop a novel Bayesian model-based estimator using a time-to-event framework based on the inter-arrival times of individuals in remote camera images (Kalbfleisch and Prentice, 1980). We will evaluate this model and compare it to the design-based models (Moeller et al. 2018) using computer simulations, and determine what method is superior. Next, we will examine how camera deployment affects the performance of the estimators (e.g., placement and spacing of cameras, time-lapse vs. motion-activated, number of cameras needed, etc.) also using computer simulation studies. From these results, we will develop guidelines for designing remote camera grids for estimating deer density. We will use machine-learning techniques (Tabak et al. 2020) to classify deer from camera imagery collected from the Midwest CWD-affected regions. Using this classified imagery, we will apply the appropriate statistical models, based on our simulation studies, to estimate deer density. We will work with managers to implement these statistical tools and survey design recommendations to estimate deer densities to assess risk of CWD growth and spread in new regions, and to measure the effectiveness of CWD control strategies based on reducing the density of deer (i.e., the most common recommended management response to CWD – AFWA BMPs [Gillin and Mawdsley 2018]).
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We will jointly develop a novel Bayesian model-based estimator using a time-to-event framework based on the inter-arrival times of individuals in remote camera images (Kalbfleisch and Prentice, 1980). We will evaluate this model and compare it to the design-based models (Moeller et al. 2018) using computer simulations, and determine what method is superior. Next, we will examine how camera deployment affects the performance of the estimators (e.g., placement and spacing of cameras, time-lapse vs. motion-activated, number of cameras needed, etc.) also using computer simulation studies. From these results, we will develop guidelines for designing remote camera grids for estimating deer density. We will use machine-learning techniques (Tabak et al. 2020) to classify deer from camera imagery collected from the Midwest CWD-affected regions. Using this classified imagery, we will apply the appropriate statistical models, based on our simulation studies, to estimate deer density. We will work with managers to implement these statistical tools and survey design recommendations to estimate deer densities to assess risk of CWD growth and spread in new regions, and to measure the effectiveness of CWD control strategies based on reducing the density of deer (i.e., the most common recommended management response to CWD – AFWA BMPs [Gillin and Mawdsley 2018]).
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A Framework for guiding management decisions for amphibians
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July 2023
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In this project, we will determine which amphibians in the North Central region of the United States are at the greatest risk from the anticipated effects of climate change, through the use of a climate change vulnerability analysis (CCVA). Our project collaborators will develop a decision framework for weighing tradeoffs among potential management actions and the anticipated effects of those actions. This funding will provide support for a year of graduate student funding for performing the CCVA and predicting which amphibian species in the region are most at risk from climate change.
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To make informed decisions, wildlife managers need to identify species facing the greatest threats and effective management actions to address those threats. Amphibians are a group of animals facing especially severe declines due to many factors including climate change. Although some amphibian species are relatively well-studied, most are not because suitable data are lacking; therefore, tools to assist management decisions must be applicable to species across a range of data availability and susceptibility to climate change.
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US FWS-UM Collaboration to Support Native American Graduate Students in Wildlife Biology
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July 2024
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We propose to admit and mentor three Native American graduate students at the M.S. level in our Wildlife Biology Program at UM. One student will be assigned to conduct work in each of the following US FWS Regions: Region 1 (Pacific), Region 2 (Southwest), and Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie). Each student will conduct graduate research on species of greatest conservation need or species at risk. Specific research projects will be identified in collaboration with the US FWS and potentially other partners (e.g., tribal and state fish and wildlife agencies) after the students have been admitted into UM’s graduate program.
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Following initial conversations with the US FWS, we propose to admit and mentor three Native American graduate students at the M.S. level in our Wildlife Biology Program at UM. One student will be assigned to conduct work in each of the following US FWS Regions: Region 1 (Pacific), Region 2 (Southwest), and Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie). Each student will conduct graduate research on species of greatest conservation need or species at risk. Specific research projects will be identified in collaboration with the US FWS and potentially other partners (e.g., tribal and state fish and wildlife agencies) after the students have been admitted into UM’s graduate program.
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Wolverine Survey Analysis
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June 2024
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Analysis and reporting efforts for the 2021-22 wolverine occupancy survey, working closely with the core project team consisting of representatives from the partnering agencies and other collaborators. This will involve analyzing wolverine camera trapping data to estimate occupancy and distribution as functions of environmental covariates and spatial autocorrelation within the pre-defined wolverine sampling frame.
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Analysis and reporting efforts for the 2021-22 wolverine occupancy survey, working closely with the core project team consisting of representatives from the partnering agencies and other collaborators. This will involve analyzing wolverine camera trapping data to estimate occupancy and distribution as functions of environmental covariates and spatial autocorrelation within the pre-defined wolverine sampling frame.
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Wolverine Survey Analysis
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September 2022
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Analysis and reporting efforts for the 2021-22 wolverine occupancy survey, working closely with the core project team consisting of representatives from the partnering agencies and other collaborators. This will involve analyzing wolverine camera trapping data to estimate occupancy and distribution as functions of environmental covariates and spatial autocorrelation within the pre-defined wolverine sampling frame.
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Analysis and reporting efforts for the 2021-22 wolverine occupancy survey, working closely with the core project team consisting of representatives from the partnering agencies and other collaborators. This will involve analyzing wolverine camera trapping data to estimate occupancy and distribution as functions of environmental covariates and spatial autocorrelation within the pre-defined wolverine sampling frame.
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Moose Population
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March 2024
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Moose populations have declined in many portions of their range within the conterminous US. In 2013, the State began a 10-year study designed to identify cost-effective means to monitor statewide moose populations, and to better understand the current trends and limiting factors of moose populations in Montana. Data collection during this ongoing work has yielded demographic and spatial data to address a number of important questions of relevance to moose management. More effort is needed to make best use of data and samples collected during this work.
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Moose populations have declined in many portions of their range within the conterminous US. In 2013, the State began a 10-year study designed to identify cost-effective means to monitor statewide moose populations, and to better understand the current trends and limiting factors of moose populations in Montana. Data collection during this ongoing work has yielded demographic and spatial data to address a number of important questions of relevance to moose management. More effort is needed to make best use of data and samples collected during this work.
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Sage Grouse-Songbird Bug Grazing
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June 2024
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Greater sage-grouse populations have been in decline in the western U.S. since the 1950s, and approximately 76% of sagebrush-associated bird species are declining nationally. Species within the sagebrush ecosystem are connected. For example, some species (e.g., insects) serve as food for other species (e.g., sage-grouse chicks and songbirds). Therefore, it is important to understand the status of the sagebrush ecosystem and the several species that rely on it, and how conservation efforts affect the ecosystem.
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The primary objectives are to 1) improve a predictive spatial model of invertebrate biomass, 2) link information from the invertebrate spatial layer to sage-grouse and songbird populations, and 3) develop population models for the sage-grouse and songbird grazing projects. The proposed project period is Jul 1, 2021-Jun 30, 2024 with results published in peer-reviewed journals as completed.
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Pollinator monitoring and research in the eastern United States
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May 2024
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A study of the phenological habitat associations of bumblebees in 10 National Wildlife Refuges from Maine to Virginia.
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A study of the phenological habitat associations of bumblebees in ten National Wildlife Refuges from Maine to Virginia. Pollinators are declining globally due to climate change, pesticide use, and habitat loss. Recent and rapid bumblebee species declines has generated conservation concerns resulting in petitions for listing of several species under the Endangered Species Act and identification of regional at-risk species throughout the United States.<br><br>The research objectives are to: (1) Determine the distribution, status, life history, and ecology of regional priority at risk pollinators throughout U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Region 5, (2) Test effects of habitat availability, land-use and land-cover change, and management actions on regional priority pollinator species and associated species, (3) Attain more information on plant-pollinator networks priority pollinator species to guide vegetation restoration, and (4) help inform management for conservation of at-risk, priority pollinator species and pollinators broadly.<br><br>The USFWS requested information on priority, at-risk pollinator species to inform effective management. The goal of the project is to better understand the distribution and ecology of and anthropogenic threats to pollinators in the eastern United States, with an emphasis on bumblebees, to inform pollinator management by the USFWS.
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Techno-ecological impacts and synergies of floating solar
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July 2024
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The study is aimed at elucidating ecological interactions with and mechanisms driving ecological responses to floating solar.
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The study is aimed at elucidating ecological interactions with and mechanisms driving ecological responses to floating solar.
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At-Risk Species Conservation in the Connecticut River
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August 2024
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We are investigating ecology and conservation of anadromous river herring and freshwater mussels in the Connecticut River. There are two main components of the project:<br>1) Determine which species of freshwater mussels are using migratory fishes (blueback herring, alewife, American shad, striped bass) as hosts in the Connecticut River. Approaches will include examining temporal and spatial patterns in mussel glochidia infestation, using genetic or morphologic techniques to identify mussel species and develop an identification key, assessing ecological and anthropogenic (e.g. fish passage) ramifications of results, evaluating results in light of emerging benthic habitat and species distribution information, and determining conservation and management implications.<br>2) Develop a standardized approach for sub-sampling aged fish to re-examine scales and determine individual spawning history, and, using the standardized approach, examine existing scale samples (2013-2021) to assess the distribution of annual spawning history and glochidia infestation of the Connecticut River blueback herring population.<br>An understanding of how freshwater mussels use anadromous fish species in this large river will inform conservation and restoration of at-risk freshwater mussel species and river herring. <br><br>
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Freshwater mussels require host fishes for completing their life cycle, and anadromous fishes that only spend a small portion of their lives in freshwater may be important for reproduction and dispersal of mussels. The Connecticut River harbors at-risk and endangered freshwater mussel and river herring species, and an understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of mussel glochidia on river herring is important for conservation of both taxonomic groups. This project is a collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and will inform river herring management and freshwater mussel restoration decisions in the Connecticut River.
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At-Risk Species Conservation in the Connecticut River
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August 2024
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We are investigating ecology and conservation of anadromous river herring and freshwater mussels in the Connecticut River. There are two main components of the project:<br>1) Determine which species of freshwater mussels are using migratory fishes (blueback herring, alewife, American shad, striped bass) as hosts in the Connecticut River. Approaches will include examining temporal and spatial patterns in mussel glochidia infestation, using genetic or morphologic techniques to identify mussel species and develop an identification key, assessing ecological and anthropogenic (e.g. fish passage) ramifications of results, evaluating results in light of emerging benthic habitat and species distribution information, and determining conservation and management implications.<br>2) Develop a standardized approach for sub-sampling aged fish to re-examine scales and determine individual spawning history, and, using the standardized approach, examine existing scale samples (2013-2021) to assess the distribution of annual spawning history and glochidia infestation of the Connecticut River blueback herring population.<br>An understanding of how freshwater mussels use anadromous fish species in this large river will inform conservation and restoration of at-risk freshwater mussel species and river herring.
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Freshwater mussels require host fishes for completing their life cycle, and anadromous fishes that only spend a small portion of their lives in freshwater may be important for reproduction and dispersal of mussels. The Connecticut River harbors at-risk and endangered freshwater mussel and river herring species, and an understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of mussel glochidia on river herring is important for conservation of both taxonomic groups. This project is a collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and will inform river herring management and freshwater mussel restoration decisions in the Connecticut River.
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Advancing conservation and restoration of Brook Floater and associated freshwater mussels
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December 2024
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The Brook Floater (<i>Alasmidonta varicosa</i>) is a stream-dwelling freshwater mussel (Bivalvia, Unionoida), native to the Atlantic Slope of the United States and Canada and has experienced significant population declines throughout its range. The species’ distribution has been restricted to approximately 50% of its historic sites, and local population declines have been observed from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Identified threats include decreased habitat and water quality associated with shoreline and watershed development, habitat fragmentation caused by dams and stream crossings, and potential stochastic events associated with a changing climate. This species has been identified by Northeastern states as one of the most critically imperiled species in the region and was one of the few mussel species identified as “At-Risk” by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 2021. A range wide, collaborative approach to conservation is needed to reverse the trend of habitat loss and reduce the risk of local and regional extirpations. A nationally competitive State Wildlife Grant involving four funded states was awarded to address this issue. To assist in the coordination of this project, and to serve as a technical lead on project activities, the Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (MassWildlife) has partnered with the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (UMass).<br><br>To increase rangewide cooperative conservation efforts and strategic planning towards reducing further population losses and defining approaches for recovery of Brook Floater throughout the species’ range from Georgia to Nova Scotia. UMass will assist in mussel surveys and habitat assessments to evaluate responses to dam removals for mussel (SGCN) species of greatest conservation need, develop pre-stocking and post-stocking mussel monitoring and habitat assessment protocols to identify and track introduced Brook Floater populations, perform rapid mussel and habitat assessments in Massachusetts and Connecticut to update mussel SGCN distributions, develop multi-species occupancy and detection models using reach- and landscape- scale covariates, and help to maintain the Brook Floater Working Group. Our hope is that State partners will utilize approaches and information outcomes of this grant to assess and maintain populations of Brook Floater and other SGCN using an Adaptive Management Framework and prioritize site-specific actions that will prevent further declines of Brook Floater.
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The Brook Floater (<i>Alasmidonta varicosa</i>) is a stream-dwelling freshwater mussel (Bivalvia, Unionoida), native to the Atlantic Slope of the United States and Canada and has experienced significant population declines throughout its range. A range wide, collaborative approach to conservation is needed to reverse the trend of habitat loss and reduce the risk of local and regional extirpations. This project is part of a large research and management collaborative involving state agencies, federal agencies, academics, and consultants across the species' range from Georgia to Nova Scotia, which is funded by a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service multi-state competitive state wildlife grant. Our hope is that State partners will utilize approaches and information outcomes of this grant to assess and maintain populations of Brook Floater and other SGCN using an Adaptive Management Framework and prioritize site-specific actions that will prevent further declines of Brook Floater.
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Review of Georgia reservoir fish monitoring data and sampling procedures
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June 2024
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The Wildlife Resources Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has regularly sampled fish populations across Georgia’s freshwater systems for over 30 years. The data collected are maintained in the Division’s Long-Term Fish Monitoring Database. Attributes recorded in the database include sampling event details (location and date), methods (gear and effort), and metrics on individual fish (e.g., species, length, weight). We are working with the Division’s Fisheries Section to identify research questions that can be addressed by the data and conduct analyses relevant to those questions. We will make determinations about the utility of the data for assessing status and trends of populations or fish communities, increasing monitoring efficiency, and designing focused monitoring or research efforts.
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The Wildlife Resources Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has regularly sampled fish populations across Georgia’s freshwater systems for over 30 years. The data collected are maintained in the Division’s Long-Term Fish Monitoring Database. Attributes recorded in the database include sampling event details (location and date), methods (gear and effort), and metrics on individual fish (e.g., species, length, weight). We are working with the Division’s Fisheries Section to identify research questions that can be addressed by the data and conduct analyses relevant to those questions. We will make determinations about the utility of the data for assessing status and trends of populations or fish communities, increasing monitoring efficiency, and designing focused monitoring or research efforts.
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[GADNR] DMAP Camera Trap Image Classification
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August 2022
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The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) launched the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) in 2019 to provide site-specific deer management to private landowners in Georgia. As part of this effort, landowners enrolled in DMAP conduct camera trap surveys on their properties. Data from these surveys may prove valuable for improving site-specific deer management plans by providing an independent source of data that can be used alone or be integrated with other data sources (e.g., deer harvest data) to estimate parameters such as deer distribution and possibly abundance on private properties. Under this project, we began classifying camera images to determine the utility of camera data for estimating deer population parameters.<br><br>
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The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) launched the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) in 2019 to provide site-specific deer management to private landowners in Georgia. As part of this effort, landowners enrolled in DMAP conduct camera trap surveys on their properties. Data from these surveys may prove valuable for improving site-specific deer management plans by providing an independent source of data that can be used alone or be integrated with other data sources (e.g., deer harvest data) to estimate parameters such as deer distribution and possibly abundance on private properties. Under this project, we began classifying camera images to determine the utility of camera data for estimating deer population parameters.
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[GADNR] DMAP Camera Trap Image Classification
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August 2022
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The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) launched the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) in 2019 to provide site-specific deer management to private landowners in Georgia. As part of this effort, landowners enrolled in DMAP conduct camera trap surveys on their properties. Data from these surveys may prove valuable for improving site-specific deer management plans by providing an independent source of data that can be used alone or be integrated with other data sources (e.g., deer harvest data) to estimate parameters such as deer distribution and possibly abundance on private properties. Under this project, we began classifying camera images to determine the utility of camera data for estimating deer population parameters.
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The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) launched the Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP) in 2019 to provide site-specific deer management to private landowners in Georgia. As part of this effort, landowners enrolled in DMAP conduct camera trap surveys on their properties. Data from these surveys may prove valuable for improving site-specific deer management plans by providing an independent source of data that can be used alone or be integrated with other data sources (e.g., deer harvest data) to estimate parameters such as deer distribution and possibly abundance on private properties. Under this project, we began classifying camera images to determine the utility of camera data for estimating deer population parameters.
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[GADNR] Entry of Point-Count Data for Sandhill Restoration Project
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October 2022
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The Wildlife Resources Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is the lead organization for planning, data collection, and analysis of data from bird monitoring point-count stations established on experimental sandhill restoration sites in the southeast. Data from the 2022 breeding season have now been collected and recorded on paper-based field forms. To analyze the information, the data must be transcribed and entered into a digital database. We are working with the Division’s Wildlife Conservation Section to digitally enter and organize these data.
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The Wildlife Resources Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is the lead organization for planning, data collection, and analysis of data from bird monitoring point-count stations established on experimental sandhill restoration sites in the southeast. Data from the 2022 breeding season have now been collected and recorded on paper-based field forms. To analyze the information, the data must be transcribed and entered into a digital database. We are working with the Division’s Wildlife Conservation Section to digitally enter and organize these data.
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Development of point-of-use invasive species eDNA screening approaches
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September 2024
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Invasive species are ecologically damaging, economically costly, and increasingly prevalent throughout the world. Eradicating invasive species is notoriously difficult; therefore, preventing their introduction is critical to control their spread. Many invasive species originate via trade and commerce, such as through the ballast water of shipping vessels or through the food trade. Enabling invasive species surveillance at discrete points of entry is a promising avenue to detecting and preventing new invasions before they begin. Environmental (e)DNA provides a means of detecting species through their shed DNA that may be present in water, on various substrates, or in the air. Recently developed techniques have shown promise for point-of-use eDNA-based monitoring; however, these methods generally require sample processing techniques that are not feasible in most non-laboratory settings. Through this research project, we will improve the ease-of-use for these emerging eDNA screening approaches for invasive species monitoring using a two-step research process. First, we will perform a thorough literature review across diverse fields to identify alternative approaches that will streamline the method’s implementation. Secondly, we will work with end-user stakeholders to develop and validate newly developed techniques. With goals directed toward end-user ease-of-use, frequent communication with our research stakeholders throughout the lifespan of the project will be critical to its success. To that end, port and customs agency personnel will be engaged to share research plans and findings at various phases of the project, including during study design, following collection of initial results, and upon completion of the project. In addition to the newly developed methods this research will establish, deliverables will include presentations at professional conferences such as the North American Invasive Species Management Association’s annual meeting and publications in at least two peer-reviewed manuscripts that will focus on the literature review and the developed eDNA detection protocols.
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Invasive species are ecologically damaging, economically costly, and increasingly prevalent throughout the world. Eradicating invasive species is notoriously difficult; therefore, preventing their introduction is critical to control their spread. Many invasive species originate via trade and commerce, such as through the ballast water of shipping vessels or through the food trade. Enabling invasive species surveillance at discrete points of entry is a promising avenue to detecting and preventing new invasions before they begin. We are developing environmental DNA tools to enable point-of-entry screening of various substrates for numerous invasive species. This work in a collaboration between the USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and the USGS Upper Midwest Science Center. The developed tools will allow port agents to detect invasive species before they enter the country, reducing the likelihood of establishing new invasive species.
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Impact of climate driven water-level fluctuations on recreational fisheries in the Northern Glaciated Plains
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September 2025
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The Northern Glaciated Plains (NGP) of the upper Midwest, USA is an area where fishing generates millions of dollars a year for local and state economies. Maintaining these resources requires angler-desired fish populations and angler access to fishing sites (boat ramps, public land access). Fisheries throughout the world are currently undergoing unprecedented changes due to water level fluctuations and altered water quality resulting from climate change. The consequences of climate change to NGP fisheries are unknown but pose an immediate challenge for resource managers as angler access and opportunities can be jeopardized when boat ramps become inaccessible due to changing water levels and altered water quality could negatively affect desired fish species. This project aims to provide fisheries managers with information about how climate change will alter the hydrology of NGP lakes and subsequent changes in fish communities, angler access, angler behavior, and angler expenditures. A hydrologic model will be used to predict changes in lake size and water quality based on weather conditions under climate change. This information will then be used to predict changes in fish communities, identify current angler access locations that are at risk of becoming inaccessible, determine whether anglers will change the amount of time they spend fishing, and how these changes ultimately affect the amount of money anglers spend. By understanding which lakes will undergo these changes, fisheries managers will be able to make proactive decisions at state or regional levels about infrastructure development (number and location of new boat ramps) and ecosystem management (species and locations of fish stocking) that will maintain angler satisfaction and the economic benefits of recreational fisheries.
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The Northern Glaciated Plains (NGP) of the upper Midwest, USA is an area where fishing generates millions of dollars a year for local and state economies. Maintaining these resources requires angler-desired fish populations and angler access to fishing sites (boat ramps, public land access). Fisheries throughout the world are currently undergoing unprecedented changes due to water level fluctuations and altered water quality resulting from climate change. The consequences of climate change to NGP fisheries are unknown but pose an immediate challenge for resource managers as angler access and opportunities can be jeopardized when boat ramps become inaccessible due to changing water levels and altered water quality could negatively affect desired fish species. This project aims to provide fisheries managers with information about how climate change will alter the hydrology of NGP lakes and subsequent changes in fish communities, angler access, angler behavior, and angler expenditures. A hydrologic model will be used to predict changes in lake size and water quality based on weather conditions under climate change. This information will then be used to predict changes in fish communities, identify current angler access locations that are at risk of becoming inaccessible, determine whether anglers will change the amount of time they spend fishing, and how these changes ultimately affect the amount of money anglers spend. By understanding which lakes will undergo these changes, fisheries managers will be able to make proactive decisions at state or regional levels about infrastructure development (number and location of new boat ramps) and ecosystem management (species and locations of fish stocking) that will maintain angler satisfaction and the economic benefits of recreational fisheries.
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Movement and distribution of Lake Sturgeon in the Coosa River
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May 2024
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Efforts to restore Lake Sturgeon to northwest Georgia began nearly 20 years ago. These large prehistoric fish were historically present in the Coosa River basin but were thought to be extirpated by the late 1970s due to overfishing and degraded water quality. Following improvements in water quality via the Clean Water Act of 1972, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources commenced a Lake Sturgeon reintroduction program that included annual stocking of fish with the goal of producing a self-sustaining population. The initial cohorts have theoretically reached sexual maturity. <br><br>The specific objective of this study is to determine seasonal habitat use and movement of Lake Sturgeon in the Coosa River basin. New information about reproductive status and behaviors, movement, and habitat use will aid in recovery efforts and inform managers on the status of the population.<br><br>This project will use radio telemetry to track Lake Sturgeon movements. We anticipate targeting 40 Lake Sturgeon for tagging.<br><b> </b>
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Efforts to restore Lake Sturgeon to northwest Georgia began nearly 20 years ago. These large prehistoric fish were historically present in the Coosa River basin but were thought to be extirpated by the late 1970s due to overfishing and degraded water quality. Following improvements in water quality via the Clean Water Act of 1972, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources commenced a Lake Sturgeon reintroduction program that included annual stocking of fish with the goal of producing a self-sustaining population. The initial cohorts have theoretically reached sexual maturity. <br> <br>The specific objective of this study is to determine seasonal habitat use and movement of Lake Sturgeon in the Coosa River basin. New information about reproductive status and behaviors, movement, and habitat use will aid in recovery efforts and inform managers on the status of the population.<br><br>This project will use radio telemetry to track Lake Sturgeon movements. We anticipate targeting 40 Lake Sturgeon for tagging. <br><b> </b>
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Evaluation of Contaminant Stressors to Endangered and At-Risk Freshwater Mussel Health in the Conasauga River Basin
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May 2024
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The Conasauga River, in southeast Tennessee and northwest Georgia, is a biodiversity hotspot for fishes and freshwater mussels. Some of these species are rare, at-risk, or listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. Additionally, two species of mussels have been characterized as extinct from the basin. We propose a collaborative multiyear research study to evaluate the threat of contaminants on freshwater mussels in the Conasauga River. This study will examine the use of sediment and <i>in situ</i> water exposures to non-point source pollutants to further understand toxicant effects on juvenile freshwater mussels. We intend to collect information that will help the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Georgia Ecological Services Field Office prioritize conservation or management actions to support freshwater mussels. Further, data collected on the effects of contaminants on mussel growth and survival could be used in population models to evaluate population-level effects in contaminated vs non-contaminated sites. More broadly, such results may improve understanding of the potential effects of non-point-source pollution on freshwater mussels.
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The Conasauga River, in southeast Tennessee and northwest Georgia, is a biodiversity hotspot for fishes and freshwater mussels. Some of these species are rare, at-risk, or listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. Additionally, two species of mussels have been characterized as extinct from the basin. We propose a collaborative multiyear research study to evaluate the threat of contaminants on freshwater mussels in the Conasauga River. This study will examine the use of sediment and <i>in situ</i> water exposures to non-point source pollutants to further understand toxicant effects on juvenile freshwater mussels. We intend to collect information that will help the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Georgia Ecological Services Field Office prioritize conservation or management actions to support freshwater mussels. Further, data collected on the effects of contaminants on mussel growth and survival could be used in population models to evaluate population-level effects in contaminated vs non-contaminated sites. More broadly, such results may improve understanding of the potential effects of non-point-source pollution on freshwater mussels.
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Continuation of Sicklefin model development for GA DNR.
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June 2023
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We are extending model development to add additional data and explore potential variability (e.g., between males and females, over seasons) for estimating parameters for a rare fish species (<i>Moxostoma</i> sp.).
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We are extending model development to add additional data and explore potential variability (e.g., between males and females, over seasons) for estimating parameters for a rare fish species (<i>Moxostoma</i> sp.).
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Spot-tailed earless lizard status assessment
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December 2022
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We developed a population viability simulation model for the Spot-tailed earless lizard status assessment and listing decision.
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We developed a population viability simulation model for the Spot-tailed earless lizard status assessment and listing decision.
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Research and development of a suitable method for estimating weekly-stratified abundances of migrating juvenile salmonids in the absence of mark-recpature experiments
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January 2026
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This project will develop new methods for computing statistically valid abundance estimates without mark-recapture data. Innumerable fish monitoring projects rely upon mark-recapture data to track various population metrics, such as long-term trends in abundance, fish health, and outmigration timing. However, marking and recapturing fish is an invasive process that causes fish stress. Furthermore, this becomes more difficult as populations decline and become threatened and endangered. The objective of this study is to develop new methods for estimating abundances that does not depend on mark-recapture data. These methods must be biologically and technically sound, since these monitoring data are often subject to intense scrutiny and relied on in court cases.
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For several decades, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has been working in close collaboration with tribal partners to run juvenile salmonid outmigration monitoring stations on the Klamath and Trinity rivers of north-western California. The monitoring stations employ the use of rotary screw traps that capture juvenile salmonids during their seasonal emigration from, or spatial redistribution within, the Klamath Basin. The various data products generated from this monitoring program are evaluated to track long-term trends in abundance, fish health, and outmigration timing, and provide vital real-time status data to inform water management decision making in a landscape with many interests competing for scare water resources. The annual outmigrant abundance estimates generated by this study have also been relied on extensively in various court documents and mandates (i.e. population-level prevalence of infection, 80% outmigration date predictor, etc.), particularly with regard to the Service’s use of the estimates in calculating population-level effects of disease and mortality of juvenile Chinook and Coho salmon in the Klamath River. In recent years, adult returns of fall-run Chinook Salmon have been so low that Iron Gate Hatchery has not been able to meet its annual egg take goal, resulting a dramatic reduction in hatchery production. Given this trend, it is becoming increasingly likely that there will not be a sufficient number of hatchery fish available to meet the defined mitigation goals of the hatchery program, as well as to provide hatchery fish for the mark-recapture experiments. Additionally, four dams on the Klamath River mainstem are slated for removal that is tentatively proposed to occur in January 2023. A hatchery associated with one of these dams will also be decommissioned. Hence, regardless of the abundance of returning adult salmon stocks in the near future, it is assured that there will not be a sufficient number of hatchery fish available to conduct the mark-recapture experiments needed to estimate annual abundance of outmigrating juvenile salmonids. Given the importance of the estimates generated from this monitoring program, it is essential that a new method for computing statistically valid abundance estimates be developed that is biologically and technically sound, cost efficient to implement, and externally peer reviewed. The objective of this study is to develop this new methodology for estimating abundances that does not depend on the availability of hatchery fish for mark-recapture experiments.
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Water Management to support endangered species in the ACF river basin
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September 2022
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Researchers use a science decision-making SDM approach to organize the decision making process and the relevant uncertainties to manage water flow in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river basin to minimize harm to endangered species. The ACF basin includes Alabama, Florida, and Georgia and is a water resource for the Atlanta, Georgia and downstream cities.<br><br>In this project, researchers propose a re-evaluation of the ACF river basin species at risk adaptive management problem framing and management objectives. Researchers will use virtual meetings and an in-person workshops setting to clearly define the management problem and develop an objectives hierarchy that links what the management agencies fundamentally care about with means objectives and measurable attributes.<br><br>The purposes of this project are to clearly define the decision/management challenges and help to develop objectives for at-risk species in the ACF river basin. The team will also review existing monitoring plans to identify gaps between what is being measured in the field and measurable attributes of objectives to ensure monitoring efforts support future decision making.
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We used an SDM approach to organize the decision making process and the relevant uncertainties to manage water flow in the ACF to minimize harm to endangered species.
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Developing communities of expert practice (COEP) to apply intergenerational expertise to challenging aquatic conservation problems. PI: M. E, Mather, Collaborators: Sean Hitchman, Joseph Smith, Dan Shoup, Quinton Phelps, John Dettmers, Kristen Faull-Chestnut. 2021-2025.
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December 2025
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<i>Developing communities of expert practice (COEP) to apply intergenerational expertise to challenging aquatic conservation problems.</i> PI: M. E, Mather, Collaborators: Sean Hitchman, Joseph Smith, Dan Shoup, Quinton Phelps, John Dettmers, Kristen Faull-Chestnut. 2021-2022.<b> </b><br><br><i>A community of expert practice (COEP) is an organized network of intergenerational experts who agree to focus their combined skills across multiple projects to identify better “best” practices for important research and management issues. I have provided leadership to organize COEPs on: (1) appropriate spatial scales for field sampling, (2) research and management of prairie stream fish, (3) questions that guide effective research and conservation, and (4) digital conservation </i>
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<i>Developing communities of expert practice (COEP) to apply intergenerational expertise to challenging aquatic conservation problems.</i> PI: M. E, Mather, Collaborators: Sean Hitchman, Joseph Smith, Dan Shoup, Quinton Phelps, John Dettmers, Kristen Faull-Chestnut. 2021-2022.<b> </b><br><br><i>A community of expert practice (COEP) is an organized network of intergenerational experts who agree to focus their combined skills across multiple projects to identify better “best” practices for important research and management issues. I have provided leadership to organize COEPs on: (1) appropriate spatial scales for field sampling, (2) research and management of prairie stream fish, (3) questions that guide effective research and conservation, and (4) digital conservation </i>
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Native Fish Conservation Assessment in Desert Rivers of the IMW.
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January 2022
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Efficacy of Conservation Actions for Imperiled Colorado River Fishes in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
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April 2022
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Linking annual waterfowl productivity and Louisiana hunter-harvest to natal / molt origins using stable isotope ecology
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June 2026
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While continental populations of waterfowl are still above the long-term average, mid-winter waterfowl counts in coastal Louisiana have been on a steady decline. Traditional methods of determining migratory connectivity to wintering grounds requires prior capture at an earlier life stage and accessible capture locations may not be representative of the entire breeding range of a species. For harvested waterfowl, understanding the strength of migratory connectivity and identifying links between source origins (e.g. natal or molt origins) are important when developing sustainable management strategies. Throughout the Mississippi Flyway, state agencies independently make decisions where to send agency dollars throughout the breeding grounds to support conservation / restoration efforts and decisions are largely informed through capture-mark-recovery techniques. This project is a collaboration of researchers from the Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and University of Western Ontario and biologists with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and Arkansas Game and Fish Commission to compare estimates of harvest derivation from available banding data and stable isotope analyses of flight feathers in harvested blue-winged teal, green-winged teal, gadwall, mallard, and lesser scaup. Data acquired in this study will inform biologists on the representativeness of capture-mark-recovery methods to assess source-origins and migratory connectivity of managed waterfowl species. Further, this study may demonstrate the utility of incorporating source-origins estimates via stable isotope analyses into long-term monitoring programs of harvested waterfowl used to track hunter harvest and population productivity.
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While continental populations of waterfowl are still above the long-term average, mid-winter waterfowl counts in coastal Louisiana have been on a steady decline. Traditional methods of determining migratory connectivity to wintering grounds requires prior capture at an earlier life stage and accessible capture locations may not be representative of the entire breeding range of a species. For harvested waterfowl, understanding the strength of migratory connectivity and identifying links between source origins (e.g. natal or molt origins) are important when developing sustainable management strategies. Throughout the Mississippi Flyway, state agencies independently make decisions where to send agency dollars throughout the breeding grounds to support conservation / restoration efforts and decisions are largely informed through capture-mark-recovery techniques. This project is a collaboration of researchers from the Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and University of Western Ontario and biologists with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and Arkansas Game and Fish Commission to compare estimates of harvest derivation from available banding data and stable isotope analyses of flight feathers in harvested blue-winged teal, green-winged teal, gadwall, mallard, and lesser scaup. Data acquired in this study will inform biologists on the representativeness of capture-mark-recovery methods to assess source-origins and migratory connectivity of managed waterfowl species. Further, this study may demonstrate the utility of incorporating source-origins estimates via stable isotope analyses into long-term monitoring programs of harvested waterfowl used to track hunter harvest and population productivity.
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Using a Bayesian belief network to structure Species Status Assessments of data-deficient species: a case study with Piebald Madtom
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August 2026
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The southeastern US supports hundreds of freshwater mussels, fishes, and crayfishes, but many are likely at risk of imperilment because of rarity, limited distributions, and declining populations. Currently, there is no standardized quantitative framework for evaluating imperilment of data-deficient southeastern freshwater fishes. Therefore, we are using Piebald Madtom as a case study for implementing a Species Status Assessment using a Bayesian belief network and elicitation techniques from experts with US Fish and Wildlife Service, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee at Martin, and Austin Peay State University. This research will be used to predict current and future condition of Piebald Madtom for this species’ Status Assessment under the Endangered Species Act.
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The southeastern US supports hundreds of freshwater mussels, fishes, and crayfishes, but many are likely at risk of imperilment because of rarity, limited distributions, and declining populations. Currently, there is no standardized quantitative framework for evaluating imperilment of data-deficient southeastern freshwater fishes. Therefore, we are using Piebald Madtom as a case study for implementing a Species Status Assessment using a Bayesian belief network and elicitation techniques from experts with US Fish and Wildlife Service, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee at Martin, and Austin Peay State University. This research will be used to predict current and future condition of Piebald Madtom for this species’ Status Assessment under the Endangered Species Act.
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Big game migration mapping - developing methods for atypical migrants
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September 2027
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Many ungulates migrate to access key resources and avoid harsh weather. Despite the importance of ungulate migration for many ecosystems, the traditional migration corridors used by populations around the world face unprecedented change from the expanding footprint of human development. To conserve ungulate migration in the face of rapid environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance, an important first step is mapping the migration corridors. Currently, methodology exists to map corridors of migratory taxa with high fidelity to their migration routes and seasonal ranges (i.e., “typical migration”). However, when these approaches are applied to atypical migrants (i.e., wide-ranging but less predictable movement patterns), the results are often less than desirable – identifying areas that are too large for realistic landscape-scale prioritization or failing to capture key areas used outside the data collection window. The goal of this work is to derive generalizable and scalable methods to prioritize areas critical for maintaining connectivity for atypical migrants and to advance our ecological understanding of such wide-ranging movements. The project is a collaboration between researchers and State and Federal wildlife managers from across the western USA.
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Many ungulates migrate to access key resources and avoid harsh weather. Despite the importance of ungulate migration for many ecosystems, the traditional migration corridors used by populations around the world face unprecedented change from the expanding footprint of human development. To conserve ungulate migration in the face of rapid environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance, an important first step is mapping the migration corridors. Currently, methodology exists to map corridors of migratory taxa with high fidelity to their migration routes and seasonal ranges (i.e., “typical migration”). However, when these approaches are applied to atypical migrants (i.e., wide-ranging but less predictable movement patterns), the results are often less than desirable – identifying areas that are too large for realistic landscape-scale prioritization or failing to capture key areas used outside the data collection window. The goal of this work is to derive generalizable and scalable methods to prioritize areas critical for maintaining connectivity for atypical migrants and to advance our ecological understanding of such wide-ranging movements. The project is a collaboration between researchers and State and Federal wildlife managers from across the western USA.
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Using adaptive genetic variation to improve genetic stock assignment in Lake Erie
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September 2024
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Continued restoration of Lake Whitefish requires managers to evaluate differential spawning, recruitment, and harvest among stocks. Our project aims to use new genetic tools to quantify spawning stock structure and identify genetic variants that could be used to distinguish between closely related Lake Whitefish spawning aggregates in Lake Erie. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes Purdue University, U.S. Geological Survey, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The ability to identify the natal origin of Lake Whitefish would enable mixed-stock assessments and analysis of straying behavior, facilitating targeted management strategies for specific spawning shoals.
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Continued restoration of Lake Whitefish requires managers to evaluate differential spawning, recruitment, and harvest among stocks. Our project aims to use new genetic tools to quantify spawning stock structure and identify genetic variants that could be used to distinguish between closely related Lake Whitefish spawning aggregates in Lake Erie. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes Purdue University, U.S. Geological Survey, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The ability to identify the natal origin of Lake Whitefish would enable mixed-stock assessments and analysis of straying behavior, facilitating targeted management strategies for specific spawning shoals.
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Wildlife species data acquisition and analysis for understanding the influence of habitat degradation on sportfishes in SD impoundments
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June 2025
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Small impoundments (<150 acres) provide important angling opportunities in South Dakota. Although they represent a small amount of total surface water in the state, small impoundments receive relatively high angling pressure for species including bluegill, largemouth bass, and crappies. Management of these fishes, however, can be hindered by poor water quality and reduced habitat availability. Nutrient loading to the lake causes seasonal hypoxia that further alters prey composition and limits sportfish growth and abundance. The objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir renovation efforts designed to improve water quality and habitat conditions for sportfish.
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Small impoundments (<150 acres) provide important angling opportunities in South Dakota. Although they represent a small amount of total surface water in the state, small impoundments receive relatively high angling pressure for species including bluegill, largemouth bass, and crappies. Management of these fishes, however, can be hindered by poor water quality and reduced habitat availability. Nutrient loading to the lake causes seasonal hypoxia that further alters prey composition and limits sportfish growth and abundance. The objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir renovation efforts designed to improve water quality and habitat conditions for sportfish.
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Invasive carp population modeling: ecosystem impacts of control methods
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December 2025
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Ongoing invasive carp modeling work has produced population-level model (SEICarP) that has been used to inform fish removal programs in the Illinois River. SEICarP outputs have helped plan targeted harvest efforts in the Illinois River and identified possible barrier/deterrent locations. Although SEICarP is a powerful tool to evaluate management actions, it does not consider ecological impacts of invasive carp removal. SEICarp is currently being expanded to other river basins containing invasive carps. This study will combine SEICarP outcomes where management should occur with an ecological assessment of carp removal to better refine harvest levels and targets (e.g., size of fish targeted for removal) that produce the greatest possible ecological benefit.
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Ongoing invasive carp modeling work has produced population-level model (SEICarP) that has been used to inform fish removal programs in the Illinois River. SEICarP outputs have helped plan targeted harvest efforts in the Illinois River and identified possible barrier/deterrent locations. Although SEICarP is a powerful tool to evaluate management actions, it does not consider ecological impacts of invasive carp removal. SEICarp is currently being expanded to other river basins containing invasive carps. This study will combine SEICarP outcomes where management should occur with an ecological assessment of carp removal to better refine harvest levels and targets (e.g., size of fish targeted for removal) that produce the greatest possible ecological benefit.
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Modeling host behavior and environmental transmission of chronic wasting disease
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July 2027
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) threatens cervids across North America and impacts human communities that hunt, raise, or subsist on deer. This emerging disease is caused by an infectious, misfolded protein, known as a prion, that can be transmitted directly between hosts or via environmental reservoirs. Understanding the principles of infectious disease transmission is crucial for identifying management tools for disease control and prevention. Elucidating such principles is challenging in host-pathogen systems when transmission occurs both directly and indirectly through the environment. Researchers must disentangle diverse multi-scale drivers, from fine-scale host interactions with pathogens in environmental reservoirs to large-scale movements of natural populations in heterogeneous landscapes. This project is a collaboration among researchers across multiple agencies and universities including USGS Cooperative Wildlife Research Units (Wisconsin and Montana), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Montana, and Utah State University. This project proposes a deterministic model scaffold that formally incorporates heterogeneities in social behavior and movement with pathogen retention, transport, and infection potential in complex landscapes. A novel application of multi-scale homogenization to these models will analytically link fine-scale pathways of infection with large-scale population processes. These models will be developed using novel datasets based on new diagnostic techniques to determine the spatial extent and transmission potential of prions in the environment, and modern observation methods to give unprecedented insight into how host behavior and movement, in concert with individual interactions with environmental prion reservoirs, lead to disease transmission in complex environments. Predicted and forecasted prevalence surfaces, with measures of uncertainty, will guide future CWD prevention and control efforts.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) threatens cervids across North America and impacts human communities that hunt, raise, or subsist on deer. This emerging disease is caused by an infectious, misfolded protein, known as a prion, that can be transmitted directly between hosts or via environmental reservoirs. Understanding the principles of infectious disease transmission is crucial for identifying management tools for disease control and prevention. Elucidating such principles is challenging in host-pathogen systems when transmission occurs both directly and indirectly through the environment. Researchers must disentangle diverse multi-scale drivers, from fine-scale host interactions with pathogens in environmental reservoirs to large-scale movements of natural populations in heterogeneous landscapes. This project is a collaboration among researchers across multiple agencies and universities including USGS Cooperative Wildlife Research Units (Wisconsin and Montana), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Montana, and Utah State University. This project proposes a deterministic model scaffold that formally incorporates heterogeneities in social behavior and movement with pathogen retention, transport, and infection potential in complex landscapes. A novel application of multi-scale homogenization to these models will analytically link fine-scale pathways of infection with large-scale population processes. These models will be developed using novel datasets based on new diagnostic techniques to determine the spatial extent and transmission potential of prions in the environment, and modern observation methods to give unprecedented insight into how host behavior and movement, in concert with individual interactions with environmental prion reservoirs, lead to disease transmission in complex environments. Predicted and forecasted prevalence surfaces, with measures of uncertainty, will guide future CWD prevention and control efforts.
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Development of New Generation ‘Mixture-Aware’ Stock Analysis Models Based on Catch-at-Age Data for Lake Whitefish in Lake Michigan
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December 2023
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Statistical catch-at-age (SCAA) models are used across the Great Lakes to assess lake whitefish stocks and harvest levels. Unless auxiliary data (e.g., tag-recovery, genetic) are included, SCAA models only estimate a single recruitment time-series that represents the aggregation of all stocks contributing individuals to the modeled harvest region, limiting the model’s ability to assess recruitment trends and other dynamic rates for individual stocks. Given frequent occurrence of lake whitefish mixed-stock fisheries, the ability to use SCAA models to track dynamics of individual stocks based on mixed-stock harvests would be valuable for management purposes. Genetic advances have reduced the costs of large-scale mixed stock analyses (MSAs) while increasing discriminatory power, generating data that could be easily incorporated in SCAA models to account for stock-specific dynamics. We are using an MSA based on genomic data to inform an empirical evaluation of the effects and feasibility of integrating stock-specific harvest contributions into lake whitefish SCAA models. This project is a collaboration between the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, NOAA, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan State University, and the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. The developed models could serve as the basis for a new generation of 'mixture-aware' statistical catch-at-age models that produce more accurate estimates of stock-specific recruitment than current approaches.
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Statistical catch-at-age (SCAA) models are used across the Great Lakes to assess lake whitefish stocks and harvest levels. Unless auxiliary data (e.g., tag-recovery, genetic) are included, SCAA models only estimate a single recruitment time-series that represents the aggregation of all stocks contributing individuals to the modeled harvest region, limiting the model’s ability to assess recruitment trends and other dynamic rates for individual stocks. Given frequent occurrence of lake whitefish mixed-stock fisheries, the ability to use SCAA models to track dynamics of individual stocks based on mixed-stock harvests would be valuable for management purposes. Genetic advances have reduced the costs of large-scale mixed stock analyses (MSAs) while increasing discriminatory power, generating data that could be easily incorporated in SCAA models to account for stock-specific dynamics. We are using an MSA based on genomic data to inform an empirical evaluation of the effects and feasibility of integrating stock-specific harvest contributions into lake whitefish SCAA models. This project is a collaboration between the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, NOAA, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan State University, and the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. The developed models could serve as the basis for a new generation of 'mixture-aware' statistical catch-at-age models that produce more accurate estimates of stock-specific recruitment than current approaches.
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Advancing broodstock selection to optimize brook trout stocking in Wisconsin
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December 2024
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Conservation agencies often stocks hatchery-raised trout to restore or rehabilitate wild trout fisheries and to support put-and-take fisheries. Agencies are increasingly concerned that domestic strains of hatchery-reared trout may exhibited poor post-stocking survival and fail to successfully reproduce. We are experimentally evaluating that concern by quantifying relative reproductive success of domestic brook trout and those with wild parents that were stocked into a stream that previously contained no brook trout. Additionally, we are conducting a broad-scale survey of over 60 brook trout populations to identify those that could serve as suitable broodstock sources based on their genetic characteristics. This project is a collaboration between the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Our research results may help inform brook trout propagation strategies to better achieve conservation, restoration, and recreational fishery goals.
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Conservation agencies often stocks hatchery-raised trout to restore or rehabilitate wild trout fisheries and to support put-and-take fisheries. Agencies are increasingly concerned that domestic strains of hatchery-reared trout may exhibited poor post-stocking survival and fail to successfully reproduce. We are experimentally evaluating that concern by quantifying relative reproductive success of domestic brook trout and those with wild parents that were stocked into a stream that previously contained no brook trout. Additionally, we are conducting a broad-scale survey of over 60 brook trout populations to identify those that could serve as suitable broodstock sources based on their genetic characteristics. This project is a collaboration between the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Our research results may help inform brook trout propagation strategies to better achieve conservation, restoration, and recreational fishery goals.
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Evaluating Potential Factors Limiting Lake Sturgeon Reproductive Success in the Upper Fox River
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December 2023
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The Lake Winnebago System (LWS) in east-central Wisconsin supports one of the largest lake sturgeon populations in the world and the population supports a socially- and economically-important winter spear fishery that is closely managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). Lake sturgeon spawn at many sites within the LWS, and many fish make extensive spawning migrations into the Fox and Wolf Rivers and their tributaries. The contribution of different spawning sites to the overall lake sturgeon population is unknown and this information is critical to developing management strategies. Ongoing research is helping to address this need. As part of this ongoing research, sampling has demonstrated that larval lake sturgeon successfully hatch at several known spawning sites in the Wolf, Little Wolf, and Embarrass rivers. However, in two years of sampling, no lake sturgeon larvae were captured at the Princeton spawning site on the upper Fox Rive despite spawning activity being observed in both years. Determining what factors are limiting successful spawning of lake sturgeon in the Fox River could help guide efforts to increase recruitment and may help in determining whether direct habitat improvement may be beneficial or if changes at the watershed level would be required to overcome these limiting factors. We hypothesize that siltation rates and periphyton growth may be two factors that are primarily limiting successful hatching of lake sturgeon in the Fox River. Additionally, potential differences in abundance of egg and larval predators at spawning sites could affect reproductive success.
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The Lake Winnebago System (LWS) in east-central Wisconsin supports one of the largest lake sturgeon populations in the world and the population supports a socially- and economically-important winter spear fishery. The contribution of different spawning sites to the overall lake sturgeon population in LWS is unknown and this information is critical to developing management strategies. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Aquatic Biomonitoring Lab and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Determining what factors are limiting successful spawning of lake sturgeon in the Fox River could help guide efforts to increase recruitment and may help in determining whether direct habitat improvement may be beneficial or if changes at the watershed level would be required to overcome these limiting factors.
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Understanding smallmouth bass recruitment in relation to nest fishing along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula
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October 2024
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Smallmouth bass support important fisheries along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula, but recent declines in catch rates for smallmouth bass ≥ 18 inches have prompted concerns among stakeholders. Determining reasons for declining catch rates is difficult because the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources lacks a method for indexing smallmouth bass recruitment before bass enter the fishery at ages 3 and 4. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Our research will help fishery managers determine a sampling method to index recruitment before smallmouth bass enter the fishery and address concerns regarding the effects of nest fishing on recruitment.<br><br>
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Smallmouth bass support important fisheries along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula, but recent declines in catch rates for smallmouth bass ≥ 18 inches have prompted concerns among stakeholders. Determining reasons for declining catch rates is difficult because the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources lacks a method for indexing smallmouth bass recruitment before bass enter the fishery at ages 3 and 4. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Our research will help fishery managers determine a sampling method to index recruitment before smallmouth bass enter the fishery and address concerns regarding the effects of nest fishing on recruitment.<br><br>
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Understanding smallmouth bass recruitment in relation to nest fishing along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula
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October 2024
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Smallmouth bass support important fisheries along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula, but recent declines in catch rates for smallmouth bass ≥ 18 inches have prompted concerns among stakeholders. Determining reasons for declining catch rates is difficult because the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources lacks a method for indexing smallmouth bass recruitment before bass enter the fishery at ages 3 and 4. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Our research will help fishery managers determine a sampling method to index recruitment before smallmouth bass enter the fishery and address concerns regarding the effects of nest fishing on recruitment.
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Smallmouth bass support important fisheries along Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula, but recent declines in catch rates for smallmouth bass ≥ 18 inches have prompted concerns among stakeholders. Determining reasons for declining catch rates is difficult because the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources lacks a method for indexing smallmouth bass recruitment before bass enter the fishery at ages 3 and 4. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Our research will help fishery managers determine a sampling method to index recruitment before smallmouth bass enter the fishery and address concerns regarding the effects of nest fishing on recruitment.
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American bullfrog control in southeast Arizona
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December 2024
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American bullfrogs are an invasive non-native species in Arizona and have contributed to the declines of many native aquatic species including the federally threatened Chiricahua leopard frog and northern Mexican gartersnake. The high reproductive output and dispersal potential of bullfrogs makes landscape-scale eradication and control logistically challenging. Nevertheless, previous management efforts have successfully eradicated bullfrogs in several areas of southeast Arizona which has greatly facilitated increases in Chiricahua leopard frog distribution and abundance. These bullfrog-free regions are maintained by intensively monitoring adjacent buffer zones where any immigrating bullfrogs are immediately removed. This project will preserve these conservation gains by continuing to monitor these buffer zones and Chiricahua leopard frog metapopulations. This project is a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Arizona, Arizona Game and Fish Department, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. We are in the process of developing concurrent research projects that will provide information to better guide bullfrog control and Chiricahua leopard frog recovery.
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American bullfrogs are an invasive non-native species in Arizona and have contributed to the declines of many native aquatic species including the federally threatened Chiricahua leopard frog and northern Mexican gartersnake. The high reproductive output and dispersal potential of bullfrogs makes landscape-scale eradication and control logistically challenging. Nevertheless, previous management efforts have successfully eradicated bullfrogs in several areas of southeast Arizona which has greatly facilitated increases in Chiricahua leopard frog distribution and abundance. These bullfrog-free regions are maintained by intensively monitoring adjacent buffer zones where any immigrating bullfrogs are immediately removed. This project will preserve these conservation gains by continuing to monitor these buffer zones and Chiricahua leopard frog metapopulations. This project is a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Arizona, Arizona Game and Fish Department, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. We are in the process of developing concurrent research projects that will provide information to better guide bullfrog control and Chiricahua leopard frog recovery.
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Walleye fisheries bright spots in a changing climate
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December 2026
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Habitat loss, pollution, species introductions, and overfishing have impacted inland fisheries for decades. The impact of climate change threatens to compound these other factors. Our proposed work focuses on walleye fisheries of inland lakes of the Upper Great Lakes region, which have been declining since the early 2000s. Rather than the usual focus on understanding walleye population declines, our research emphasizes ‘bright spots’ - fisheries success stories. We seek to understand the drivers associated with fisheries that perform far better than expectations (‘bright’ fisheries). We will combine a suite of different approaches to provide new insights into walleye fishery bright spots: an ongoing whole-lake experimental removal of basses and sunfishes, observational studies of thermal-optical habitat use, a synthesis of how walleye fisheries responded to management restoration efforts, and a statistical analysis aimed at detecting walleye fishery bright spots. Members of the research team will work in partnership with state (MI, MN, WI) and tribal (GLIFWIC) biologists. Combining the results of these multiple approaches will yield new insights in what makes for a successful walleye fishery, and will generate knowledge that will inform climate-smart fisheries management given that already-stressed fisheries are increasingly subject to a rapidly changing climate.
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Habitat loss, pollution, species introductions, and overfishing have impacted inland fisheries for decades. The impact of climate change threatens to compound these factors. We seek to understand the drivers associated with fisheries that perform far better than expectations (‘bright’ fisheries). We will combine a suite of different approaches to provide new insights into walleye fishery bright spots: an ongoing whole-lake experimental removal of basses and sunfishes, observational studies of thermal-optical habitat use, a synthesis of how walleye fisheries responded to management restoration efforts, and a statistical analysis aimed at detecting walleye fishery bright spots. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Center for Limnology, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the Climate Adaptation Science Center. <br><br>
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Walleye fisheries bright spots in a changing climate
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December 2026
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Habitat loss, pollution, species introductions, and overfishing have impacted inland fisheries for decades. The impact of climate change threatens to compound these other factors. Our proposed work focuses on walleye fisheries of inland lakes of the Upper Great Lakes region, which have been declining since the early 2000s. Rather than the usual focus on understanding walleye population declines, our research emphasizes ‘bright spots’ - fisheries success stories. We seek to understand the drivers associated with fisheries that perform far better than expectations (‘bright’ fisheries). We will combine a suite of different approaches to provide new insights into walleye fishery bright spots: an ongoing whole-lake experimental removal of basses and sunfishes, observational studies of thermal-optical habitat use, a synthesis of how walleye fisheries responded to management restoration efforts, and a statistical analysis aimed at detecting walleye fishery bright spots. Members of the research team will work in partnership with state (MI, MN, WI) and tribal (GLIFWIC) biologists. Combining the results of these multiple approaches will yield new insights in what makes for a successful walleye fishery, and will generate knowledge that will inform climate-smart fisheries management given that already-stressed fisheries are increasingly subject to a rapidly changing climate.
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Habitat loss, pollution, species introductions, and overfishing have impacted inland fisheries for decades. The impact of climate change threatens to compound these factors. We seek to understand the drivers associated with fisheries that perform far better than expectations (‘bright’ fisheries). We will combine a suite of different approaches to provide new insights into walleye fishery bright spots: an ongoing whole-lake experimental removal of basses and sunfishes, observational studies of thermal-optical habitat use, a synthesis of how walleye fisheries responded to management restoration efforts, and a statistical analysis aimed at detecting walleye fishery bright spots. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Center for Limnology, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the Climate Adaptation Science Center.
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Assessing anthropogenic threats and predation/competition from coyotes on Cascade red fox combining spatial capture-recapture methods and historical Indigenous knowledge
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September 2025
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The Cascade red fox (CRF) is one of the rarest and most genetically distinct carnivores in North America. Historically, CRF were distributed throughout the Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to southern Washington. Today, CRF appear to be absent from the North Cascades and are found primarily in Washington’s South Cascades including Mount Rainier National Park (MORA) and surrounding wilderness. Using a combination of existing scat and camera trap sampling, radio-tagging foxes, and interviews, we will achieve the following objectives: 1) Develop estimates of density and survival of CRF in MORA and the surrounding area, and evaluate the effect of spatial covariates, including those related to threats, on density and survival, 2) Understand how coyotes influence CRF habitat use in MORA and the surrounding area, and 3) Use Indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to understand pre-colonization versus contemporary coyote distribution in the southern Washington Cascades. This work will inform ongoing conservation of CRF throughout their range in Washington.
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The Cascade red fox (CRF) is one of the rarest and most genetically distinct carnivores in North America. Today, CRF appear to be absent from the North Cascades and are found primarily in Washington’s South Cascades including Mount Rainier National Park (MORA) and surrounding wilderness. A lack of information about threats to the CRF, a candidate for listing in Washington, is complicating efforts to conserve it. In this collaborative effort with partners including the National Park Service and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, we are using a combination of existing scat and camera trap sampling, radio-tagging foxes, and interviews, to: 1) Develop estimates of density and survival of CRF in MORA and the surrounding area, and evaluate the effect of spatial covariates, including those related to threats, on density and survival, 2) Understand how coyotes influence CRF habitat use in MORA and the surrounding area, and 3) Use Indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to understand pre-colonization versus contemporary coyote distribution in the southern Washington Cascades. This work will inform ongoing conservation of CRF throughout their range in Washington.
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Optimizing sampling efforts for estimating urban and rural coyote density and determining coyote diet using a noninvasive framework
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March 2022
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Coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) in North America are supreme generalists and have readily colonized urban landscapes (Gehrt et al. 2009), including those in Florida. We will utilize a noninvasive approach to fill several knowledge gaps for coyotes in Florida. Our overall goals are to identify the most efficient (i.e. minimal cost per successful sample) and robust (i.e., adequate sampling effort) spatio-temporal design for future capture–recapture monitoring efforts through determination of scat accumulation rates, an understanding of DNA degradation rates, and estimates of area to sample. A secondary objective is to examine coyote diet using a traditional morphometric approach and noninvasive scat DNA sampling.
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Coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) in North America are supreme generalists and have readily colonized urban landscapes (Gehrt et al. 2009), including those in Florida. We will utilize a noninvasive approach to fill several knowledge gaps for coyotes in Florida. Our overall goals are to identify the most efficient (i.e. minimal cost per successful sample) and robust (i.e., adequate sampling effort) spatio-temporal design for future capture–recapture monitoring efforts through determination of scat accumulation rates, an understanding of DNA degradation rates, and estimates of area to sample. A secondary objective is to examine coyote diet using a traditional morphometric approach and noninvasive scat DNA sampling.
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Assessing threats to critical seabird foraging habitat in the Salish Sea
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September 2024
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Seabirds are recognized as critical indicators of oceanic conditions. However, in the Salish Sea, increasing threats to seabird foraging habitat are not well understood in terms of their potential effects on seabird populations. A better understanding of threats to seabird foraging habitat could guide regional efforts to conserve these habitats. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple organizations, including US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and University of Washington. We are developing a model to understand foraging habitat selection by Pigeon Guillemots and Rhinoceros Auklets nesting at Protection Island, mapping critical foraging habitat for these species, and developing a model linking breeding outcomes with foraging conditions.
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Seabirds are recognized as critical indicators of oceanic conditions. However, in the Salish Sea, increasing threats to seabird foraging habitat are not well understood in terms of their potential effects on seabird populations. A better understanding of threats to seabird foraging habitat could guide regional efforts to conserve these habitats. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple organizations, including US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and University of Washington. We are developing a model to understand foraging habitat selection by Pigeon Guillemots and Rhinoceros Auklets nesting at Protection Island, mapping critical foraging habitat for these species, and developing a model linking breeding outcomes with foraging conditions.
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Maximizing the value of Salish Sea aerial surveys for sea duck management
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June 2024
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Many sea duck populations are in decline, and the Salish Sea - as one of the main North American overwintering sites for sea ducks - is critical to their conservation. Salish Sea data have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of factors driving sea duck populations both locally and range-wide. This project is a collaboration with Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. We are developing a model for nearly 20 years of aerial survey data on sea ducks in the Salish Sea, to better understand factors driving both their annual growth and their distribution within the Salish Sea.
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Many sea duck populations are in decline, and the Salish Sea - as one of the main North American overwintering sites for sea ducks - is critical to their conservation. Salish Sea data have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of factors driving sea duck populations both locally and range-wide. This project is a collaboration with Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. We are developing a model for nearly 20 years of aerial survey data on sea ducks in the Salish Sea, to better understand factors driving both their annual growth and their distribution within the Salish Sea.
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Factors Influencing Detection and Occurrence of Plains Spotted Skunks in Oklahoma
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December 2025
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The plains spotted skunk, a subspecies of the eastern spotted skunk, was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act and a review of the subspecies’ status is currently being conducted. To aid managers, fill key knowledge gaps, and decrease the likelihood of the plains spotted skunk being listed, this project will use camera traps, a study design based in sampling theory, and occupancy modeling approaches to (1) characterize camera-based plains spotted skunk detection and identify optimal sampling intensities, (2) estimate plains spotted skunk occupancy, and (3) identify environmental factors associated with plains spotted skunk space use. Information gained will be essential to enhancing conservation efforts for plains spotted skunks in Oklahoma and more broadly.
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The plains spotted skunk, a subspecies of the eastern spotted skunk, was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act and a review of the subspecies’ status is currently being conducted. To aid managers, fill key knowledge gaps, and decrease the likelihood of the plains spotted skunk being listed, this project will use camera traps, a study design based in sampling theory, and occupancy modeling approaches to (1) characterize camera-based plains spotted skunk detection and identify optimal sampling intensities, (2) estimate plains spotted skunk occupancy, and (3) identify environmental factors associated with plains spotted skunk space use. Information gained will be essential to enhancing conservation efforts for plains spotted skunks in Oklahoma and more broadly.
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Assessment of Prairie Gray Fox Population Distribution, Dynamics, and Genetics in Oklahoma
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June 2027
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The prairie gray fox (<i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous</i>) was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act due to concerns over perceived declines in abundance and distribution, and the federal status review has requested information on (1) habitat use and distribution, (2) population trends, (3) genetics, and (4) the impacts of coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) and bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>). To aid managers, inform the status review, and decrease the likelihood of the prairie gray fox being listed, we will combine camera trapping and two methods of genetic sampling (i.e., trapper-harvested and fecal DNA samples) to conduct the most comprehensive study to date on the status and ecology of the prairie gray fox. Camera trapping within the primary distribution of prairie gray foxes in Oklahoma will be analyzed with multi-season and multi-species occupancy models to evaluate gray fox distribution and relative abundance, population trend, factors influencing gray fox space use, and the influence of intraguild predators. Genetic sampling will be used to evaluate genetic structure, genetic diversity and sex ratios, and effective population size (<i>N<sub>e</sub></i>) of prairie gray foxes in Oklahoma.
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The prairie gray fox (<i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous</i>) was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act due to concerns over perceived declines in abundance and distribution, and the federal status review has requested information on (1) habitat use and distribution, (2) population trends, (3) genetics, and (4) the impacts of coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) and bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>). To aid managers, inform the status review, and decrease the likelihood of the prairie gray fox being listed, we will combine camera trapping and two methods of genetic sampling (i.e., trapper-harvested and fecal DNA samples) to conduct the most comprehensive study to date on the status and ecology of the prairie gray fox. Camera trapping within the primary distribution of prairie gray foxes in Oklahoma will be analyzed with multi-season and multi-species occupancy models to evaluate gray fox distribution and relative abundance, population trend, factors influencing gray fox space use, and the influence of intraguild predators. Genetic sampling will be used to evaluate genetic structure, genetic diversity and sex ratios, and effective population size (<i>N<sub>e</sub></i>) of prairie gray foxes in Oklahoma.
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Evaluation of Cougar Predation and Bear Kleptoparasitism on Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico
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June 2025
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Over the last 15 years, in response to drought, declining range and riparian conditions, and projected drought conditions in the future, Vermejo Park Ranch (VPR; northern New Mexico) has made an effort to determine the carrying capacity for large ungulates (e.g., elk [<i>Cervus canadensis</i>] and American bison [<i>Bison bison</i>]) of the ranch during an average dry year. Understanding large predator populations and their role in regulating elk (and other ungulate) populations is an important, but relatively unexplored question at VPR.<br>Vermejo Park Ranch is home to black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) and cougars (<i>Puma concolor</i>). Black bear predation can be a primary source of mortality on elk calves. Similarly, cougar predation can be a significant source of elk mortality. Black bears may benefit from, and negatively affect cougars, through kleptoparasitism of cougar kills, which may indirectly impact prey (ungulate) populations by increasing cougar kill rates to make up for the loss of food resources. The primary goal of this study is to document cougar prey selection on VPR and the influence of bear kleptoparasitism on frequency and volume of cougar prey. We anticipate this information will provide insights on the magnitude of elk and mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) killed by cougars annually and inform future considerations of predator management to support the mission of VPR.
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Over the last 15 years, in response to drought, declining range and riparian conditions, and projected drought conditions in the future, Vermejo Park Ranch (VPR; northern New Mexico) has made an effort to determine the carrying capacity for large ungulates (e.g., elk [<i>Cervus canadensis</i>] and American bison [<i>Bison bison</i>]) of the ranch during an average dry year. Understanding large predator populations and their role in regulating elk (and other ungulate) populations is an important, but relatively unexplored question at VPR.<br>Vermejo Park Ranch is home to black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) and cougars (<i>Puma concolor</i>). Black bear predation can be a primary source of mortality on elk calves. Similarly, cougar predation can be a significant source of elk mortality. Black bears may benefit from, and negatively affect cougars, through kleptoparasitism of cougar kills, which may indirectly impact prey (ungulate) populations by increasing cougar kill rates to make up for the loss of food resources. The primary goal of this study is to document cougar prey selection on VPR and the influence of bear kleptoparasitism on frequency and volume of cougar prey. We anticipate this information will provide insights on the magnitude of elk and mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) killed by cougars annually and inform future considerations of predator management to support the mission of VPR.
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Targeted surveys to prevent the extinction of Slender Chub Erimystax cahni
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October 2023
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Slender Chub (SC; <i>Erimystax cahni</i>), known only from a few sites in Clinch River and Powell River (TN and VA) has not been formally collected since the mid-1990s. The species’ biology and habitat make it difficult to capture SC without targeted efforts specific to SC. The purpose of this project is to identify the most likely remaining extant locations for the species and survey them with targeted methods to maximize the likelihood of its capture if still extant. If captured, SC specimens will be photographed, then transferred for captive propagation to Conservation Fisheries Inc. (CFI; Knoxville, TN), who have successfully spawned congeneric species in captivity. The primary goal is to survey suitable locations in the Clinch River and Powell River watersheds, and if found, transfer SC to CFI. Selected survey locations will include locations with previous collection records as well as locations with high probability of occurrence based on the species distribution models (SDMs) developed via the proposed work.<br><b> </b><br><b>OBJECTIVES: </b><br>1) Conduct targeted field surveys to find and collect Slender Chubs in stream reaches predicted to have high probability of presence;2)Develop multi-scale SDMs for slender chub based on historically (pre-1990) verified collection locations and observed species associations; and3) Use field observations to validate and refine the SDMs so they can inform future survey and/or translocation efforts.
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Slender Chub (SC; <i>Erimystax cahni</i>), known only from a few sites in Clinch River and Powell River (TN and VA) has not been formally collected since the mid-1990s. The species’ biology and habitat make it difficult to capture SC without targeted efforts specific to SC. The purpose of this project is to identify the most likely remaining extant locations for the species and survey them with targeted methods to maximize the likelihood of its capture if still extant. If captured, SC specimens will be photographed, then transferred for captive propagation to Conservation Fisheries Inc. (CFI; Knoxville, TN), who have successfully spawned congeneric species in captivity. The primary goal is to survey suitable locations in the Clinch River and Powell River watersheds, and if found, transfer SC to CFI. Selected survey locations will include locations with previous collection records as well as locations with high probability of occurrence based on the species distribution models (SDMs) developed via the proposed work.<br><b> </b><br><b>OBJECTIVES: </b><br>1) Conduct targeted field surveys to find and collect Slender Chubs in stream reaches predicted to have high probability of presence;2)Develop multi-scale SDMs for slender chub based on historically (pre-1990) verified collection locations and observed species associations; and3) Use field observations to validate and refine the SDMs so they can inform future survey and/or translocation efforts.
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Identification of larval darters collected near Niagara Dam on Roanoke River
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December 2022
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HDR Engineering, Inc. (HDR), on behalf of Appalachian Power Company, has requested laboratory services in support of their Larval Roanoke Logperch Study related to the relicensing of Appalachian’s Niagara Hydroelectric Project, located on the Roanoke River in Roanoke County, Virginia. Ours is the only lab that has developed methods to identify larval Roanoke Logperch. The contracted work encompasses laboratory processing, taxonomic identification, and DNA barcoding to identify larval darters of the genus <i>Percina</i> collected by HDR.<br><b> </b><br><b>OBJECTIVES: </b><br>1) Sort larval darters from drift-net samples;<br>2) preliminarily identify <i>Etheostoma</i> and <i>Percina</i> larvae via morphometric characteristics;<br>3) use DNA barcoding to ascertain species identities of all putative <i>Percina</i> larvae.
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HDR Engineering, Inc. (HDR), on behalf of Appalachian Power Company, has requested laboratory services in support of their Larval Roanoke Logperch Study related to the relicensing of Appalachian’s Niagara Hydroelectric Project, located on the Roanoke River in Roanoke County, Virginia. Ours is the only lab that has developed methods to identify larval Roanoke Logperch. The contracted work encompasses laboratory processing, taxonomic identification, and DNA barcoding to identify larval darters of the genus <i>Percina</i> collected by HDR.<br><b> </b><br><b>OBJECTIVES: </b><br>1) Sort larval darters from drift-net samples;<br>2) preliminarily identify <i>Etheostoma</i> and <i>Percina</i> larvae via morphometric characteristics;<br>3) use DNA barcoding to ascertain species identities of all putative <i>Percina</i> larvae.
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Developing population viability models for eastern indigo snakes
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December 2026
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The eastern indigo snake (EIS; <i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) was federally listed as threatened in 1978, with population declines largely caused by anthropogenically-induced habitat loss. The species has declined throughout its range such that natural populations no longer occur in Alabama, Mississippi, or the Florida panhandle. While EIS persist throughout much of southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida, ongoing habitat fragmentation, particularly from road mortality, may threaten the long-term viability of remaining populations. As such, empirical modeling approaches are needed to make spatially explicit predictions about the viability of EIS populations.<br><br>This project represents a collaboration across multiple state, federal, and non-profit partners to develop spatially explicit population viability models for EIS that incorporate landscape effects on habitat suitability, connectivity, and survival as well as demographic processes such as fecundity and individual growth. The Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is contributing to several components of this project. First, we developed a range-wide connectivity model that explicitly incorporates landscape effects on EIS connectivity. Second, we are developing a survival model to predict EIS survival as a function of road density, sex, and body size. Third, we are assisting in the development of an individual growth model which will allow us to estimate changes in EIS body size over time and thereby predict survival as a function of body size throughout the life of an individual snake. We will continue to collaborate on the development and application of the final population viability model.
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The eastern indigo snake (EIS; <i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) was federally listed as threatened in 1978, with population declines largely caused by anthropogenically-induced habitat loss. The species has declined throughout its range such that natural populations no longer occur in Alabama, Mississippi, or the Florida panhandle. While EIS persist throughout much of southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida, ongoing habitat fragmentation, particularly from road mortality, may threaten the long-term viability of remaining populations. As such, empirical modeling approaches are needed to make spatially explicit predictions about the viability of EIS populations.<br><br>This project represents a collaboration across multiple state, federal, and non-profit partners to develop spatially explicit population viability models for EIS that incorporate landscape effects on habitat suitability, connectivity, and survival as well as demographic processes such as fecundity and individual growth. The Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is contributing to several components of this project. First, we developed a range-wide connectivity model that explicitly incorporates landscape effects on EIS connectivity. Second, we are developing a survival model to predict EIS survival as a function of road density, sex, and body size. Third, we are assisting in the development of an individual growth model which will allow us to estimate changes in EIS body size over time and thereby predict survival as a function of body size throughout the life of an individual snake. We will continue to collaborate on the development and application of the final population viability model.
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Eastern indigo snake population monitoring in north-central Florida
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September 2023
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The eastern indigo snake (EIS; <i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) was federally listed as threatened in 1978, with population declines largely caused by anthropogenically-induced habitat loss. The species has declined throughout its range such that natural populations no longer occur in Alabama, Mississippi, or the Florida panhandle, and they are thought to be in decline throughout much of their range in Georgia and Florida. Although peninsular Florida is considered a stronghold for the species, their contemporary distribution in north-central Florida is largely unknown.<br><br>The proposed research will address three components of the EIS recovery strategy, focusing on the North Florida Region, which is considered critical for connectivity of peninsular Florida populations with the species’ only other remaining stronghold in southeastern Georgia. We will use occupancy surveys at potential overwintering sites, a protocol used successfully to monitor EIS in southeastern Georgia, to better understand the distribution and status of EIS in the North Florida Region. The surveys will also provide a set of baseline occupancy data for follow-up surveys to monitor trends over time. Additionally, we will conduct more intensive mark-recapture surveys at two focal population monitoring sites in order to collect data to estimate demographic parameters (e.g., survival, population size). Finally, we will also collect blood samples for subsequent hormonal, and toxicologic, and genetic analyses. The genetic analysis will provide an estimate of the effective population size, which can be used to monitor changes in population size over time. It will also be used to evaluate the current level of genetic connectivity across the region, which will inform the recovery process because maintenance of genetic connectivity is listed as a criterion that must be met for delisting.
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The eastern indigo snake (EIS; <i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) was federally listed as threatened in 1978, with population declines largely caused by anthropogenically-induced habitat loss. The species has declined throughout its range such that natural populations no longer occur in Alabama, Mississippi, or the Florida panhandle, and they are thought to be in decline throughout much of their range in Georgia and Florida. Although peninsular Florida is considered a stronghold for the species, their contemporary distribution in north-central Florida is largely unknown.<br><br>The proposed research will address three components of the EIS recovery strategy, focusing on the North Florida Region, which is considered critical for connectivity of peninsular Florida populations with the species’ only other remaining stronghold in southeastern Georgia. We will use occupancy surveys at potential overwintering sites, a protocol used successfully to monitor EIS in southeastern Georgia, to better understand the distribution and status of EIS in the North Florida Region. The surveys will also provide a set of baseline occupancy data for follow-up surveys to monitor trends over time. Additionally, we will conduct more intensive mark-recapture surveys at two focal population monitoring sites in order to collect data to estimate demographic parameters (e.g., survival, population size). Finally, we will also collect blood samples for subsequent hormonal, and toxicologic, and genetic analyses. The genetic analysis will provide an estimate of the effective population size, which can be used to monitor changes in population size over time. It will also be used to evaluate the current level of genetic connectivity across the region, which will inform the recovery process because maintenance of genetic connectivity is listed as a criterion that must be met for delisting.
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Investigating the Role of Host Behavior and Environmental Transmission in CWD Dynamics
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September 2025
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD), an invariably fatal neurologic disease of cervids, is a major concern for the health of herds in affected regions of North America. Conservation activities for game and non-game species of many wildlife agencies are funded by hunter license sales, and therefore negative effects of CWD on cervid populations and/or hunter participation will have broad, down-stream impacts on wildlife conservation. This makes CWD a major management concern for wildlife agencies and has created demand for tools to monitor and manage CWD spread. Understanding the principles of transmission is crucial for developing effective CWD control tools to target key weaknesses in transmission. Elucidating such principles is challenging for CWD because it is transmitted both directly and indirectly, through environment exposure, and requires an understanding of diverse multi-scale drivers, from fine-scale host interactions with pathogens in environmental reservoirs to large-scale movements of natural populations in heterogeneous landscapes. To date, and often at high political cost, CWD managers have focused on mechanisms of direct transmission, because risk posed by indirect transmission is not understood. Therefore, in collaboration with the WI Department of Natural Resources, the WICWRU and University of Wisconsin, we will leverage and integrate our on-going innovations in CWD modeling, laboratory methods/experiments and field investigation to explore how heterogeneities in host habitat, behavior, and movement mediate direct transmission, deposition of prions into the environment, and subsequent indirect transmission via environmental reservoirs. This will guide managers’ decision-making and help focus response efforts on high-impact transmission mechanisms.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD), an invariably fatal neurologic disease of cervids, is a major concern for the health of herds in affected regions of North America. Conservation activities for game and non-game species of many wildlife agencies are funded by hunter license sales, and therefore negative effects of CWD on cervid populations and/or hunter participation will have broad, down-stream impacts on wildlife conservation. This makes CWD a major management concern for wildlife agencies and has created demand for tools to monitor and manage CWD spread. Understanding the principles of transmission is crucial for developing effective CWD control tools to target key weaknesses in transmission. Elucidating such principles is challenging for CWD because it is transmitted both directly and indirectly, through environment exposure, and requires an understanding of diverse multi-scale drivers, from fine-scale host interactions with pathogens in environmental reservoirs to large-scale movements of natural populations in heterogeneous landscapes. To date, and often at high political cost, CWD managers have focused on mechanisms of direct transmission, because risk posed by indirect transmission is not understood. Therefore, in collaboration with the WI Department of Natural Resources, the WICWRU and University of Wisconsin, we will leverage and integrate our on-going innovations in CWD modeling, laboratory methods/experiments and field investigation to explore how heterogeneities in host habitat, behavior, and movement mediate direct transmission, deposition of prions into the environment, and subsequent indirect transmission via environmental reservoirs. This will guide managers’ decision-making and help focus response efforts on high-impact transmission mechanisms.
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Statistical model development to inform disease management in Montana
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June 2027
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Understanding the epidemiologically processes driving disease dynamics and their resulting impacts on population health is a fundamental need for management agencies tasked with maintaining the health of wildlife populations. However, because of the complexity of disease systems that invariably involve multiple players including the host, pathogen and environment acting on multiple spatio-temporal scales, developing modeling tools to understand these systems and inform management decisions is an important need. Such models are critical for not only understanding past and current effects of disease on the health of populations, but also forecasting future impacts. Thus, they can inform decision-making aimed at protecting and restoring the health of wildlife communities. The goal of this project in collaboration with Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks is to develop and apply statistical approaches to meet this need.
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Understanding the epidemiologically processes driving disease dynamics and their resulting impacts on population health is a fundamental need for management agencies tasked with maintaining the health of wildlife populations. However, because of the complexity of disease systems that invariably involve multiple players including the host, pathogen and environment acting on multiple spatio-temporal scales, developing modeling tools to understand these systems and inform management decisions is an important need. Such models are critical for not only understanding past and current effects of disease on the health of populations, but also forecasting future impacts. Thus, they can inform decision-making aimed at protecting and restoring the health of wildlife communities. The goal of this project in collaboration with Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks is to develop and apply statistical approaches to meet this need.
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Highland's Sheep Project
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December 2027
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<b>Many bighorn sheep populations across the West are struggling with population numbers that are stagnant to decreasing. The cause of this poor population performance can generally be attributed to effects of bighorn sheep respiratory disease. The major causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia in bighorn sheep is <i>Mycoplasma ovi</i> <i>pneumoniae</i> (M. ovi). The disease usually expresses itself as an all-age die-off within a newly infected herd. Subsequently, years to decades of poor lamb survival occur with lambs dying of pneumonia. This mortality prevents the population from rebounding after the initial infection of the herd and is a major concern for managers trying to restore the vigor of the herd. </b><br><b> </b><br><b>The purpose of this project is to test the efficacy of management actions designed to improve performance of struggling bighorn sheep populations by increasing lamb survival and ultimately ensure the conservation of the species. To that end, we will evaluate the effects of testing and removal of M. ovi positive animals. This management strategy is based on the theory that only a few individuals within the herd serve as chronic shedders of M. ovi, and they maintain and pass the pathogen on to doomed naïve lambs born each year. By identifying these few individuals and removing them, we will improve lamb survival. This strategy has been successfully demonstrated in other herds across the West in both free-ranging and captive herds, and during this project we will apply it in the Highlands Sheep herd in Montana.</b><br><br><b>We will also explore the impact of mineral supplementation on lamb survival and population growth. Many bighorn herds demonstrate trace mineral deficiency (based on domestic sheep reference standards). Of particular interest is selenium which has been linked to immune function. The hypothesis we will test is whether access to mineral supplements will increase lamb survival by providing a more robust immune response to M. ovi and other respiratory pathogens.</b><br><br><b>Thus, the overarching goal of our research is to explore whether management actions to improve the health of bighorn sheep herds will be successful.</b>
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<b>Many bighorn sheep populations across the West are struggling with population numbers that are stagnant to decreasing. The cause of this poor population performance can generally be attributed to effects of bighorn sheep respiratory disease. The major causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia in bighorn sheep is <i>Mycoplasma ovi</i> <i>pneumoniae</i> (M. ovi). The disease usually expresses itself as an all-age die-off within a newly infected herd. Subsequently, years to decades of poor lamb survival occur with lambs dying of pneumonia. This mortality prevents the population from rebounding after the initial infection of the herd and is a major concern for managers trying to restore the vigor of the herd. </b><br><b> </b><br><b>The purpose of this project, in collaboration with Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, is to test the efficacy of management actions designed to improve performance of struggling bighorn sheep populations by increasing lamb survival and ultimately ensure the conservation of the species. To that end, we will evaluate the effects of testing and removal of M. ovi positive animals. This management strategy is based on the theory that only a few individuals within the herd serve as chronic shedders of M. ovi, and they maintain and pass the pathogen on to doomed naïve lambs born each year. By identifying these few individuals and removing them, we will improve lamb survival. This strategy has been successfully demonstrated in other herds across the West in both free-ranging and captive herds, and during this project we will apply it in the Highlands Sheep herd in Montana.</b><br><br><b>We will also explore the impact of mineral supplementation on lamb survival and population growth. Many bighorn herds demonstrate trace mineral deficiency (based on domestic sheep reference standards). Of particular interest is selenium which has been linked to immune function. The hypothesis we will test is whether access to mineral supplements will increase lamb survival by providing a more robust immune response to M. ovi and other respiratory pathogens.</b><br><br><b>Thus, the overarching goal of our research is to explore whether management actions to improve the health of bighorn sheep herds will be successful.</b>
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How will methods to suppress an invasive fish affect Yellowstone Lake water quality?
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December 2025
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Yellowstone Lake has been the site of intensive efforts to conserve native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i>) and restore natural ecological function since invasive lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) were first discovered there in 1994 (Koel et al. 2020a). Lake trout are apex predators that have decimated native trout populations following introductions in several large western lakes (Martinez et al. 2009). The lake trout population of Yellowstone Lake is resilient to gillnetting probably because of high survival of early life stages. Our primary objective is to estimate the degree to which adding carcasses and pellets to lake trout spawning sites may alter the water quality of Yellowstone Lake, and estimate how these changes may affect algal biomass and lake primary production. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the National Park Service and the University of Wyoming. The study will provide standard operating procedures for a water quality monitoring program so that Yellowstone National Park can continue collecting data to estimate changes into the future. The water quality monitoring program will be based on methods developed in this study and suggest the best procedures moving forward.
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Yellowstone Lake has been the site of intensive efforts to conserve native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i>) and restore natural ecological function since invasive lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) were first discovered there in 1994 (Koel et al. 2020a). Lake trout are apex predators that have decimated native trout populations following introductions in several large western lakes (Martinez et al. 2009). The lake trout population of Yellowstone Lake is resilient to gillnetting probably because of high survival of early life stages. Our primary objective is to estimate the degree to which adding carcasses and pellets to lake trout spawning sites may alter the water quality of Yellowstone Lake, and estimate how these changes may affect algal biomass and lake primary production. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the National Park Service and the University of Wyoming. The study will provide standard operating procedures for a water quality monitoring program so that Yellowstone National Park can continue collecting data to estimate changes into the future. The water quality monitoring program will be based on methods developed in this study and suggest the best procedures moving forward.
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Building a modeling framework for understanding and predicting dynamics of diseases in wildlife: WNS surveillance as a case study
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July 2024
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We are developing a modeling framework that can be used throughout the “lifecycle” of a disease – from emergence to establishment - providing initial predictions when data is poor and uncertainty is high, that can be updated as more information is collected and the disease spreads. This modeling framework can be used to guide a range of questions as they evolve during disease progressions, including where to target initial and ongoing surveillance efforts, identifying needed research (ecological or epidemiological drivers), and optimizing and informing management strategies. In this project and in collaboration with the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, we are focusing on using the modeling framework to develop a weighted surveillance calculator that can help inform site-specific sample design for white-nose syndrome surveillance.
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We are developing a modeling framework that can be used throughout the “lifecycle” of a disease – from emergence to establishment - providing initial predictions when data is poor and uncertainty is high, that can be updated as more information is collected and the disease spreads. This modeling framework can be used to guide a range of questions as they evolve during disease progressions, including where to target initial and ongoing surveillance efforts, identifying needed research (ecological or epidemiological drivers), and optimizing and informing management strategies. In this project and in collaboration with the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, we are focusing on using the modeling framework to develop a weighted surveillance calculator that can help inform site-specific sample design for white-nose syndrome surveillance.
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Implications of Stream Fragmentation for Climate Change Resilience of Northern Prairie Fishes
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December 2025
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Fishes native to the northern prairie ecoregion of North America are adapted to harsh conditions such as seasonal flooding and drying, often recolonizing habitats from refuge habitats. However, climate change induced drought and anthropogenic barriers are fragmenting streams and disrupting natural recolonization pathways. Our goal is to evaluate the vulnerability of prairie stream fishes to stream fragmentation and climate-induced drought, and explore potential mitigation strategies. We are also collaborating with partners to evaluate the efficacy of stream restoration to increase the extent and availability of drought-refuge habitats. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, fisheries in Wyoming and Montana, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Bureau of Land Management, and the University of Wyoming. Our research will provide products that will help manage for processes (e.g., habitat connectivity to allow recolonization post-disturbance or drying events) that can maintain resilient fish populations in the face of climate change.
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Fishes native to the northern prairie ecoregion of North America are adapted to harsh conditions such as seasonal flooding and drying, often recolonizing habitats from refuge habitats. However, climate change induced drought and anthropogenic barriers are fragmenting streams and disrupting natural recolonization pathways. Our goal is to evaluate the vulnerability of prairie stream fishes to stream fragmentation and climate-induced drought, and explore potential mitigation strategies. We are also collaborating with partners to evaluate the efficacy of stream restoration to increase the extent and availability of drought-refuge habitats. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, fisheries in Wyoming and Montana, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Bureau of Land Management, and the University of Wyoming. Our research will provide products that will help manage for processes (e.g., habitat connectivity to allow recolonization post-disturbance or drying events) that can maintain resilient fish populations in the face of climate change.
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Application of systems modeling to identify novel approaches for wildlife health management
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September 2025
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Chronic wasting disease, a fatal neurologic disease of cervids that causes population declines and is increasing in intensity and spatial extent, has proven extremely difficult to manage despite intensive control efforts that have spanned several decades. CWD is a significant management challenge in part because the etiological agent, an infectious prion, is extremely difficult to destroy, and can be transmitted directly or indirectly. The majority of management interventions to date require altering densities of deer which is not universally supported by stakeholders. Thus, management agencies are in desperate need of new management tools and approaches that account for these socio-political pressures. To meet this need, we in collaboration with the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, WI Department of Natural Resources, Willamette University and Ventana Systems Inc will use a systems approach to dynamically map the complex relationships between biological, social, and political processes for CWD. Through participatory modeling, we will involve stakeholder groups and experts in CWD, social science, and deer and forest health to integrate the wealth of existing knowledge of the system into a systems map that describes its functioning and the linkages between ecological and social processes. The outcome will be a framework for examining CWD and its impact on deer and forest health that managers can use to discover potential novel management approaches or new means of implementing existing management tools to improve deer health while explicitly accounting for socio-political challenges.
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Chronic wasting disease, a fatal neurologic disease of cervids that causes population declines and is increasing in intensity and spatial extent, has proven extremely difficult to manage despite intensive control efforts that have spanned several decades. CWD is a significant management challenge in part because the etiological agent, an infectious prion, is extremely difficult to destroy, and can be transmitted directly or indirectly. The majority of management interventions to date require altering densities of deer which is not universally supported by stakeholders. Thus, management agencies are in desperate need of new management tools and approaches that account for these socio-political pressures. To meet this need, we in collaboration with the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, WI Department of Natural Resources, Willamette University and Ventana Systems Inc will use a systems approach to dynamically map the complex relationships between biological, social, and political processes for CWD. Through participatory modeling, we will involve stakeholder groups and experts in CWD, social science, and deer and forest health to integrate the wealth of existing knowledge of the system into a systems map that describes its functioning and the linkages between ecological and social processes. The outcome will be a framework for examining CWD and its impact on deer and forest health that managers can use to discover potential novel management approaches or new means of implementing existing management tools to improve deer health while explicitly accounting for socio-political challenges.
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Mitigating the Effects of Prescribed Fire on Eastern Box Turtle Populations
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July 2026
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Eastern Box Turtle (<i>Terrapene carolina</i>)<i> </i>mortality during prescribed fire is a management concern in Massachusetts and other northeastern states from RI to NJ. Numerous observational and experimental studies have examined fire effects on Box Turtles and Box Turtle populations across their range, finding indications that individual Box Turtles exhibit a range of complex behavioral responses to fire, and that early growing season fires may be most lethal under normal circumstances. However, the effect of fire is highly variable, and likely to influence populations differently based on habitat, landscape connectivity, population structure, season, fuel conditions, and weather. Fire mortality of Box Turtles has been documented in Massachusetts populations from the Connecticut Valley to Cape Cod. In part due to the complexity of the issue, we lack a coherent, empirically informed, locally tested management protocol for Box Turtles in the context of fire management in Massachusetts. We propose to undertake a 4-year intensive field study to build upon the existing body of literature and test specific, relevant hypotheses about the effect of fire on Massachusetts Box Turtle populations.<br><br>The primary objective of this multifaceted study is to evaluate the population-level effects of a range of prescribed fire conditions on Massachusetts box turtle populations, to better identify priority box turtle populations at risk of extirpation or substantial decline resulting from prescribed fire management and to minimize the mortality/morbidity rate through practical modifications where feasible. This study will incorporate new data from a reference box turtle population at Camp Edwards and conduct experimental and observational studies at Camp Edwards and adjacent conserved areas. MassWildlife envisions a focused and practical study with a range of opportunistic and experimental components, recognizing that some of these objectives are subject to the frequency accessibility of prescribed fire events and the cooperation of fire managers.
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Eastern Box Turtle (<i>Terrapene carolina</i>)<i> </i>mortality during prescribed fire is a management concern in Massachusetts and other northeastern states from RI to NJ. Numerous observational and experimental studies have examined fire effects on Box Turtles and Box Turtle populations across their range, finding indications that individual Box Turtles exhibit a range of complex behavioral responses to fire, and that early growing season fires may be most lethal under normal circumstances. However, the effect of fire is highly variable, and likely to influence populations differently based on habitat, landscape connectivity, population structure, season, fuel conditions, and weather. Fire mortality of Box Turtles has been documented in Massachusetts populations from the Connecticut Valley to Cape Cod. In part due to the complexity of the issue, we lack a coherent, empirically informed, locally tested management protocol for Box Turtles in the context of fire management in Massachusetts. We propose to undertake a 4-year intensive field study to build upon the existing body of literature and test specific, relevant hypotheses about the effect of fire on Massachusetts Box Turtle populations.<br><br>The primary objective of this multifaceted study is to evaluate the population-level effects of a range of prescribed fire conditions on Massachusetts box turtle populations, to better identify priority box turtle populations at risk of extirpation or substantial decline resulting from prescribed fire management and to minimize the mortality/morbidity rate through practical modifications where feasible. This study will incorporate new data from a reference box turtle population at Camp Edwards and conduct experimental and observational studies at Camp Edwards and adjacent conserved areas. MassWildlife envisions a focused and practical study with a range of opportunistic and experimental components, recognizing that some of these objectives are subject to the frequency accessibility of prescribed fire events and the cooperation of fire managers.
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Assessing effects of Tilapia on Largemouth Bass and Bluegill reproduction, recruitment, and growth
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June 2025
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Quantitative research evaluating the effects of non-native freshwater fishes on native species in Florida is lacking despite the importance of this information for management. To address this knowledge gap, we will conduct a pond study evaluating the effects of one of the most widespread genera of non-native freshwater fish, Tilapia <i>Oreochromis</i> spp. (<i>Oreochromis</i> <i>aureus</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> <i>niloticus</i>, and their hybrids), on two ecologically and socioeconomically important native fishes, Largemouth Bass <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> and Bluegill <i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>. Introduced in the 1960s, Tilapia spp. have become widely established throughout peninsular Florida. Previous research on the impacts of high densities of Blue Tilapia <i>Oreochromis aureus </i>demonstrated reduced age-0 production, recruitment, and growth of Largemouth Bass. However, these studies were limited in that they only evaluated the effects of high densities of Blue Tilapia on age-0 Largemouth Bass production and growth. We aim to build on these studies by evaluating the impacts of both low and high density Tilapia populations on age-0 and age-1 Largemouth Bass and Bluegill in 0.4-ha ponds (n = 9). The proposed study site is located near the current latitudinal limit of established Tilapia populations in Florida, which makes it an opportune location to study interactions of Tilapia with Largemouth Bass and Bluegill given possible Tilapia range expansion and/or population growth in north central Florida and the panhandle due to climate change.
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Quantitative research evaluating the effects of non-native freshwater fishes on native species in Florida is lacking despite the importance of this information for management. To address this knowledge gap, we will conduct a pond study evaluating the effects of one of the most widespread genera of non-native freshwater fish, Tilapia <i>Oreochromis</i> spp. (<i>Oreochromis</i> <i>aureus</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> <i>niloticus</i>, and their hybrids), on two ecologically and socioeconomically important native fishes, Largemouth Bass <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> and Bluegill <i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>. Introduced in the 1960s, Tilapia spp. have become widely established throughout peninsular Florida. Previous research on the impacts of high densities of Blue Tilapia <i>Oreochromis aureus </i>demonstrated reduced age-0 production, recruitment, and growth of Largemouth Bass. However, these studies were limited in that they only evaluated the effects of high densities of Blue Tilapia on age-0 Largemouth Bass production and growth. We aim to build on these studies by evaluating the impacts of both low and high density Tilapia populations on age-0 and age-1 Largemouth Bass and Bluegill in 0.4-ha ponds (n = 9). The proposed study site is located near the current latitudinal limit of established Tilapia populations in Florida, which makes it an opportune location to study interactions of Tilapia with Largemouth Bass and Bluegill given possible Tilapia range expansion and/or population growth in north central Florida and the panhandle due to climate change.
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Strategic confiscation and placement of illegally collected turtles for maximizing conservation outcomes
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July 2024
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The US Fish and Wildlife Service, working with state and federal agencies with regulatory authority over turtles in the northeastern U.S., makes decisions about the confiscation and disposition of multiple species of turtles encountered via legal and extra-legal trade routes. Illegal collection of wild animals for the pet trade has resulted in population declines (Stanford et al. 2020), and U.S. freshwater turtles are particularly vulnerable to illegal collection (Mali et al 2014). Decision-makers wish to maximize the conservation status of turtle populations in the wild, which are declining (or locally extirpated) in part because of illegal harvest, but also because of other threats such as climate change, urbanization, and disease. The decision is complicated by risk to both individuals and populations, primarily of the disease and genetic (i.e., originating-recipient population mismatch) status of confiscated turtles. <b><u>Here, we propose to use tools from decision analysis and population viability analysis to frame and address this problem.</u></b> We will use wood turtles as a case study, as a model species listed under Appendix II of CITES (at risk for extinction given current levels of trade). The USFWS and partners will use this analysis as a basis for expanding this case study for other turtle species of trade concern (spotted turtles, eastern box turtles, Blanding’s turtles, and diamondback terrapins). The analysis and approach we propose will improve coordination in repatriating or releasing confiscated turtles to the wild.
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The US Fish and Wildlife Service, working with state and federal agencies with regulatory authority over turtles in the northeastern U.S., makes decisions about the confiscation and disposition of multiple species of turtles encountered via legal and extra-legal trade routes. Illegal collection of wild animals for the pet trade has resulted in population declines (Stanford et al. 2020), and U.S. freshwater turtles are particularly vulnerable to illegal collection (Mali et al 2014). Decision-makers wish to maximize the conservation status of turtle populations in the wild, which are declining (or locally extirpated) in part because of illegal harvest, but also because of other threats such as climate change, urbanization, and disease. The decision is complicated by risk to both individuals and populations, primarily of the disease and genetic (i.e., originating-recipient population mismatch) status of confiscated turtles. <b><u>Here, we propose to use tools from decision analysis and population viability analysis to frame and address this problem.</u></b> We will use wood turtles as a case study, as a model species listed under Appendix II of CITES (at risk for extinction given current levels of trade). The USFWS and partners will use this analysis as a basis for expanding this case study for other turtle species of trade concern (spotted turtles, eastern box turtles, Blanding’s turtles, and diamondback terrapins). The analysis and approach we propose will improve coordination in repatriating or releasing confiscated turtles to the wild.
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Applications of structured-decision making to disease systems
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February 2027
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This work involves collaborating with federal and state agencies with decision-making authority to improve the long-term management of CWD, Bsal, and WNS. Work involves helping agencies frame the decision they face within their jurisdiction, and identify management alternatives, knowledge gaps, and optimal decisions. Potential partnerships include scientists from the USGS Fort Collins Science center, USGS National Health Center, and USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (Paul Cross and colleagues), among others.
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Management of most diseases are challenging because of trade-offs among important management objectives, uncertainty in the dynamics of the disease, some risks that are well understood and some that are not, jurisdictional overlap, disjunct authorities, and potentially different tradeoffs in individual decisions made by Federal, Tribal, State, and private management entities. Over the past several decades, there are several diseases of great concern in the United States, which include chronic wasting disease (CWD), the salamander killing fungus (Bsal), white-nose syndrome (WNS), SARS-CoV-2, and others. <b>In this proposal, our objective is to frame and analyze the decisions for several disease systems, as well as develop models for supporting surveillance and management decisions other disease systems for their management on federally and state managed lands.</b><br> <br>For example, it is well documented that CWD has spread across Wyoming and was detected for the first time in Grand Teton National Park in the fall of 2020. The detection of CWD in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) has created concern among wildlife managers and the public of the potential impacts that the disease may have on affected host populations, public enjoyment, and local economies. Decision analysis facilitation and technical support could help management agencies understand the diverse needs of affected stakeholders and design actions that align with their long-term management goals for the GYE under the threat of CWD.
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Limiting Factors for Declining Loggerhead Shrikes in Western Wyoming
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June 2025
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The Loggerhead Shrike is a migratory songbird listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in the 2017 Wyoming State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP) with a current rank of NSS4 Tier II. Since the last revision of the SWAP, however, Loggerhead Shrikes have continued to decline sharply throughout their range. Despite the documented and widespread declines, to our knowledge, no targeted or rigorous study of Loggerhead Shrikes has ever been conducted in Wyoming, and optimal habitats, breeding success, and causes of decline remain unclear. Maintaining the necessary habitats and conditions for sensitive species while balancing the economic needs of the state is a key challenge for the Wyoming Game and Fish Department and other management agencies. This project is done in collaboration with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. A better understanding of preferred and high-quality habitats will clarify threats to Loggerhead Shrikes in Wyoming and inform future management objectives and approaches. Moreover, by documenting migratory routes and wintering locations, our project will provide foundational information for the species across the full annual cycle, and help assess the extent to which limiting factors exist outside of the breeding period and will inform the next revision of the Wyoming State Wildlife Action Plan.
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The Loggerhead Shrike is a migratory songbird listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in the 2017 Wyoming State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP) with a current rank of NSS4 Tier II. Since the last revision of the SWAP, however, Loggerhead Shrikes have continued to decline sharply throughout their range. Despite the documented and widespread declines, to our knowledge, no targeted or rigorous study of Loggerhead Shrikes has ever been conducted in Wyoming, and optimal habitats, breeding success, and causes of decline remain unclear. Maintaining the necessary habitats and conditions for sensitive species while balancing the economic needs of the state is a key challenge for the Wyoming Game and Fish Department and other management agencies. This project is done in collaboration with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. A better understanding of preferred and high-quality habitats will clarify threats to Loggerhead Shrikes in Wyoming and inform future management objectives and approaches. Moreover, by documenting migratory routes and wintering locations, our project will provide foundational information for the species across the full annual cycle, and help assess the extent to which limiting factors exist outside of the breeding period and will inform the next revision of the Wyoming State Wildlife Action Plan.
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Understanding and mapping mule deer migration across Utah.
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December 2025
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Compelling evidence now suggest substantial anthropogenically driven reductions in seasonal migrations across multiple ungulate species. Despite the cultural and economical importance of mule deer in Utah, we currently have little knowledge of the variability in migratory behavior and timing (between populations, individuals, and years), and the whereabouts, environmental characteristics, and intensity of use of migratory routs across the state. This project is a partnership between the Utah State University Department of Wildland Resources, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, and the USGS UT Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Completion of this project will enhance our understanding of mule deer migration in Utah, while providing managers with forecasting tools, allowing identification of areas where migratory benefits might be loss in the future, or have already been lost in the past.
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Compelling evidence now suggest substantial anthropogenically driven reductions in seasonal migrations across multiple ungulate species. Despite the cultural and economical importance of mule deer in Utah, we currently have little knowledge of the variability in migratory behavior and timing (between populations, individuals, and years), and the whereabouts, environmental characteristics, and intensity of use of migratory routs across the state. This project is a partnership between the Utah State University Department of Wildland Resources, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, and the USGS UT Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Completion of this project will enhance our understanding of mule deer migration in Utah, while providing managers with forecasting tools, allowing identification of areas where migratory benefits might be loss in the future, or have already been lost in the past.
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Demography, Movement, and Population Dynamics of White Pelicans on the Great Salt Lake
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December 2023
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Despite recent apparent population rebounds, white pelicans are still considered a sensitive species across the Pacific flyway, including Utah. This work aims to continue GPS transmitter deployment on white pelicans and fill critical gaps in our understanding of white pelican movement and space-use, including connectivity between regional colonies, critical migratory routes, high-use breeding and foraging habitat, and airspace use within airport property. In the face of regional drought, climate uncertainty, and development severely affecting Great Salt Lake and other regionally imperiled habitats, filling these knowledge gaps will provide crucial information to managers and researchers, thus aiding conservation of white pelicans and other waterbird species. This project is a possible through partnerships between Utah State University, the University of Georgia, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, and the Salt Lake City International Airport. The population dynamics model developed here will inform environmental scenario planning to inform ways to maintain the Gunnison Island pelican population, and analyses of pelican airspace use can inform management plans to lower airstrikes in the airport airspace.
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Despite recent apparent population rebounds, white pelicans are still considered a sensitive species across the Pacific flyway, including Utah. This work aims to continue GPS transmitter deployment on white pelicans and fill critical gaps in our understanding of white pelican movement and space-use, including connectivity between regional colonies, critical migratory routes, high-use breeding and foraging habitat, and airspace use within airport property. In the face of regional drought, climate uncertainty, and development severely affecting Great Salt Lake and other regionally imperiled habitats, filling these knowledge gaps will provide crucial information to managers and researchers, thus aiding conservation of white pelicans and other waterbird species. This project is a possible through partnerships between Utah State University, the University of Georgia, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, and the Salt Lake City International Airport. The population dynamics model developed here will inform environmental scenario planning to inform ways to maintain the Gunnison Island pelican population, and analyses of pelican airspace use can inform management plans to lower airstrikes in the airport airspace.
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Chronic Wasting Disease in Utah – development of a risk based CWD surveillance system with updates for the statewide CWD management plan
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June 2022
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The overall goal of this research is to expand and combine the existing CWD surveillance data needs with information on cervid movements, habitat use, and landscape factors in order to understand the most likely paths of CWD spread, and provide the foundation for creating a revised, scientifically sound, risk based CWD surveillance system. This project is part of a collaboration between the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Utah State University Department of Wildland Resources, and the USGS UT Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Evaluating current and past CWD data and creating a comprehensive risk map for the state will serve to better understand what is currently known, identify high risk locations for CWD spread, help prioritize areas for sampling, and formulate appropriate management actions or alterations that should be considered in order to slow the spread of the disease.
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The overall goal of this research is to expand and combine the existing CWD surveillance data needs with information on cervid movements, habitat use, and landscape factors in order to understand the most likely paths of CWD spread, and provide the foundation for creating a revised, scientifically sound, risk based CWD surveillance system. This project is part of a collaboration between the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Utah State University Department of Wildland Resources, and the USGS UT Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Evaluating current and past CWD data and creating a comprehensive risk map for the state will serve to better understand what is currently known, identify high risk locations for CWD spread, help prioritize areas for sampling, and formulate appropriate management actions or alterations that should be considered in order to slow the spread of the disease.
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Infection rates and effects of ectoparasites on declining sagebrush songbirds
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June 2023
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Sagebrush steppe ecosystems throughout western North America have been converted and altered extensively by human activities, and many sagebrush-obligate species have experienced significant population declines.<b> </b>We propose to quantify the rate of infection by parasitic bird blow flies (<i>Protocalliphora </i>spp. and <i>Trypocalliphora braueri</i>) in nestlings of declining sagebrush songbirds, to determine whether parasite loads are influenced by weather patterns and/or surface disturbance associated with energy development, and to measure the effects of parasites on nestling growth and post-fledging survival. The results of our project will inform the management and conservation of declining sagebrush-obligate songbirds, all of which are WGFD Species of Greatest Conservation Need and BLM Sensitive Species in Wyoming. Sagebrush steppe is one of the most threatened habitat types in Wyoming and the North American West, and non-game wildlife comprise a key component of the biodiversity of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. This project is collaborative in nature, with funding from the University of Wyoming, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
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Sagebrush steppe ecosystems throughout western North America have been converted and altered extensively by human activities, and many sagebrush-obligate species have experienced significant population declines.<b> </b>We propose to quantify the rate of infection by parasitic bird blow flies (<i>Protocalliphora </i>spp. and <i>Trypocalliphora braueri</i>) in nestlings of declining sagebrush songbirds, to determine whether parasite loads are influenced by weather patterns and/or surface disturbance associated with energy development, and to measure the effects of parasites on nestling growth and post-fledging survival. The results of our project will inform the management and conservation of declining sagebrush-obligate songbirds, all of which are WGFD Species of Greatest Conservation Need and BLM Sensitive Species in Wyoming. Sagebrush steppe is one of the most threatened habitat types in Wyoming and the North American West, and non-game wildlife comprise a key component of the biodiversity of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. This project is collaborative in nature, with funding from the University of Wyoming, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
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Integrating Population Modeling for Laysan and Black-Footed Albatross
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July 2023
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TBD
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TBD
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Evaluation of Cripple Creek (mule deer herd D16) and Wet Mountain (mule deer D34) Demographics (Auction and Raffle funded M.S. project)
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March 2024
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Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) initiated a research project in 2017 to examine predator-prey dynamics between cougars and mule deer in the Upper Arkansas drainage within the South East region of Colorado. This is a 9 year study that is generating a tremendous amount of data on both deer and cougars. These data include GPS location data for deer (does and fawns) across all years of the study. While these data are important to the original study objectives it will not be used to its fullest potential, including a thorough examination of habitat use and movement patterns of mule deer in this area. While such research has been conducted on the western slope of Colorado, where mule deer are largely migratory, very little research has been conducted on the eastern slope. Therefore, there is a great opportunity to leverage these data to learn more about mule deer in this area and on a predominantly non-migratory population.
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Very little is known about non-migratory mule deer populations and how they utilize these landscapes. While these populations are not migratory, they are still moving across the landscape in response to many factors.<br><br>Understanding seasonal movements of non-migratory mule deer with various landscape and climate factors will provide useful information to wildlife managers as this is not well understood.<br>
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Burrowing Owl population assessment on Colorado's black tailed prairie dog colonies
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December 2024
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N/A
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N/A
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Resource selection and movements of mule deer and pronghorn: responses to Kermit overland conveyor
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March 2026
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The purpose of this project are to assess the responses of mule deer and pronghorn to construction activities and operation of Kermit Conveyor System in southeastern New Mexico. The goal is to determine if there are any adverse impacts on movements, home range utilization or habitat selection of mule deer and pronghorn and to contribute to development of mitigation efforts, as applicable.
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The purpose of this project are to assess the responses of mule deer and pronghorn to construction activities and operation of Kermit Conveyor System in southeastern New Mexico. The goal is to determine if there are any adverse impacts on movements, home range utilization or habitat selection of mule deer and pronghorn and to contribute to development of mitigation efforts, as applicable.
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Invasive carp distribution in MAV
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July 2024
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Population distribution and their spatial patterns are crucial for informing the conservation and management of fish populations. In the LMAV, mitigation of the effects of invasive carp expansion is dependent on a strategic approach to conservation assisted by access to large-scale inventories. Knowledge of invasive carp distribution is needed to identify conservation and research needs, adapt monitoring and management programs, customize environmental programs, and use conservation resources more effectively to achieve large-scale management objectives. Equipped with knowledge about distribution, distribution patterns, and factors shaping such patterns, a conservation organization can develop management plans and budgets based on a clearer concept of invasive carp distribution. Therefore, the goal of this study is to improve our understanding of distribution patterns of invasive carps across lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley
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Population distribution and their spatial patterns are crucial for informing the conservation and management of fish populations. In the LMAV, mitigation of the effects of invasive carp expansion is dependent on a strategic approach to conservation assisted by access to large-scale inventories. Knowledge of invasive carp distribution is needed to identify conservation and research needs, adapt monitoring and management programs, customize environmental programs, and use conservation resources more effectively to achieve large-scale management objectives. Equipped with knowledge about distribution, distribution patterns, and factors shaping such patterns, a conservation organization can develop management plans and budgets based on a clearer concept of invasive carp distribution. Therefore, the goal of this study is to improve our understanding of distribution patterns of invasive carps across lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley
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Evaluating tiger muskellunge as a multi-purpose management tool: protecting native fish species from multiple conservation threats
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June 2026
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TBD
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TBD
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latitudinal gradients in clutch size
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June 2023
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x
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x
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Coop Unit Administrative Support from CPW
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June 2027
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The Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit receives annual contributions from Colorado Parks and Wildlife to aid in the administrative functions of the Unit and to enhance ongoing graduate student research projects.
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The Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit receives annual contributions from Colorado Parks and Wildlife to aid in the administrative functions of the Unit.<br><br>These funds are critical to the ongoing research, graduate education and technical assistance mission of the unit. <br><br>The funds are part of the cooperative agreement with Colorado Parks and Wildlife.<br><br>These funds help support all aspects of the Unit mission.
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Enhancing Capabilities of CPW's Statewide Aquatic Toxicology Program
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June 2023
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NA
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NA
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Quantitative Assessment of Pelagic Fishes in Colorado Reservoirs
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June 2027
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<b>The goals of this project are to implement a statewide pelagic fish </b><b>assessment, involving paired gill-netting and nocturnal hydroacoustics surveys. We wish to quantify the density</b><br><b>and distribution of key sport and forage fish in Colorado's large standing waters. </b>
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<b><b>Kokanee salmon and other pelagic sportfish are worth millions of dollars annually to Colorado's economy and it is critically important to collect date to guide management decisions. A</b>nnual </b><b>hydroacoustics surveys are particularly important for monitoring and managing Colorado's pelagic f</b><b>isheries. They provide population assessments as well as estimates of forage and environmental conditions.</b><b> The assessment is being done in collaboration with Colorado Parks and Wildlife</b><b>. </b>
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Assessing living shoreline development in an estuarine lake
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May 2024
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As living shoreline technologies continue to grow in popularity, there is continued need to evaluate existing projects to determine their long-term sustainability, and understand conditions conducive to their resilience. This project follows on previous work in an estuarine lake in Louisiana to evaluate the development of the reef community, and the impacts on the adjacent shoreline.
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As living shoreline technologies continue to grow in popularity, there is continued need to evaluate existing projects to determine their long-term sustainability, and understand conditions conducive to their resilience. This project follows on previous work in an estuarine lake in Louisiana to evaluate the development of the reef community, and the impacts on the adjacent shoreline.
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Develop genomic markers to select stressor tolerant oysters
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January 2024
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Increased interest in restoration and production of a key ecosystem engineer, the eastern oyster, has led to significant investment and interest in identifying broodstock useful to develop populations with tolerance to specific stressors they may experience across different estuaries. This project, in collaboration with geneticists, and other researchers, seeks to identify genetic biomarkers that can be used to develop genetic breeding values for oyster broodstocks to select them for specific tolerances.
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Increased interest in restoration and production of a key ecosystem engineer, the eastern oyster, has led to significant investment and interest in identifying broodstock useful to develop populations with tolerance to specific stressors they may experience across different estuaries. This project, in collaboration with geneticists, and other researchers, seeks to identify genetic biomarkers that can be used to develop genetic breeding values for oyster broodstocks to select them for specific tolerances.
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Cumulative Effects Assessment
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September 2024
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With significant investment in restoration projects across the Gulf of Mexico, there is a need to evaluate and quantify the overall ecosystem-level effects derived from the accumulation of the effects of individual projects. This is a pilot study to develop methods to accomplish this.
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With significant investment in restoration projects across the Gulf of Mexico, there is a need to evaluate and quantify the overall ecosystem-level effects derived from the accumulation of the effects of individual projects. This is a pilot study to develop methods to accomplish this.
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Assessing multiple stressors on oysters
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January 2025
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Management of oysters requires understanding their tolerance to multiple stressors. As estuarine conditions are changed through climate impacts, and human activities, more extreme conditions impact oyster grounds; identifying these impacts on individual oyster populations, and ploidies informs the development of more accurate models of oyster growth, survival and production, and helps identify critical broodstock to support the oyster industry.
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Management of oysters requires understanding their tolerance to multiple stressors. As estuarine conditions are changed through climate impacts, and human activities, more extreme conditions impact oyster grounds; identifying these impacts on individual oyster populations, and ploidies informs the development of more accurate models of oyster growth, survival and production, and helps identify critical broodstock to support the oyster industry.
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Edisto River Flow Effects on Summertime Water Temperatures: Are Thermal Tolerances of SWAP Fishes Exceeded at Low Flows?
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December 2027
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The Edisto River has the highest number of water withdrawal registrations and the highest maximum monthly withdrawals of any river basin in the state of South Carolina (SCDHEC 2020). Reduced flows may negatively impact SWAP listed fish species through a variety of mechanisms, but elevated water temperatures during low flow events could be especially detrimental to SWAP species such as Striped Bass <i>Morone saxatilis</i> that require coolwater habitat. The genetically unique Striped Bass population endemic to the ACE basin seeks thermal refuge in the upper portions of the basin (e.g., North and South Fork Edisto River) during summer. For such species, decreased flow during summer may cause water temperatures to exceed thermal tolerances as has been observed for other coolwater riverine species. Key knowledge gaps limit our ability to understand how increases in summertime flow-dependent temperature may negatively impact species of greatest conservation need in the Edisto River Basin. First, there is no knowledge of the relationship between flow, summer air temperature, and water temperature. Developing a statistical relationship between these variables would be a first step towards assessing the thermal impacts of low flow during summer. Second, for many SWAP species, such as Bannerfin Shiner <i>Cyprinella leedsi</i>, there is no published data on thermal tolerance meaning that even if a relationship between flow and summertime water temperature were developed, we would be unable to understand the biological implications. These knowledge gaps are especially relevant given the large, predicted increases in water demand in the Edisto Basin and projected changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change over the next several decades.This project will provide critical information necessary for protecting SWAP listed freshwater and diadromous fish species in the Edisto River Basin. Specifically, this project will determine maximum thermal tolerances for two SWAP freshwater fish species in the Edisto River Basin (Bannerfin Shiner [high priority], Edisto River Stiped Bass [moderate priority]) and create detailed maps of available thermal habitat under a range of current and projected, future flow scenarios for the two SWAP fish species listed above as well as the Shortnose Sturgeon [listed under ESA as endangered throughout its range]).
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The Edisto River has the highest number of water withdrawal registrations and the highest maximum monthly withdrawals of any river basin in the state of South Carolina. Reduced flows may negatively impact SWAP listed fish species through a variety of mechanisms, but elevated water temperatures during low flow events could be especially detrimental to SWAP species such as Striped Bass <i>Morone saxatilis</i> that require coolwater habitat. The genetically unique Striped Bass population endemic to the ACE basin seeks thermal refuge in the upper portions of the basin (e.g., North and South Fork Edisto River) during summer. For such species, decreased flow during summer may cause water temperatures to exceed thermal tolerances as has been observed for other coolwater riverine species. The project will occur with the support of SCDNR adn Clemson University. This project will provide critical information necessary for protecting SWAP listed freshwater and diadromous fish species in the Edisto River Basin. Specifically, this project will determine maximum thermal tolerances for two SWAP freshwater fish species in the Edisto River Basin (Bannerfin Shiner [high priority], Edisto River Stiped Bass [moderate priority]) and create detailed maps of available thermal habitat under a range of current and projected, future flow scenarios for the two SWAP fish species listed above as well as the Shortnose Sturgeon [listed under ESA as endangered throughout its range]).
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Assessment of white sturgeon recruitment in John Day reservoir
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August 2024
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The construction of dams on the Columbia River has fragmented Pacific White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) habitats, producing essentially isolated populations between mainstem impoundments. Observations of young-of-the-year (YOY) White Sturgeon in the lower three Columbia River reservoirs (Bonneville, The Dalles, and John Day) have been declining over the past two decades. The John Day reservoir appears to be particularly vulnerable, where only 1 YOY sturgeon has been observed since 2012 during annual reservoir sampling. Based on the current length frequency distribution of sturgeon in the John Day reservoir, conservation metrics are likely not being met for the desired proportion of juveniles and subadults within the population. To address potential recruitment bottlenecks conceivably associated with spawning activity, we will use acoustic telemetry receivers throughout the John Day reservoir to characterize seasonal movements of adult White Sturgeon and formulate a habitat utilization model to identify likely spawning habitats. Additionally, if measurable YOY recruitment occurs within the next 6-9 years (estimated acoustic tag life), we hope to refine our understanding of environmental parameters conducive for spawning success. As effects of climate change become increasingly prevalent, having a contemporary understanding of White Sturgeon spawning patterns is essential. This research not only addresses critical uncertainties for lower Columbia River White Sturgeon, but also for North American sturgeon populations in general. Recruitment declines are being observed in many sturgeon populations—most famously in the Fraser River—and insights gained from this research may benefit other management agencies to help conserve these ancient fish that many people refer to as “living fossils.”
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The construction of dams on the Columbia River has fragmented Pacific White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) habitats, producing essentially isolated populations between mainstem impoundments. Observations of young-of-the-year (YOY) White Sturgeon in the lower three Columbia River reservoirs (Bonneville, The Dalles, and John Day) have been declining over the past two decades. The John Day reservoir appears to be particularly vulnerable, where only 1 YOY sturgeon has been observed since 2012 during annual reservoir sampling. Based on the current length frequency distribution of sturgeon in the John Day reservoir, conservation metrics are likely not being met for the desired proportion of juveniles and subadults within the population. To address potential recruitment bottlenecks conceivably associated with spawning activity, we will use acoustic telemetry receivers throughout the John Day reservoir to characterize seasonal movements of adult White Sturgeon and formulate a habitat utilization model to identify likely spawning habitats. Additionally, if measurable YOY recruitment occurs within the next 6-9 years (estimated acoustic tag life), we hope to refine our understanding of environmental parameters conducive for spawning success. As effects of climate change become increasingly prevalent, having a contemporary understanding of White Sturgeon spawning patterns is essential. This research not only addresses critical uncertainties for lower Columbia River White Sturgeon, but also for North American sturgeon populations in general. Recruitment declines are being observed in many sturgeon populations—most famously in the Fraser River—and insights gained from this research may benefit other management agencies to help conserve these ancient fish that many people refer to as “living fossils.”
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Winter space use and habitat selection of migratory-subadult Golden Eagle (Aquila Chrystaetos) in Wyoming
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April 2023
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Migratory wildlife can experience unique challenges and stressors across seasons, yet information often is lacking for one or more portions of the annual cycle. We are partnering with the Teton Raptor Center in Jackson WY to investigate the habitat use of golden eagles that winter in Wyoming. The first project objective is to investigate the use of risky landscape elements, with a focus on major roadways because of carrion availability, and the factors (e.g., snow depth, temperature, time of season) that may modulate such use. The second objective is to evaluate how habitat selection by over-wintering eagles changes with age and experience. The project is leveraging a large existing data set of transmittered eagles across multiple years. Results will inform the extent to which this sensitive species may be at risk of mortality from automobiles and other landscape stressors, and under which contexts.
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Migratory wildlife can experience unique challenges and stressors across seasons, yet information often is lacking for one or more portions of the annual cycle. We are partnering with the Teton Raptor Center in Jackson WY to investigate the habitat use of golden eagles that winter in Wyoming. The first project objective is to investigate the use of risky landscape elements, with a focus on major roadways because of carrion availability, and the factors (e.g., snow depth, temperature, time of season) that may modulate such use. The second objective is to evaluate how habitat selection by over-wintering eagles changes with age and experience. The project is leveraging a large existing data set of transmittered eagles across multiple years. Results will inform the extent to which this sensitive species may be at risk of mortality from automobiles and other landscape stressors, and under which contexts.
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An assessment of the limiting factors for boreal toads in the La Barge Creek watershed
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June 2025
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Boreal toads (<i>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</i>) were once widespread and common but have suffered substantial population declines in the Rocky Mountain region. In Wyoming, boreal toads are a Species of Greatest Conservation Need (NSS1, Tier 1) and are designated by the Forest Service as a Sensitive Species. Declines have been attributed to climate change, habitat loss and alteration, and morbidity and mortality from the fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </i>(<i>Bd</i>). Southern boreal toad populations in Colorado have shown substantial declines, whereas populations in the northern Wyoming Range appear to have remained relatively stable in the recent past.<br><br>Mechanisms underlying the decline remain unstudied but may include the introduction of Bd (~2003-2006) and/or habitat loss associated with a reclamation treatment that removed beaver dams (~2000-2006). Previous surveys, however, were not conducted nocturnally at potential breeding sites, when detectability of toads is highest. Given the on-going and range-wide population declines of boreal toads, including in parts of Wyoming, understanding of boreal toad population status and drivers of population dynamics in the La Barge watershed is timely and important.<br><br>The project is a collaboration of researchers between the USGS Wyoming Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit and state partners at the Wyoming Game & Fish Department.<br><br>Movement patterns will be used to assess home range size and habitat selection. We will assess habitat selection at both large (e.g., terrestrial vs. aquatic) and fine (microhabitat) scales. In addition, we will specifically evaluate individual movement patterns, habitat selection, and extent of mortality from individuals in relation to roads. Lastly, we will note any mortalities and their cause (e.g., disease, predation, trampling).
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Boreal toads (<i>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</i>) were once widespread and common but have suffered substantial population declines in the Rocky Mountain region. In Wyoming, boreal toads are a Species of Greatest Conservation Need (NSS1, Tier 1) and are designated by the Forest Service as a Sensitive Species. Declines have been attributed to climate change, habitat loss and alteration, and morbidity and mortality from the fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </i>(<i>Bd</i>). Southern boreal toad populations in Colorado have shown substantial declines, whereas populations in the northern Wyoming Range appear to have remained relatively stable in the recent past. <br><br>Mechanisms underlying the decline remain unstudied but may include the introduction of Bd (~2003-2006) and/or habitat loss associated with a reclamation treatment that removed beaver dams (~2000-2006). Previous surveys, however, were not conducted nocturnally at potential breeding sites, when detectability of toads is highest. Given the on-going and range-wide population declines of boreal toads, including in parts of Wyoming, understanding of boreal toad population status and drivers of population dynamics in the La Barge watershed is timely and important. <br><br>The project is a collaboration of researchers between the USGS Wyoming Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit and state partners at the Wyoming Game & Fish Department.<br><br>Movement patterns will be used to assess home range size and habitat selection. We will assess habitat selection at both large (e.g., terrestrial vs. aquatic) and fine (microhabitat) scales. In addition, we will specifically evaluate individual movement patterns, habitat selection, and extent of mortality from individuals in relation to roads. Lastly, we will note any mortalities and their cause (e.g., disease, predation, trampling).
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Quantifying restorable wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of Eastern South Dakota
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June 2025
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Wetland loss in South Dakota has been substantial where an estimated 35% of historic wetlands have been lost primarily to agricultural conversion which continues today. These land-use changes have resulted in reduced wetland habitat for wildlife and loss of other ecosystem services. Wetland conservation and restoration contribute to improved watershed functions through providing both water quantity benefits in terms of flood attenuation and water quality benefits such as retention of sediment and nutrients. Potentially restorable wetland basins remain unmapped today limiting voluntary conservation opportunities. Our goal is to identify the location and type of wetlands in South Dakota with altered hydrology to inform voluntary and incentive-based wetland restoration opportunities.
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Wetland loss in South Dakota has been substantial where an estimated 35% of historic wetlands have been lost primarily to agricultural conversion which continues today. These land-use changes have resulted in reduced wetland habitat for wildlife and loss of other ecosystem services. Wetland conservation and restoration contribute to improved watershed functions through providing both water quantity benefits in terms of flood attenuation and water quality benefits such as retention of sediment and nutrients. Potentially restorable wetland basins remain unmapped today limiting voluntary conservation opportunities. Natural resource managers are interested in the current and historic distribution and extent of wetlands to help evaluate wetland and grassland restoration potential for voluntary and incentive-based conservation opportunities to improve wildlife habitat and address water quality and quantity issues. Recent advances in remote sensing technologies, analytical frameworks, and data availability offers a valuable opportunity to map historic wetland basins with spatial precision needed by conservation program managers. Our goal is to identify the location and type of wetlands in South Dakota with altered hydrology to inform voluntary and incentive-based wetland restoration opportunities.
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Assessing reintroduction efforts and evaluating recovery goals of trumpeter swans in Iowa using an integrated population model
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December 2023
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Trumpeter swans were extirpated from many Midwest states, including Iowa, but reintroductions started in the 1990s have been very successful. Over 1,200 captive-bred swans have been released in Iowa over the past 30 years, with ongoing banding and monitoring by the Iowa DNR. With this study, we will use that historical data to estimate past demographic rates and then project the population into the future to determine whether reintroductions are still needed to maintain a stable population.
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Reintroduction efforts of trumpeter swans (<i>Cygnus buccinator</i>) began in Iowa in 1993. Since that time, 1,237 captive-bred swans have been released and the initial goal of 50 breeding pairs has been exceeded, with 119 nesting pairs documented in 2020. We analyzed banding data, counts, and nest monitoring data collected by Iowa Department of Natural Resources staff and volunteers using an integrated population model (IPM). The IPM includes state space models to estimate the total number of breeding adults and fledglings as well as a multistate mark-recapture model to estimate age- and sex-specific survival probabilities from live and dead recovery data. We then used the IPM to project population dynamics into the future to 1) evaluate whether reintroductions are still needed to maintain a stable population and 2) estimate a minimum viable population size to inform new recovery goals. This model will provide a basis for assessing past reintroduction efforts and setting new management objectives for this species of conservation concern.
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Blanding's Turtle conservation in Iowa
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December 2024
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This project will allow our states to focus on assisting populations of this endangered turtle in both Iowa and Illinois. We will use radio-telemetry to follow the turtles to determine how the respond to habitat management and utilize the study areas. Additionally, we will estimate survival probability to better understand population demographics of this species. This project will increase our knowledge of where populations currently exist in each state and how they respond to the management actions.
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The purpose of this application is to implement habitat management on private lands and continue habitat management on public lands in order to provide additional areas to expand and support known populations of Blanding’s turtles. In addition, we will follow the turtles using radio-telemetry in order to collect and evaluate information about their response to the habitat manipulation in an adaptive management framework. Illinois DNR will also initiate an intensive monitoring effort in an under-surveyed area of the state. Iowa DNR will begin a head-starting program for these turtles by collecting eggs, hatching and raising the turtles, and then releasing the turtles onto the property from which they were collected. The Iowa head-starting program will be overseen by the Blank Park Zoo, an Association of Zoos and Aquariums accredited zoo.
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Evaluating Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Conservation Efforts to Inform Site-Specific Management Actions
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December 2024
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The rusty patched bumble bee (<i>Bombus affinis</i>) is a federally Endangered species that was once widespread across the eastern U.S. and Upper Midwest. While the rusty patched bumble beeis the only species in this region currently on the Endangered Species List, many other bumble bee species have been documented to be in decline as well, including the American bumble bee, <i>Bombus pensylvanicus</i>. Creation, restoration and maintenance of habitat in the Midwestern region, therefore, may be crucial for threatened species’ recovery, and will also support priorities for conservation of pollinators more broadly. This project uses surveys of sites throughout Iowa to better understand the local and landscape habitat characteristics that influence the distribution and occurrence of rusty patched and American bumble bees. Additionally, we are taking measurements of individual bees to understand bee health. This work will inform habitat management strategies for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program as well as targets for rusty patched bumble bee recovery planning.
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The rusty patched bumble bee (<i>Bombus affinis</i>) is a federally Endangered species that was once widespread across the eastern U.S. and Upper Midwest. While <i>B. affinis </i>is the only species in this region currently protected under the ESA, many other bumble bee species have been documented to be in decline as well, including the American bumble bee, <i>Bombus pensylvanicus</i>. Creation, restoration and maintenance of habitat in the Midwestern region, therefore, may be crucial for threatened species’ recovery, and will also support priorities for conservation of pollinators more broadly. This project will use structured surveys of sites throughout Iowa to estimate the effect of local and landscape characteristics on occupancy of <i>B. affinis</i> and <i>B. pensylvanicus</i>, as well as intensive surveys of occupied sites to measure metrics related to individual bee health. The proposed project will also contribute samples to several ongoing efforts to monitor <i>B. affinis</i> population genetic structure and threats to resilience (e.g., pesticides, pathogens). This work will inform habitat management strategies for the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program as well as targets for <i>B. affinis</i> recovery planning.
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Using new transmitter technology to evaluate the effects of environmental change and disturbance on shorebird breeding phenology, behavior, and nest success
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September 2024
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Arctic-breeding shorebirds are declining, and predation is a leading cause of nest predation. Some scientists argue that predation is increasing due to climate change, but others assert that increased human disturbance as a result of intensive nest monitoring is alterting predators to nest sites. To better understand this issue, we attached GPS tags to dunlin during the pre-breeding season, and used location data (downloaded remotely) to estimate nest success. Paired with estimated nest success from nearby long-term monitoring plots, we aim to understand nest survival in the absence of human disturbance. We are also investigating how environmental conditions influence adult behaviors and reproductive success.
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Arctic-breeding shorebirds are one of the bird species experiencing the most severe declines in North America. They face several threats throughout the annual cycle, but predation is the main cause of nest failure in the Arctic. A recent study indicated nest predation had increased threefold in the Arctic during the past 20 years, changing the Arctic into “ecological trap” for migrating birds. These authors attributed this uptick in predation to climate-driven changes in the Arctic. However, Bulla et al. (2019) suggested that much of the increase in predation during the past 20 years might be explained by changes in research methods that lead to an artificially high predation rate. With this study, we are using a hands-off method to estimate nest survival using location data from GPS tags. Birds are captured during the pre-breeding season, and locations are downloaded remotely. We aim to: (1) obtain the first true estimates of nest survival in a shorebird species, (2) assess how conventional, human intensive monitoring techniques affect nest survival under different environmental conditions, (3) develop a best practice guide for accounting for human disturbance effects on shorebird nest survival, and (4) evaluate in an unbiased way how adult behavior prior to and during nesting varies with environmental conditions.
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Automated Real-Time Analysis of Bald Eagle Nest Camera Imagery Using Machine Learning: with applications for investigating food resource use and nesting ecology in urbanized landscapes.
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December 2022
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Bald eagles populations are increasing rapidly in the lower 48 United States. As habitats become saturated, eagles are expanding into novel environments and encountering human stressors. We seek to use bald eagle nest cameras to quantify and monitor forage and demography throughout the urban-rural gradient. The volume of data provided by camera monitoring requires the development of machine-learning algorithms that once trained, will eventually be able to create demographic and provisioning data in near real time. Our project seeks to build and pilot novel computer vision tools using remote camera footage.
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Bald eagles populations are increasing rapidly in the lower 48 United States. As habitats become saturated, eagles are expanding into novel environments and encountering human stressors. We seek to use bald eagle nest cameras to quantify and monitor forage provisioning and demography throughout the urban-rural gradient. The volume of data generated by camera monitoring requires the development of machine-learning algorithms to replace the need for manual processing and image-tagging. This project is a collaboration between US Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Migratory Birds, the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the University of Massachusetts Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences. Our project seeks to build and pilot novel computer vision tools using remote camera footage. Once built and fully trained, we hope to be able to create demographic and provisioning data in near real time.
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Trophic phenotypes as eco-evolutionary mediators of resilience to climate change
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July 2026
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Many glacial relic populations of fishes and other taxa inhabitat small refuge habitats that are often isolated and thus presumed vulnerable to interacting abiotic and biotic factors that could compress their niche to the point of collapse. However, this outcome, and many future species range models, assume a relatively fixed species niche and do not factor in that glacial relics exhibit intraspecific trophic diversity, representing the capacity to exploit multiple alternative niches. We propose an organismal-eco-evolutionary framework for assessing the role of trophic trait diversity and change (via evolution or plasticity) in resilience to climate change, that links the genetic and plastic components of trophic trait variation, to population demography, and environmental context effects on eco-evolutionary potential. Landlocked Arctic charr in Maine, USA, are the most southern populations of this species in North America and present a powerful system to address these linkages by means of an exceptional long-term dataset of Arctic charr trait and mark-recapture data, combined with genomic analyses, movement behavior, diet and bioenergetics, food web structure analysis, limnology, and climate projection models.
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Many glacial relic populations of fishes and other taxa inhabitat small refuge habitats that are often isolated and thus presumed vulnerable to interacting abiotic and biotic factors that could compress their niche to the point of collapse. However, this outcome, and many future species range models, assume a relatively fixed species niche and do not factor in that glacial relics exhibit intraspecific trophic diversity, representing the capacity to exploit multiple alternative niches. We propose an organismal-eco-evolutionary framework for assessing the role of trophic trait diversity and change (via evolution or plasticity) in resilience to climate change, that links the genetic and plastic components of trophic trait variation, to population demography, and environmental context effects on eco-evolutionary potential. Landlocked Arctic charr in Maine, USA, are the most southern populations of this species in North America and present a powerful system to address these linkages by means of an exceptional long-term dataset of Arctic charr trait and mark-recapture data, combined with genomic analyses, movement behavior, diet and bioenergetics, food web structure analysis, limnology, and climate projection models.
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Wetland ecology of Northeastern lowland forests
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August 2024
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The Northern Forest is a working forest that provides benefits, including timber production, from a range of natural community types broadly classified as lowlands and uplands. Northern Forest lowlands, including forested swamps and seeps, contain regionally important commercial tree species such as northern white-cedar, balsam fir and red spruce. Though widely harvested, impacts of forestry operations on these ecosystems are poorly understood. Yet demand for products such as softwood pulp, studwood, and shingles from tree species common in seasonally wetted lowlands remains strong. The lack of baseline information and standardized methods for assessing these Northern Forest wetland habitats limits the ability of local and regional planners to guide forest management and evaluate outcomes. This gap in ecological understanding is of concern, as intermittent waters, including seasonally wetted forested swamps and seeps, are increasingly recognized for their important roles in supporting water quality, biodiversity, and as critical habitat for wildlife of conservation concern. These waters are likely to encounter increased regulation as the jurisdictional definition of “Waters of the United States” is revised. Our goal for this project is to inform understanding of the intermittent wetland habitats and processes associated with management of northeastern lowland forests, focusing on northern white-cedar forests. This includes quantifying ecological impacts in these systems and developing standardized measurement protocols. Our specific objectives are to: 1) compare wetland processes across harvesting treatments in northern white cedar forests, with particular focus on decomposition, and insect biomass, assemblages, and biodiversity within the wetted environment; 2) develop standard quantification methods for aquatic leaf litter processing, wood decomposition and insect biodiversity in seasonally wetted lowlands that can be applied throughout the Northern Forest; and 3) communicate about tradeoffs in wetland ecosystem condition and biodiversity associated with harvest regimes to forestry practitioners to aid lowland forest management planning. By developing our understanding of these ecosystems and how they respond to harvest, this study will inform sustainable management and prepare stakeholders for questions regarding ecological tradeoffs in management of intermittent waters throughout Northern Forest lowlands.
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The Northern Forest is a working forest that provides benefits, including timber production, from a range of natural community types broadly classified as lowlands and uplands. Northern Forest lowlands, including forested swamps and seeps, contain regionally important commercial tree species such as northern white-cedar, balsam fir and red spruce. Though widely harvested, impacts of forestry operations on these ecosystems are poorly understood. Yet demand for products such as softwood pulp, studwood, and shingles from tree species common in seasonally wetted lowlands remains strong. The lack of baseline information and standardized methods for assessing these Northern Forest wetland habitats limits the ability of local and regional planners to guide forest management and evaluate outcomes. This gap in ecological understanding is of concern, as intermittent waters, including seasonally wetted forested swamps and seeps, are increasingly recognized for their important roles in supporting water quality, biodiversity, and as critical habitat for wildlife of conservation concern. These waters are likely to encounter increased regulation as the jurisdictional definition of “Waters of the United States” is revised. Our goal for this project is to inform understanding of the intermittent wetland habitats and processes associated with management of northeastern lowland forests, focusing on northern white-cedar forests. This includes quantifying ecological impacts in these systems and developing standardized measurement protocols. Our specific objectives are to: 1) compare wetland processes across harvesting treatments in northern white cedar forests, with particular focus on decomposition, and insect biomass, assemblages, and biodiversity within the wetted environment; 2) develop standard quantification methods for aquatic leaf litter processing, wood decomposition and insect biodiversity in seasonally wetted lowlands that can be applied throughout the Northern Forest; and 3) communicate about tradeoffs in wetland ecosystem condition and biodiversity associated with harvest regimes to forestry practitioners to aid lowland forest management planning. By developing our understanding of these ecosystems and how they respond to harvest, this study will inform sustainable management and prepare stakeholders for questions regarding ecological tradeoffs in management of intermittent waters throughout Northern Forest lowlands.
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Effects of Alewife Reintroductions
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August 2026
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Efforts to restore Alewife populations on the Atlantic coast have increased in recent years. However, freshwater habitats, specifically lakes and ponds, have altered food web structures and dynamics reflecting the long period of anadromous Alewives’ absence. Restoration of anadromous populations may alter the lake and pond ecosystem dynamics, resulting in possible positive and negative effects on other food web components, including important recreational fisheries.
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Efforts to restore Alewife populations on the Atlantic coast have increased in recent years. However, freshwater habitats, specifically lakes and ponds, have altered food web structures and dynamics reflecting the long period of anadromous Alewives’ absence. Restoration of anadromous populations may alter the lake and pond ecosystem dynamics, resulting in possible positive and negative effects on other food web components, including important recreational fisheries.
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Investigating trends in turtle abundance from REEF data
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December 2025
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The Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) collects citizen science surveys for a variety of marine species. REEF volunteers use the Roving Diver Technique (RDT), a visual survey method specifically designed for volunteer data. The only materials needed are an underwater slate and pencil, a good reference book, and access to the internet to submit the data online. The data is collated using a log scale for abundance where things are single (n=1), few (n=2-10), many (n=11-100), and abundant (n=101+). Recently Dr. Dan Greenberg developed a Bayesian model which can create area- and species- specific abundance estimates through time based on REEF RDT surveys. The abundance estimates have been used for species that are data-limited (e.g., Goliath Grouper in the southeastern US) and have been compared to scientific abundance estimates (e.g., coral reef fishes in Florida). This project seeks to build estimates of abundance for a variety of turtles species(Green turtles, Loggerhead turtles, and Hawksbill turtles) in multiple locations (Hawaii, Tropical Atlantic, and the Tropical Eastern Pacific). We hope to collaborate with scientists from NOAA to compare the abundance indices derived from REEF data to other indices and indicators of turtle populations.
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The Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) collects citizen science surveys for a variety of marine species. REEF volunteers use the Roving Diver Technique (RDT), a visual survey method specifically designed for volunteer data. The only materials needed are an underwater slate and pencil, a good reference book, and access to the internet to submit the data online. The data is collated using a log scale for abundance where things are single (n=1), few (n=2-10), many (n=11-100), and abundant (n=101+). Recently Dr. Dan Greenberg developed a Bayesian model which can create area- and species- specific abundance estimates through time based on REEF RDT surveys. The abundance estimates have been used for species that are data-limited (e.g., Goliath Grouper in the southeastern US) and have been compared to scientific abundance estimates (e.g., coral reef fishes in Florida). This project seeks to build estimates of abundance for a variety of turtles species(Green turtles, Loggerhead turtles, and Hawksbill turtles) in multiple locations (Hawaii, Tropical Atlantic, and the Tropical Eastern Pacific). We hope to collaborate with scientists from NOAA to compare the abundance indices derived from REEF data to other indices and indicators of turtle populations.
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Assessing the role of turbidity on foraging by pre-rostral juvenile Paddlefish
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December 2022
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We are testing how turbidity (water clarity) may affect feeding by larval Paddlefish. Paddlefish begin life after hatching by feeding on individual prey zooplankton (water fleas). We anticipate that water clarity may affect the Paddlefish's ability to find zooplankton to eat. We will test this hypothesis by setting up tanks that vary in the amount of turbidity, including a tank with no turbidity (control tank), and let larval Paddlefish feed over the course of 2-3 hours. The tanks will all have the same amount of zooplankton in them for Paddlefish to feed on. At the end of the feeding time, the Paddlefish will be removed and humanely euthanized, and the amount of zooplankton eaten will be counted by dissecting the fish.
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OK Department of Wildlife Conservation, OK Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, and Department of Integrative Biology scientists are conducting lab-based research on the effect of turbidity on foraging by larval Paddlefish. We are testing how turbidity (water clarity) may affect feeding by larval Paddlefish. Paddlefish begin life after hatching by feeding on individual prey zooplankton (water fleas). We anticipate that water clarity may affect the Paddlefish's ability to find zooplankton to eat. We will test this hypothesis by setting up tanks that vary in the amount of turbidity, including a tank with no turbidity (control tank), and let larval Paddlefish feed over the course of 2-3 hours. The tanks will all have the same amount of zooplankton in them for Paddlefish to feed on. At the end of the feeding time, the Paddlefish will be removed and humanely euthanized, and the amount of zooplankton eaten will be counted by dissecting the fish.
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Assessing Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ephemeral Ponds
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December 2024
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In this study, we are investigating the role that hydroperiod and fish predators influence aquatic insect diversity by studying a set of research ponds at Oklahoma State University and sampling ponds at the Osage Nation Ranch, located in Osage County, Oklahoma.
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In this study, we are investigating the role that hydroperiod and fish predators influence aquatic insect diversity by studying a set of research ponds at Oklahoma State University and sampling ponds at the Osage Nation Ranch, located in Osage County, Oklahoma.
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Gopher tortoise conservation through translocations
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June 2024
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Relocation is an important management technique that has the potential to save individuals from mortality and bolster populations that are below the carrying capacity of their habitats. Thousands of gopher tortoises (<i>Gopherus polyphemus</i>) have been translocated from development sites to permitted recipient sites throughout the state of Florida, and this process will be needed more frequently as development in the state continues. For relocation programs to be successful it is critical to understand whether recipient sites are adequately supporting translocated individuals through time. This project investigates demographic outcomes for gopher tortoise populations and also devises population monitoring techniques for translocated populations.
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Relocation is an important management technique that has the potential to save individuals from mortality and bolster populations that are below the carrying capacity of their habitats. Thousands of gopher tortoises (<i>Gopherus polyphemus</i>) have been translocated from development sites to permitted recipient sites throughout the state of Florida, and this process will be needed more frequently as development in the state continues. For relocation programs to be successful it is critical to understand whether recipient sites are adequately supporting translocated individuals through time. This project investigates demographic outcomes for gopher tortoise populations and also devises population monitoring techniques for translocated populations.
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Population Dynamics of Kootenai River Burbot
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November 2022
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Diversity and Access to Wildlife Opportunities
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June 2024
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Profound changes with how the American public values and relates to nature and wildlife are occurring. Participation rates in traditional activities associated with fish and wildlife have dropped dramatically putting into jeopardy the funding mechanisms for fish and wildlife conservation and potentially motivations to sustain these resources. In addition, there is an apparent broader disconnection of the American public to the outdoors and wildlife that could lead to substantive negative impacts on human health and well-being which depend on beneficial contact with nature. In response to this challenge, a variety of programs targeting the recruitment, reactivation, and retention of fish and wildlife-based recreationists have been developed. Because of the fundamental social and demographic changes in America that are driving much of the disconnection with nature and wildlife, however, the success of such programs is very uncertain. There is growing recognition that continuation of the conservation enterprise which oversees stewardship of our fish and wildlife resources will likely require more fundamental changes to broaden opportunities and inclusion for diverse communities. <br>A fundamental problem and opportunity in this endeavor is how to engage the communities that have not been actively encouraged to participate in nature- and wildlife-based activities. Extremely limited information exists concerning the value of and desire for experiences with nature and wildlife from African-American communities in Minnesota as well as the barriers that constrain African-Americans from desired experiences with nature and wildlife.The proposed project will collect information from African-American Minnesotans concerning their values, attitudes, experiences, awareness of, and preferences for learning about, experiencing, or conserving nature and wildlife. This information will be collected during a two-year period in two phases. The first year we will conduct focus groups and in depth interviews with members of the communities to develop a deep and nuanced understanding of their awareness of and connections to nature and wildlife. In the second phase, we will collect more broadly generalizable information from these communities through multi-modal social surveys using established psychometric approaches for measuring values, beliefs, attitudes, motivations, and experience preferences. This information will serve as foundational information across Minnesota for better engaging and understanding these communities. In addition, the information will assist natural resource management agencies to design programming, experiences, and services that match to the motivations and desired experiences of members of these communities. Doing so could increase their participation in nature- and wildlife-based activities and conservation behaviors.
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Profound changes with how the American public values and relates to nature and wildlife are occurring. Participation rates in traditional activities associated with fish and wildlife have dropped dramatically putting into jeopardy the funding mechanisms for fish and wildlife conservation and potentially motivations to sustain these resources. In addition, there is an apparent broader disconnection of the American public to the outdoors and wildlife that could lead to substantive negative impacts on human health and well-being which depend on beneficial contact with nature. In response to this challenge, a variety of programs targeting the recruitment, reactivation, and retention of fish and wildlife-based recreationists have been developed. Because of the fundamental social and demographic changes in America that are driving much of the disconnection with nature and wildlife, however, the success of such programs is very uncertain. There is growing recognition that continuation of the conservation enterprise which oversees stewardship of our fish and wildlife resources will likely require more fundamental changes to broaden opportunities and inclusion for diverse communities. <br>A fundamental problem and opportunity in this endeavor is how to engage the communities that have not been actively encouraged to participate in nature- and wildlife-based activities. Extremely limited information exists concerning the value of and desire for experiences with nature and wildlife from African-American communities in Minnesota as well as the barriers that constrain African-Americans from desired experiences with nature and wildlife.The proposed project will collect information from African-American Minnesotans concerning their values, attitudes, experiences, awareness of, and preferences for learning about, experiencing, or conserving nature and wildlife. This information will be collected during a two-year period in two phases. The first year we will conduct focus groups and in depth interviews with members of the communities to develop a deep and nuanced understanding of their awareness of and connections to nature and wildlife. In the second phase, we will collect more broadly generalizable information from these communities through multi-modal social surveys using established psychometric approaches for measuring values, beliefs, attitudes, motivations, and experience preferences. This information will serve as foundational information across Minnesota for better engaging and understanding these communities. In addition, the information will assist natural resource management agencies to design programming, experiences, and services that match to the motivations and desired experiences of members of these communities. Doing so could increase their participation in nature- and wildlife-based activities and conservation behaviors.
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Guiding present and future native fish restoration using a strategic planning process, literature synthesis, database analysis, field protocol development/testing, and adaptive management. To PI: M. E. Mather, 2020-2024, $428,358, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism – Ecological Services (Grant #: F20AF00207, Mod. #1; # T-59-R-1).
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June 2025
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<i>Background.</i><br>Natural resource agencies are charged with conserving native species. Freshwater biodiversity is decreasing at an alarming rate even though protecting freshwater is a priority for human security and environmental management. The ecological services sections of state natural resource agencies need new tools in their conservation toolboxes to combat the increasing number of obstacles to the successful conservation of native freshwater biodiversity.<br><br><i>Objectives. </i><br>To provide these new tools that enhance the effectiveness of existing conservation approaches, here we seek to combine the efforts of university personnel, graduate students, and agency partners to provide guidance for present and future native fish restoration through five directions related to the project objectives:<br>(a) identify and implement a strategic planning process,<br>(b) synthesize existing literature on habitat needed by Kansas fish and impacts that adversely affect Kansas fish,<br>(c) analyze monitoring databases related to habitat and native fish distribution,<br>(d) as appropriate, develop / test field data protocols, and<br>(e) as possible, propose a program of adaptive management.<br>Ultimately, in this project, we seek to provide long-term guidance on conservation approaches rather than one-time one-place remedies.
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<i>Background.</i><br>Natural resource agencies are charged with conserving native species. Freshwater biodiversity is decreasing at an alarming rate even though protecting freshwater is a priority for human security and environmental management. The ecological services sections of state natural resource agencies need new tools in their conservation toolboxes to combat the increasing number of obstacles to the successful conservation of native freshwater biodiversity.<br> <br><i>Objectives. </i><br>To provide these new tools that enhance the effectiveness of existing conservation approaches, here we seek to combine the efforts of university personnel, graduate students, and agency partners to provide guidance for present and future native fish restoration through five directions related to the project objectives:<br>(a) identify and implement a strategic planning process,<br>(b) synthesize existing literature on habitat needed by Kansas fish and impacts that adversely affect Kansas fish,<br>(c) analyze monitoring databases related to habitat and native fish distribution,<br>(d) as appropriate, develop / test field data protocols, and<br>(e) as possible, propose a program of adaptive management.<br>Ultimately, in this project, we seek to provide long-term guidance on conservation approaches rather than one-time one-place remedies.
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Mather (and 9 Co-PIs). 2022. NRT-HDR-FW-HTF: Building interdisciplinary connectivity and convergence: an integrated research and management plan to promote biologically-involved sustainability. PENDING ($2,997,328).
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August 2027
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Our mission of adding strong interdisciplinary understanding, statistics, policy, and a more diverse workforce to established technical disciplinary expertise is a critical strategy towards addressing society’s environmental goals. Through identification of meaningful connections among distinct, established academic disciplines that play a consistent role in BIS projects and are regularly funded at land grant universities, we will develop novel integrated, education, training and research directions that will intellectually inform and conceptually advance environmental problems which are commonly encountered by state, federal, or industry environmental organizations. <br><br>This project is a high priority for the University cooperator.<br><br><i>The Provost of the university (second highest administrator at Kansas State University writes</i><br>“I write this letter to indicate both strong and enthusiastic institutional support from Kansas State University (KSU) for the… grant proposal, ….which enhances the university mission. ….The university will benefit from visionary ideas and first-class capacity building in interdisciplinary research. New (r<i>esearch and teaching</i>) resources will enhance our graduate educational programs, our interdisciplinary research capacity, and solutions for the complex environmental and biologically-involved sustainability issues facing Kansas and beyond.<br><i> </i><br><i>The Dean of the Graduate School said of this grant</i><br>“ proposed …grant. is one of the initiatives that has the potential to strategically change how we prepare our workforce. . The proposed grant can be a game changer in how we approach interdisciplinary graduate education. The Graduate School is thrilled about this proposal and ready to provide all the support it needs.”
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Our mission of adding strong interdisciplinary understanding, statistics, policy, and a more diverse workforce to established technical disciplinary expertise is a critical strategy towards addressing society’s environmental goals. Through identification of meaningful connections among distinct, established academic disciplines that play a consistent role in BIS projects and are regularly funded at land grant universities, we will develop novel integrated, education, training and research directions that will intellectually inform and conceptually advance environmental problems which are commonly encountered by state, federal, or industry environmental organizations. <br><br>This project is a high priority for the University cooperator.<br><br><i>The Provost of the university (second highest administrator at Kansas State University writes</i><br>“I write this letter to indicate both strong and enthusiastic institutional support from Kansas State University (KSU) for the… grant proposal, ….which enhances the university mission. ….The university will benefit from visionary ideas and first-class capacity building in interdisciplinary research. New (r<i>esearch and teaching</i>) resources will enhance our graduate educational programs, our interdisciplinary research capacity, and solutions for the complex environmental and biologically-involved sustainability issues facing Kansas and beyond.<br><i> </i><br><i>The Dean of the Graduate School said of this grant</i><br>“ proposed …grant. is one of the initiatives that has the potential to strategically change how we prepare our workforce. . The proposed grant can be a game changer in how we approach interdisciplinary graduate education. The Graduate School is thrilled about this proposal and ready to provide all the support it needs.”
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Historical analysis of Yellowstone cutthroat trout growth in Yellowstone Lake
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December 2025
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Yellowstone Lake has been the site of intensive efforts to conserve native Yellowstone cutthroat trout <i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i> and restore natural ecological function since invasive lake trout <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> were first discovered there in 1994 (Kaeding et al. 1996). Gillnetting was implemented in 1995 to suppress the lake trout population, but despite annual increases in gillnetting effort, the population expanded throughout Yellowstone Lake (Syslo et al. 2020). The lake trout population of Yellowstone Lake is highly resilient to gillnetting, probably because of high early life history survival. Interstitial embryo predators, which are a common source of embryo mortality in the native range of lake trout, do not inhabit Yellowstone Lake.<br> <br>Cutthroat trout abundance declined precipitously in Yellowstone Lake until lake trout suppression efforts reached sufficient levels to reduce lake trout abundances in 2012 (Koel et al. 2020). The number of cutthroat trout caught during annual long-term gillnetting assessments varied subsequently, with mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) ranging from a low of 12.5 per 100-m net night in 2011 to highs of 27.3 and 26.4 in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Lake trout predation was also associated with a long-term shift in cutthroat trout lengths from dominance by small (100–280 mm) and midsized (290–390 mm) individuals to dominance by large individuals (400+ mm) in annual gillnetting assessments. The mean CPUE of small and midsized cutthroat trout declined from 18.6 per 100-m net night and 15.1, respectively, in the 1980s to just 6.9 and 3.9, respectively in the 2010s. Concurrently, the mean CPUE of large cutthroat trout nearly doubled, from 7.5 in the 1980s to 14.6 in the 2010s. Lake trout also caused increases in individual weights and condition of cutthroat trout. The average weight of midsized and large cutthroat trout increased from 408.0 g and 682.8 g, respectively, in the 1980s to 463.4 g and 1418.6 g, respectively, in the 2010s. Relative weights (condition factors) of individual cutthroat trout also increased during this period. Mean relative weights of small, midsize, and large cutthroat trout were 58.8, 56.5, and 55.8, respectively, in the 1980s and increased to 68.4, 70.4, and 67.7, respectively, in the 2010s. Lower densities of cutthroat trout with higher individual weights and conditions should have higher fecundity, which should aid further recovery.<br> <br>Cutthroat trout abundance of all sizes remains below recovery benchmarks, but large individuals (> 400 mm) have become more abundant and individual weights have doubled, probably because of reduced density. A large (400+ mm) cutthroat trout in 2020 weighs twice what it did in 1980, prior to the lake trout invasion. Currently, the benchmarks for cutthroat trout recovery described in the 2010 conservation plan are all based upon abundance, and include gillnet CPUE, angler catch per hour, and spawner counts in streams (Koel et al. 2010). There is strong evidence that annual growth of cutthroat trout individuals greatly increased following the lake trout-driven decline in the cutthroat trout population. Existing recovery benchmarks do not account for shifts in individual growth. There is a need to examine patterns in cutthroat trout growth relative to periods of lake trout invasion over the past four decades on Yellowstone Lake. Results will be used to refine cutthroat trout recovery benchmarks to account for shifts in growth, greater individual weights, and overall population biomass.
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Yellowstone Lake has been the site of intensive efforts to conserve native Yellowstone cutthroat trout <i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i> and restore natural ecological function since invasive lake trout <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> were first discovered there in 1994 (Kaeding et al. 1996). Gillnetting was implemented in 1995 to suppress the lake trout population, but despite annual increases in gillnetting effort, the population expanded throughout Yellowstone Lake (Syslo et al. 2020). The lake trout population of Yellowstone Lake is highly resilient to gillnetting, probably because of high early life history survival. Interstitial embryo predators, which are a common source of embryo mortality in the native range of lake trout, do not inhabit Yellowstone Lake.<br> <br>Cutthroat trout abundance declined precipitously in Yellowstone Lake until lake trout suppression efforts reached sufficient levels to reduce lake trout abundances in 2012 (Koel et al. 2020). The number of cutthroat trout caught during annual long-term gillnetting assessments varied subsequently, with mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) ranging from a low of 12.5 per 100-m net night in 2011 to highs of 27.3 and 26.4 in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Lake trout predation was also associated with a long-term shift in cutthroat trout lengths from dominance by small (100–280 mm) and midsized (290–390 mm) individuals to dominance by large individuals (400+ mm) in annual gillnetting assessments. The mean CPUE of small and midsized cutthroat trout declined from 18.6 per 100-m net night and 15.1, respectively, in the 1980s to just 6.9 and 3.9, respectively in the 2010s. Concurrently, the mean CPUE of large cutthroat trout nearly doubled, from 7.5 in the 1980s to 14.6 in the 2010s. Lake trout also caused increases in individual weights and condition of cutthroat trout. The average weight of midsized and large cutthroat trout increased from 408.0 g and 682.8 g, respectively, in the 1980s to 463.4 g and 1418.6 g, respectively, in the 2010s. Relative weights (condition factors) of individual cutthroat trout also increased during this period. Mean relative weights of small, midsize, and large cutthroat trout were 58.8, 56.5, and 55.8, respectively, in the 1980s and increased to 68.4, 70.4, and 67.7, respectively, in the 2010s. Lower densities of cutthroat trout with higher individual weights and conditions should have higher fecundity, which should aid further recovery.<br> <br>Cutthroat trout abundance of all sizes remains below recovery benchmarks, but large individuals (> 400 mm) have become more abundant and individual weights have doubled, probably because of reduced density. A large (400+ mm) cutthroat trout in 2020 weighs twice what it did in 1980, prior to the lake trout invasion. Currently, the benchmarks for cutthroat trout recovery described in the 2010 conservation plan are all based upon abundance, and include gillnet CPUE, angler catch per hour, and spawner counts in streams (Koel et al. 2010). There is strong evidence that annual growth of cutthroat trout individuals greatly increased following the lake trout-driven decline in the cutthroat trout population. Existing recovery benchmarks do not account for shifts in individual growth. There is a need to examine patterns in cutthroat trout growth relative to periods of lake trout invasion over the past four decades on Yellowstone Lake. Results will be used to refine cutthroat trout recovery benchmarks to account for shifts in growth, greater individual weights, and overall population biomass.
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Age-structured model of the Missouri River trout fishery
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April 2025
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To estimate the age structure of rainbow trout and brown trout in the Missouri and Madison rivers:<br>Compile relevant data from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) database for rainbow trout and brown trout populations for the Madison and Missouri rivers.Age otoliths (provided by MFWP) for rainbow trout and brown trout from the Madison and Missouri rivers.<br>Sagittal otoliths will be provided by MFWP. Otoliths will be mounted in clear epoxy, and transversely sectioned about the nucleus using a low speed IsoMet saw (Quist et al. 2012). Cross sections (0.8–1.0 mm) will be affixed to microscope slides and polished using fine grit sandpaper until the otolith nucleus and annuli are clearly visible at 40× magnification. A length–frequency histogram will be constructed from the electrofishing samples to visualize population length structure. Somatic growth of rainbow trout and brown trout sampled will be described using the von Bertalanffy (VBF) growth model. Age-length keys will be used to assign ages to unaged fish. Age-length keys will be constructed using the FSA package in R (Ogle 2016; Ogle 2018; R Core Development Team 2021) and applied to the rainbow trout and brown trout in the Madison and Missouri rivers.
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To estimate the age structure of rainbow trout and brown trout in the Missouri and Madison rivers:<br>Compile relevant data from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) database for rainbow trout and brown trout populations for the Madison and Missouri rivers.Age otoliths (provided by MFWP) for rainbow trout and brown trout from the Madison and Missouri rivers.<br>Sagittal otoliths will be provided by MFWP. Otoliths will be mounted in clear epoxy, and transversely sectioned about the nucleus using a low speed IsoMet saw (Quist et al. 2012). Cross sections (0.8–1.0 mm) will be affixed to microscope slides and polished using fine grit sandpaper until the otolith nucleus and annuli are clearly visible at 40× magnification. A length–frequency histogram will be constructed from the electrofishing samples to visualize population length structure. Somatic growth of rainbow trout and brown trout sampled will be described using the von Bertalanffy (VBF) growth model. Age-length keys will be used to assign ages to unaged fish. Age-length keys will be constructed using the FSA package in R (Ogle 2016; Ogle 2018; R Core Development Team 2021) and applied to the rainbow trout and brown trout in the Madison and Missouri rivers.
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Georgetown Lake diet study
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December 2024
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Georgetown Lake is a high elevation reservoir located in southwestern Montana, about 13 kilometers south of the town of Philipsburg. It is about 845 hectares at full pool making it the largest lentic waterbody in the upper Clark Fork River drainage. The fishery is managed as a put, grow, and take fishery for rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) and brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) and as a wild, self-sustaining kokanee salmon (kokanee, <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>) fishery. Georgetown Lake routinely ranks in the top 10 in Montana for angling pressure and is equally important as a summer and winter ice-fishing destination. Georgetown Lake is a highly productive reservoir and known for producing large numbers of quality-sized rainbow trout, abundant kokanee, and is a premier location for catching trophy brook trout. <br>The rainbow trout fishery in Georgetown Lake is sustained by annual stocking from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) hatcheries. Rainbow trout spawning occurs in Stuart Mill Creek and North Fork Flint Creek, but little recruitment occurs from these areas. Rainbow trout stocking densities and strains have varied temporally. Gerrard-strain rainbow trout stocking ended in 2009 due to the brood source being determined to not be an actual Gerrard strain. Eggs from a Canadian Gerrard-strain rainbow trout were obtained by MFWP and stocking in Georgetown Lake in 2015. Other strains of rainbow trout used for maintaining the rainbow trout fishery are the Arlee and Eagle Lake strains, which are raised in several production hatcheries in Montana. <br>The rainbow trout fishery in Georgetown Lake has undergone changes in the previous five years since MFWP began stocking the Canadian Gerrard strain into the system. One of the primary changes has been the increase in average size of rainbow trout. The average length of rainbow trout greater than 300 mm has increased from 363 mm (2004-2015) to 402 mm (2017-2020). This length increase suggests that the use of the Gerrard strain may be improving average size in the fishery.
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Georgetown Lake is a high elevation reservoir located in southwestern Montana, about 13 kilometers south of the town of Philipsburg. It is about 845 hectares at full pool making it the largest lentic waterbody in the upper Clark Fork River drainage. The fishery is managed as a put, grow, and take fishery for rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) and brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) and as a wild, self-sustaining kokanee salmon (kokanee, <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>) fishery. Georgetown Lake routinely ranks in the top 10 in Montana for angling pressure and is equally important as a summer and winter ice-fishing destination. Georgetown Lake is a highly productive reservoir and known for producing large numbers of quality-sized rainbow trout, abundant kokanee, and is a premier location for catching trophy brook trout. <br>The rainbow trout fishery in Georgetown Lake is sustained by annual stocking from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) hatcheries. Rainbow trout spawning occurs in Stuart Mill Creek and North Fork Flint Creek, but little recruitment occurs from these areas. Rainbow trout stocking densities and strains have varied temporally. Gerrard-strain rainbow trout stocking ended in 2009 due to the brood source being determined to not be an actual Gerrard strain. Eggs from a Canadian Gerrard-strain rainbow trout were obtained by MFWP and stocking in Georgetown Lake in 2015. Other strains of rainbow trout used for maintaining the rainbow trout fishery are the Arlee and Eagle Lake strains, which are raised in several production hatcheries in Montana. <br>The rainbow trout fishery in Georgetown Lake has undergone changes in the previous five years since MFWP began stocking the Canadian Gerrard strain into the system. One of the primary changes has been the increase in average size of rainbow trout. The average length of rainbow trout greater than 300 mm has increased from 363 mm (2004-2015) to 402 mm (2017-2020). This length increase suggests that the use of the Gerrard strain may be improving average size in the fishery.
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Spatial Analysis of Trends in Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) Breeding Habitat on the Oregon Coast
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September 2023
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Tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) are an iconic species in the Pacific Northwest that provide a wide range of ecological, economic, and historically important services such as ecotourism for local communities and bringing marine derived nutrients to terrestrial habitats. Further, tufted puffins are sensitive to changes in prey availability and as such, are good indicators of overfishing and ecosystem disturbance. Tufted puffin populations on the Oregon Coast have declined dramatically from over 5,000 birds in 1989 to 550 birds in 2021. In 2018, the Tufted Puffin Species Status Assessment (SSA) determined that factors related to breeding site conditions are one possible cause of puffin decline; however, little is known about the specific characteristics of nesting habitat along the Oregon coast, or how it relates to their population demographics. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field study and a spatial analysis to examine the distribution of suitable breeding habitat for Tufted Puffins on the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge, OR. We compared the topography, vegetation, and percent cover of Tufted Puffin breeding sites from 1971 to 2021 using aerial photos, data from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP), other remote sensing data sets, and on-the-ground surveys. It is expected that the vegetation on nesting sites has changed over time due to site-specific, climatic, and environmental variables. Assessing how suitable puffin breeding habitat characteristics have changed over time will provide necessary information to guide refuge managers in habitat restoration and support adaptive management decisions.
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Tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) are an iconic species in the Pacific Northwest that provide a wide range of ecological, economic, and historically important services such as ecotourism for local communities and bringing marine derived nutrients to terrestrial habitats. Further, tufted puffins are sensitive to changes in prey availability and as such, are good indicators of overfishing and ecosystem disturbance. Tufted puffin populations on the Oregon Coast have declined dramatically from over 5,000 birds in 1989 to 550 birds in 2021. In 2018, the Tufted Puffin Species Status Assessment (SSA) determined that factors related to breeding site conditions are one possible cause of puffin decline; however, little is known about the specific characteristics of nesting habitat along the Oregon coast, or how it relates to their population demographics. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field study and a spatial analysis to examine the distribution of suitable breeding habitat for Tufted Puffins on the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge, OR. We compared the topography, vegetation, and percent cover of Tufted Puffin breeding sites from 1971 to 2021 using aerial photos, data from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP), other remote sensing data sets, and on-the-ground surveys. It is expected that the vegetation on nesting sites has changed over time due to site-specific, climatic, and environmental variables. Assessing how suitable puffin breeding habitat characteristics have changed over time will provide necessary information to guide refuge managers in habitat restoration and support adaptive management decisions.
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Evaluating a habitat suitability index for Bluenose Shiner populations in peninsular and panhandle Florida rivers
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December 2024
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The Bluenose Shiner is a threatened species in the state of Florida. This project aims to evaluate the ecology of Bluenose Shiner across its spatially disjunct range in Florida to develop conservation strategies for this imperiled species. We will monitor Bluenose Shiner abundance along with water velocity, depth, substrate, and other habitat factors to develop a range-wide Habitat Suitability Index.
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The Bluenose Shiner is a threatened species in the state of Florida. This project aims to evaluate the ecology of Bluenose Shiner across its spatially disjunct range in Florida to develop conservation strategies for this imperiled species. We will monitor Bluenose Shiner abundance along with water velocity, depth, substrate, and other habitat factors to develop a range-wide Habitat Suitability Index.
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Ecology and conservation of endangered Smalltooth Sawfish
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December 2024
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The Smalltooth Sawfish is a Federally endangered species that is confined to a small portion of Florida’s coast. This project aims to fill existing knowledge gaps about sawfish in the Charlotte Harbor region of Florida. Specifically, we will identify ontogenetic shifts in sawfish habitat use and evaluate residency of juvenile sawfish in Charlotte Harbor by quantifying patterns in habitat use and home range as related to sex, size, and environmental factors.
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The Smalltooth Sawfish is a Federally endangered species that is confined to a small portion of Florida’s coast. This project aims to fill existing knowledge gaps about sawfish in the Charlotte Harbor region of Florida. Specifically, we will identify ontogenetic shifts in sawfish habitat use and evaluate residency of juvenile sawfish in Charlotte Harbor by quantifying patterns in habitat use and home range as related to sex, size, and environmental factors.
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Retrospective recruitment analysis of bigheaded carp in the Upper Mississippi River.
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October 2024
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This project examines microchemical signatures of otolith cores from invasive bigheaded carp to determine whether their natal origin was upstream or downstream of Lock and Dam #19, a partial dispersal barrier, in the Upper Mississippi River and whether yearclass strength is associated with environmental variables. This information is key for managing carp populations near the leading edge of the invasion in the Mississippi River.
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Invasive carp continue to increase in abundance and distribution above LD 19 in the Upper Mississippi River. This increase may be due to either dispersal of adults and/or through successful reproduction and recruitment in newly invaded areas. Adult invasive Carp move upstream past LD 19, but movement rates are relatively low for the number of adults encountered in pools 19 and above. Conversely, larval invasive carp have been captured in pools 19-17 on an annual basis since 2014; yet, captures of juvenile invasive carp in the fall are quite rare. The lack of juvenile captures could indicate that larvae are not successfully surviving until the juvenile phase or that juveniles are very difficult to locate and capture despite extensive sampling efforts that have occurred in the UMR. Age structure of adult invasive carp above LD 19 indicates recruitment is consistent. However, whether recruitment of these fish into the population above LD 19 is occurring due to adults migrating upstream through LD 19 or due to recruitment of offspring produced above LD 19 is unknown. <br>Otolith microchemistry can be a useful tool to identify locations where recruited fish are produced. Previous otolith microchemistry work on the Upper Mississippi River indicated <20% of adult invasive carp recruited above LD 19. However, this analysis was conducted with a limited number of fish and it remains unknown whether this recruitment was the result of one large year class or due to low levels of consistent recruitment on an annual basis. Understanding where recruitment is occurring and the frequency of recruitment (e.g., annually or periodically) is critical for implementing management actions such as commercial harvest and installation of barriers. Therefore, we propose to assess the historical recruitment of invasive carp above LD 19 using adult age structure to determine if they are recruiting above LD 19 and if so, the temporal variation in recruitment. This information will be critical to assess if the larvae being produced above LD 19 annually are not recruiting or if they are surviving but going undetected despite extensive sampling efforts. <br>Silver Carp will be collected by commercial anglers in pools 17-19, fish will be measured for total length, and otoliths will be removed for age estimation. Because an estimated 15% of the population was produced above LD 19, we will need to collect approximately 1,000 fish per pool for adequate sample size. Fish will be randomly subsampled per 1 cm group and age-length keys will be used to develop age-frequency histograms for each pool. Once age-structure is determined, we will assess which age-classes are considered recruited to the gear and can be used for Maciena’s catch curve analysis to assess historical recruitment of Silver Carp in pools 17-19 of the Upper Mississippi River. Most Silver Carp captured above LD 19 are 5-10 years old, with peak catches not occurring until age 6-7. Therefore, we anticipate having approximately five age-classes where recruitment can be assessed (6-10 year old fish). Otolith microchemistry will be completed on approximately 60 fish per year class at Southern Illinois University to assess if their natal origin is above or below LD 19. The proportion of Silver Carp produced above versus below LD 19 per year class will be applied to the age-structure of fish captured from each pool to construct separate age-frequency histograms for fish originating from above versus below LD 19. Finally, catch curves will be constructed and residuals will be used to estimate year class strength for fish originating above and below LD 19 for both pools 17, 18, and 19. Finally, environmental conditions (e.g., mean June discharge) can be used to predict variation in recruitment based on environmental conditions. <b> </b><br><br>
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Retrospective recruitment analysis of bigheaded carp in the Upper Mississippi River.
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October 2024
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This project examines microchemical signatures of otolith cores from invasive bigheaded carp to determine whether their natal origin was upstream or downstream of Lock and Dam #19, a partial dispersal barrier, in the Upper Mississippi River and whether yearclass strength is associated with environmental variables. This information is key for managing carp populations near the leading edge of the invasion in the Mississippi River.
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Invasive carp continue to increase in abundance and distribution above LD 19 in the Upper Mississippi River. This increase may be due to either dispersal of adults and/or through successful reproduction and recruitment in newly invaded areas. Adult invasive Carp move upstream past LD 19, but movement rates are relatively low for the number of adults encountered in pools 19 and above. Conversely, larval invasive carp have been captured in pools 19-17 on an annual basis since 2014; yet, captures of juvenile invasive carp in the fall are quite rare. The lack of juvenile captures could indicate that larvae are not successfully surviving until the juvenile phase or that juveniles are very difficult to locate and capture despite extensive sampling efforts that have occurred in the UMR. Age structure of adult invasive carp above LD 19 indicates recruitment is consistent. However, whether recruitment of these fish into the population above LD 19 is occurring due to adults migrating upstream through LD 19 or due to recruitment of offspring produced above LD 19 is unknown. <br>Otolith microchemistry can be a useful tool to identify locations where recruited fish are produced. Previous otolith microchemistry work on the Upper Mississippi River indicated <20% of adult invasive carp recruited above LD 19. However, this analysis was conducted with a limited number of fish and it remains unknown whether this recruitment was the result of one large year class or due to low levels of consistent recruitment on an annual basis. Understanding where recruitment is occurring and the frequency of recruitment (e.g., annually or periodically) is critical for implementing management actions such as commercial harvest and installation of barriers. Therefore, we propose to assess the historical recruitment of invasive carp above LD 19 using adult age structure to determine if they are recruiting above LD 19 and if so, the temporal variation in recruitment. This information will be critical to assess if the larvae being produced above LD 19 annually are not recruiting or if they are surviving but going undetected despite extensive sampling efforts. <br>Silver Carp will be collected by commercial anglers in pools 17-19, fish will be measured for total length, and otoliths will be removed for age estimation. Because an estimated 15% of the population was produced above LD 19, we will need to collect approximately 1,000 fish per pool for adequate sample size. Fish will be randomly subsampled per 1 cm group and age-length keys will be used to develop age-frequency histograms for each pool. Once age-structure is determined, we will assess which age-classes are considered recruited to the gear and can be used for Maciena’s catch curve analysis to assess historical recruitment of Silver Carp in pools 17-19 of the Upper Mississippi River. Most Silver Carp captured above LD 19 are 5-10 years old, with peak catches not occurring until age 6-7. Therefore, we anticipate having approximately five age-classes where recruitment can be assessed (6-10 year old fish). Otolith microchemistry will be completed on approximately 60 fish per year class at Southern Illinois University to assess if their natal origin is above or below LD 19. The proportion of Silver Carp produced above versus below LD 19 per year class will be applied to the age-structure of fish captured from each pool to construct separate age-frequency histograms for fish originating from above versus below LD 19. Finally, catch curves will be constructed and residuals will be used to estimate year class strength for fish originating above and below LD 19 for both pools 17, 18, and 19. Finally, environmental conditions (e.g., mean June discharge) can be used to predict variation in recruitment based on environmental conditions. <b> </b>
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Incorporating climate, disease and invasive species into the conservation of a First Food, Klamath redband trout
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September 2024
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This research will provide actionable science to incorporate the interacting threats of climate change, disease, and invasive species into conservation plans seeking to restore subsistence fisheries for the Klamath Tribes. To address specific knowledge gaps expressed by our partners, we will identify the redband trout habitats most susceptible to both invasive trout and the salmonid parasite Ceratonova shasta. In doing so we will evaluate an unrecognized ecosystem dynamic, in which native pathogens restrict the thermal niche of invasive species, conferring indirect benefits to a native fish.
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This research will provide actionable science to incorporate the interacting threats of climate change, disease, and invasive species into conservation plans seeking to restore subsistence fisheries for the Klamath Tribes. To address specific knowledge gaps expressed by our partners, we will identify the redband trout habitats most susceptible to both invasive trout and the salmonid parasite Ceratonova shasta. In doing so we will evaluate an unrecognized ecosystem dynamic, in which native pathogens restrict the thermal niche of invasive species, conferring indirect benefits to a native fish.
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Post wildfire wildlife monitoring in Western Oregon
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June 2024
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This study will enable ODFW to understand how wildlife communities respond to changing habitat conditions and ecological succession in post-fire landscapes and provide valuable baseline data in unburned areas. Wildlife conservation, management, and habitat restoration decisions can be based on data provided by this research and validated through statistical analyses. The results of this study have implications to other state wildlife agencies in their response to large scale habitat disturbances, especially wildfires. Successful completion of the project will allow ODFW to develop appropriate recommendations and polices for conservation, management, and restoration of a large array of wildlife and habitats impacted by wildfires in western Oregon.
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This study will enable ODFW to understand how wildlife communities respond to changing habitat conditions and ecological succession in post-fire landscapes and provide valuable baseline data in unburned areas. Wildlife conservation, management, and habitat restoration decisions can be based on data provided by this research and validated through statistical analyses. The results of this study have implications to other state wildlife agencies in their response to large scale habitat disturbances, especially wildfires. Successful completion of the project will allow ODFW to develop appropriate recommendations and polices for conservation, management, and restoration of a large array of wildlife and habitats impacted by wildfires in western Oregon.
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Reconciling range-wide uncertainties in alligator Snapping turtle population viability using expert elicitation
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August 2024
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We are assisting the USFWS Alligator Snapping Turtle Species Status assessment team to develop a population viability model that predicted future abundance and extinction probability. In this project phase we are extending the model to include the entire species' range using expert elicited parameters. The results were used in the forth coming listing decision for both species of alligator snapping turtle.
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We are assisting the USFWS Alligator Snapping Turtle Species Status assessment team to develop a population viability model that predicted future abundance and extinction probability. In this project phase we are extending the model to include the entire species' range using expert elicited parameters. The results were used in the forth coming listing decision for both species of alligator snapping turtle.
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Inferring Rosy-Finch demography and breeding distribution trends from long-term wintering data in New Mexico
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December 2026
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The three Rosy-Finch species (Black, Brown-capped, and Gray-crowned) are among the most climate-threatened species in the United States. Rosy-Finches breed within high alpine and artic tundra biomes of North America, which are predicted to be disproportionately impacted by climate change. Therefore, identifying potential drivers of vital rates, abundance, and breeding distributions can potentially important environmental and habitat needs. Our study will evaluate long-term trends in demography and breeding distribution trends (inferred from stable isotopes) using long-term data form wintering birds captured on the Sandia Crest, New Mexico, which is also the southernmost point in which all three species co-occur. This project is a collaboration between the USGS New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USFWS Migratory Bird Management, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and Rio Grande Bird Research Inc. The research will be used to identify potential conservation actions, including habitat restoration, that could improve conditions for Rosy-Finches in a warming climate.
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The three Rosy-Finch species (Black, Brown-capped, and Gray-crowned) are among the most climate-threatened species in the United States. Rosy-Finches breed within high alpine and artic tundra biomes of North America, which are predicted to be disproportionately impacted by climate change. Therefore, identifying potential drivers of vital rates, abundance, and breeding distributions can potentially important environmental and habitat needs. Our study will evaluate long-term trends in demography and breeding distribution trends (inferred from stable isotopes) using long-term data form wintering birds captured on the Sandia Crest, New Mexico, which is also the southernmost point in which all three species co-occur. This project is a collaboration between the USGS New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USFWS Migratory Bird Management, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and Rio Grande Bird Research Inc. The research will be used to identify potential conservation actions, including habitat restoration, that could improve conditions for Rosy-Finches in a warming climate.
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Adaptive monitoring for salmonids in Yellowstone River
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June 2023
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The Yellowstone cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i>), rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) fisheries in the upper Yellowstone River, Montana are important recreational fisheries that are highly valued by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks and anglers within and outside Montana. Though the Yellowstone River trout fishery is predominantly catch-and-release, fish populations are still susceptible to stressors including increases in angling pressure (i.e., mortality does occur from catch and release angling), increased susceptibility to disease due to elevated water temperatures, and changes in the seasonal hydrograph pattern (as a consequence of a changing climate). Maintaining a monitoring program for salmonid populations in the Yellowstone River can provide important information to natural resource agencies regarding population structure, vital rates, abundance, and distribution in response to environmental stressors. Moreover, identifying and understanding trends in the fishery can provide natural resource agencies with information necessary to adapt management strategies to mitigate for stressors and ensure the salmonid fisheries in the Yellowstone River are available for future generations to enjoy.<br>Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks has been sampling Yellowstone cutthroat, rainbow, and brown trout in the Yellowstone River in Region 3 from Corwin Springs, Montana to Springdale, Montana since the early 1980s (Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 2018). In 1981, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks established a standardized monitoring program to evaluate the abundance, size structure, and geographic distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout in the upper Yellowstone River using batch mark-recapture techniques. These data have been used to monitor the trout populations and inform management decisions. However, fisheries biologists have recently found that standardized sampling events are becoming less effective or cannot be completed due to changing snowmelt patterns, resulting in an altered hydrograph and turbidity regime. Consequently, fisheries biologists have considered implementing novel analytical methods that could account for the logistical challenges and would continue to provide time-series abundance data. Such analytical methods would be especially pertinent for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout, a species of Special Concern for the state of Montana. The objectives for the upper Yellowstone River monitoring program include providing robust estimates of abundance and survival under the changing hydrological and turbidity regime. The estimates would continue the historical time series of estimates but be more flexible for changing environmental conditions. In addition, the proposed new analytical methods would provide estimates of survival that could be useful in managing the fisheries.<br>The goal of this project is to determine if the current Yellowstone River trout mark-recapture database contains the appropriate data structure to estimate abundance and survival using more robust methods (e.g., N-mixture). In addition, we will determine if the current sampling plan could be improved to provide more efficient and effective sampling. Given the changing abiotic conditions, an improved sampling plan could be of value so that mark-recapture based abundance or occupancy models can be implemented.
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The Yellowstone cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri</i>), rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) fisheries in the upper Yellowstone River, Montana are important recreational fisheries that are highly valued by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks and anglers within and outside Montana. Though the Yellowstone River trout fishery is predominantly catch-and-release, fish populations are still susceptible to stressors including increases in angling pressure (i.e., mortality does occur from catch and release angling), increased susceptibility to disease due to elevated water temperatures, and changes in the seasonal hydrograph pattern (as a consequence of a changing climate). Maintaining a monitoring program for salmonid populations in the Yellowstone River can provide important information to natural resource agencies regarding population structure, vital rates, abundance, and distribution in response to environmental stressors. Moreover, identifying and understanding trends in the fishery can provide natural resource agencies with information necessary to adapt management strategies to mitigate for stressors and ensure the salmonid fisheries in the Yellowstone River are available for future generations to enjoy.<br>Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks has been sampling Yellowstone cutthroat, rainbow, and brown trout in the Yellowstone River in Region 3 from Corwin Springs, Montana to Springdale, Montana since the early 1980s (Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 2018). In 1981, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks established a standardized monitoring program to evaluate the abundance, size structure, and geographic distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout in the upper Yellowstone River using batch mark-recapture techniques. These data have been used to monitor the trout populations and inform management decisions. However, fisheries biologists have recently found that standardized sampling events are becoming less effective or cannot be completed due to changing snowmelt patterns, resulting in an altered hydrograph and turbidity regime. Consequently, fisheries biologists have considered implementing novel analytical methods that could account for the logistical challenges and would continue to provide time-series abundance data. Such analytical methods would be especially pertinent for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout, a species of Special Concern for the state of Montana. The objectives for the upper Yellowstone River monitoring program include providing robust estimates of abundance and survival under the changing hydrological and turbidity regime. The estimates would continue the historical time series of estimates but be more flexible for changing environmental conditions. In addition, the proposed new analytical methods would provide estimates of survival that could be useful in managing the fisheries.<br>The goal of this project is to determine if the current Yellowstone River trout mark-recapture database contains the appropriate data structure to estimate abundance and survival using more robust methods (e.g., N-mixture). In addition, we will determine if the current sampling plan could be improved to provide more efficient and effective sampling. Given the changing abiotic conditions, an improved sampling plan could be of value so that mark-recapture based abundance or occupancy models can be implemented.
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Putting the sampling design to work: enhancing monitoring programs for improved management and inference of ecological responses to changes in climate.
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December 2025
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Studying the impacts of climate on important ecological responses is a priority of monitoring programs throughout the Northeast. Established sampling protocols for data collection, whether to inform estimates of abundance or occupancy, were designed to evaluate the effects of non-climate stressors and related management actions. Traditional modeling approaches, such as generalized linear models, may not accurately identify important relationships between species and climate nor elicit useful information on how these species will be impacted by a changing climate. This project is a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, and the National Park Service. The goal of this work is to develop statistical methods to enhance and/or modify existing monitoring programs' abilities to understand climate effects on fish and wildlife populations. Specifically, given existing monitoring programs, our objectives are to (1) develop statistical models that quantify and account for the impacts of the sampling design in understanding the relationship between climate and species abundance or occupancy, and (2) develop an optimal supplemental sampling design that factors in spatial and temporal effects, precision, and cost tradeoffs to enhance the monitoring program’s ability to track climate change and provide early indicators for fish and wildlife responses.
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Studying the impacts of climate on important ecological responses is a priority of monitoring programs throughout the Northeast. Established sampling protocols for data collection, whether to inform estimates of abundance or occupancy, were designed to evaluate the effects of non-climate stressors and related management actions. Traditional modeling approaches, such as generalized linear models, may not accurately identify important relationships between species and climate nor elicit useful information on how these species will be impacted by a changing climate. This project is a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, and the National Park Service. The goal of this work is to develop statistical methods to enhance and/or modify existing monitoring programs' abilities to understand climate effects on fish and wildlife populations. Specifically, given existing monitoring programs, our objectives are to (1) develop statistical models that quantify and account for the impacts of the sampling design in understanding the relationship between climate and species abundance or occupancy, and (2) develop an optimal supplemental sampling design that factors in spatial and temporal effects, precision, and cost tradeoffs to enhance the monitoring program’s ability to track climate change and provide early indicators for fish and wildlife responses.
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Risk assessment for Giant Salvinia in Arkansas waters
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June 2023
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Giant salvinia (<i>Salvinia molesta</i>) is the second worst aquatic weed in the world, and in North America, it causes millions of dollars in damages per year to agriculture, fishing industries, recreation, ecosystem health, and human health. Giant salvinia is spreading rapidly throughout the Southeastern United States, including in Arkansas, and climate change is likely to exacerbate the risk and rate of its spread. A preventative management approach that focuses on early detection and rapid eradication responses will be the most successful and cost effective. Thus, there is a critical need to develop a risk assessment tool that both facilitates early detection of giant salvinia and assesses the feasibility of rapid eradication. Here, our goal is to develop and implement a risk assessment tool that 1) facilitates early detection of giant salvinia by quantifying the likelihood of giant salvinia invasion in Arkansas under multiple potential future climate scenarios and 2) determines the feasibility of successfully eradicating giant salvinia in water bodies if giant salvinia is introduced. This risk assessment tool will help Arkansas Game & Fish Commission develop and improve preventative management strategies such as prioritizing monitoring efforts, developing rapid response plans tailored to specific water bodies, and targeted public outreach.
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Giant salvinia (<i>Salvinia molesta</i>) is the second worst aquatic weed in the world, and in North America, it causes millions of dollars in damages per year to agriculture, fishing industries, recreation, ecosystem health, and human health. Giant salvinia is spreading rapidly throughout the Southeastern United States, including in Arkansas, and climate change is likely to exacerbate the risk and rate of its spread. A preventative management approach that focuses on early detection and rapid eradication responses will be the most successful and cost effective. Thus, there is a critical need to develop a risk assessment tool that both facilitates early detection of giant salvinia and assesses the feasibility of rapid eradication. Here, our goal is to develop and implement a risk assessment tool that 1) facilitates early detection of giant salvinia by quantifying the likelihood of giant salvinia invasion in Arkansas under multiple potential future climate scenarios and 2) determines the feasibility of successfully eradicating giant salvinia in water bodies if giant salvinia is introduced. This risk assessment tool will help Arkansas Game & Fish Commission develop and improve preventative management strategies such as prioritizing monitoring efforts, developing rapid response plans tailored to specific water bodies, and targeted public outreach.
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Evaluating reproduction, harvest, timing of season, connectivity, and spatial ecology of wild turkeys in Nebraska
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December 2026
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Wild turkeys are an important game species in Nebraska and across the United States of America. Managers and hunters have reported declines in the number of wild turkeys in Nebraska, similar to declines in other states and regions. Though specific causes of the declines have not been identified, most populations have reported low productivity (e.g., nest success, brood survival), but other causes also may exist. To reverse this decline, state wildlife agencies have reduced wild turkey bag limits and prioritized habitat management efforts to increase recruitment and adult female survival in the breeding season. These efforts have slowed wild turkey population declines across the country, but populations continue to decrease in certain areas, suggesting there are other site-specific factors affecting growth rates (e.g., landcover availability, brood and hen survival). Knowledge of ecology and population dynamics at local scales is needed to understand the causes of decline and inform conservation efforts in statewide and nationwide efforts to reduce (and ultimately reverse) current population trends. <br> <br>We are applying a multifaceted approach to examine the ecology and population dynamics of wild turkeys in Nebraska and specifically aim to: (1) estimate annual reproductive parameters, (2) determine space use and habitat selection of males and females, (3) examine the influence of habitat patch connectivity on effective dispersal (gene flow), (4) estimate survival and harvest rates, (5) evaluate the influence of male social status on patterns of parentage in clutches, and (6) describe gobbling activity. We are partnering with University of Georgia, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and Nebraska Chapter of The National Wild Turkey Federation for field data collection.<br><br>
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Wild turkeys are an important game species in Nebraska and across the United States of America. Managers and hunters have reported declines in the number of wild turkeys in Nebraska, similar to declines in other states and regions. Though specific causes of the declines have not been identified, most populations have reported low productivity (e.g., nest success, brood survival), but other causes also may exist. To reverse this decline, state wildlife agencies have reduced wild turkey bag limits and prioritized habitat management efforts to increase recruitment and adult female survival in the breeding season. These efforts have slowed wild turkey population declines across the country, but populations continue to decrease in certain areas, suggesting there are other site-specific factors affecting growth rates (e.g., landcover availability, brood and hen survival). Knowledge of ecology and population dynamics at local scales is needed to understand the causes of decline and inform conservation efforts in statewide and nationwide efforts to reduce (and ultimately reverse) current population trends. <br> <br>We are applying a multifaceted approach to examine the ecology and population dynamics of wild turkeys in Nebraska and specifically aim to: (1) estimate annual reproductive parameters, (2) determine space use and habitat selection of males and females, (3) examine the influence of habitat patch connectivity on effective dispersal (gene flow), (4) estimate survival and harvest rates, (5) evaluate the influence of male social status on patterns of parentage in clutches, and (6) describe gobbling activity. We are partnering with University of Georgia, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and Nebraska Chapter of The National Wild Turkey Federation for field data collection.<br><br><br>
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Evaluating reproduction, harvest, timing of season, connectivity, and spatial ecology of wild turkeys in Nebraska
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December 2026
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Wild turkeys are an important game species in Nebraska and across the United States of America. Managers and hunters have reported declines in the number of wild turkeys in Nebraska, similar to declines in other states and regions. Though specific causes of the declines have not been identified, most populations have reported low productivity (e.g., nest success, brood survival), but other causes also may exist. To reverse this decline, state wildlife agencies have reduced wild turkey bag limits and prioritized habitat management efforts to increase recruitment and adult female survival in the breeding season. These efforts have slowed wild turkey population declines across the country, but populations continue to decrease in certain areas, suggesting there are other site-specific factors affecting growth rates (e.g., landcover availability, brood and hen survival). Knowledge of ecology and population dynamics at local scales is needed to understand the causes of decline and inform conservation efforts in statewide and nationwide efforts to reduce (and ultimately reverse) current population trends. <br> <br>We are applying a multifaceted approach to examine the ecology and population dynamics of wild turkeys in Nebraska and specifically aim to: (1) estimate annual reproductive parameters, (2) determine space use and habitat selection of males and females, (3) examine the influence of habitat patch connectivity on effective dispersal (gene flow), (4) estimate survival and harvest rates, (5) evaluate the influence of male social status on patterns of parentage in clutches, and (6) describe gobbling activity. We are partnering with University of Georgia, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and Nebraska Chapter of The National Wild Turkey Federation for field data collection.
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Wild turkeys are an important game species in Nebraska and across the United States of America. Managers and hunters have reported declines in the number of wild turkeys in Nebraska, similar to declines in other states and regions. Though specific causes of the declines have not been identified, most populations have reported low productivity (e.g., nest success, brood survival), but other causes also may exist. To reverse this decline, state wildlife agencies have reduced wild turkey bag limits and prioritized habitat management efforts to increase recruitment and adult female survival in the breeding season. These efforts have slowed wild turkey population declines across the country, but populations continue to decrease in certain areas, suggesting there are other site-specific factors affecting growth rates (e.g., landcover availability, brood and hen survival). Knowledge of ecology and population dynamics at local scales is needed to understand the causes of decline and inform conservation efforts in statewide and nationwide efforts to reduce (and ultimately reverse) current population trends. <br> <br>We are applying a multifaceted approach to examine the ecology and population dynamics of wild turkeys in Nebraska and specifically aim to: (1) estimate annual reproductive parameters, (2) determine space use and habitat selection of males and females, (3) examine the influence of habitat patch connectivity on effective dispersal (gene flow), (4) estimate survival and harvest rates, (5) evaluate the influence of male social status on patterns of parentage in clutches, and (6) describe gobbling activity. We are partnering with University of Georgia, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and Nebraska Chapter of The National Wild Turkey Federation for field data collection.
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Impacts of Wild Hogs on Birds
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December 2024
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Finishlater
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Finish later
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Northern Mexican gartersnake demographics and movement ecology
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December 2022
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The Northern Mexican Gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis eques</i>, hereafter THEQ) is a federally threatened species that has declined extensively due to invasive species, loss of native prey, and habitat loss and alterations. Data on THEQ population demographics and movement patterns are needed to inform ongoing recovery efforts. While previous studies have examined some aspects of THEQ ecology in central Arizona, very little is known about the ecology of THEQ along the Santa Cruz River in the San Rafael Valley of southeastern Arizona. This habitat of the San Rafael Valley is markedly different from that in other parts of THEQ’s range in Arizona being dominated by narrow riparian corridors surrounded by xeric grassland with isolated cattle stock tanks. Information specific to THEQ in the San Rafael Valley is therefore needed to ensure that appropriate management and conservation measures are taken and to increase our understanding of the ecology of THEQ. This project will continue ongoing mark-recapture surveys conducted by the Arizona Game and Fish Department to provide demographic parameter estimates for THEQ and test the application of GPS telemetry to collect fine-scale movement data on THEQ. This project is conducted in collaboration with Arizona Game and Fish Department and Dr. Matt Goode at the University of Arizona.
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The Northern Mexican Gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis eques</i>, hereafter THEQ) is a federally threatened species that has declined extensively due to invasive species, loss of native prey, and habitat loss and alterations. Data on THEQ population demographics and movement patterns are needed to inform ongoing recovery efforts. While previous studies have examined some aspects of THEQ ecology in central Arizona, very little is known about the ecology of THEQ along the Santa Cruz River in the San Rafael Valley of southeastern Arizona. This habitat of the San Rafael Valley is markedly different from that in other parts of THEQ’s range in Arizona being dominated by narrow riparian corridors surrounded by xeric grassland with isolated cattle stock tanks. Information specific to THEQ in the San Rafael Valley is therefore needed to ensure that appropriate management and conservation measures are taken and to increase our understanding of the ecology of THEQ. This project will continue ongoing mark-recapture surveys conducted by the Arizona Game and Fish Department to provide demographic parameter estimates for THEQ and test the application of GPS telemetry to collect fine-scale movement data on THEQ. This project is conducted in collaboration with Arizona Game and Fish Department and Dr. Matt Goode at the University of Arizona.
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Predicting from the past - identifying characteristics of invasion-resistant and invasion-prone waterbodies to aid horizon scanning
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December 2024
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Waterbodies in the Upper Mississippi River Basin are at high risk of invasion by several aquatic invasive species (AIS), with often devastating ecological impacts to water quality and economic consequences for water-related infrastructure and management. Yet understanding which sites are most prone to invasion, and by which species, is lacking, making it difficult for managers and policy makers to know where to focus prevention and mitigation efforts. Some waterbodies in the region have proved resistant to forecasted invasion, and these situations may provide clues as to the conditions and processes producing this apparent resistance. If patterns can be revealed, this would allow managers to more accurately predict invasion risk throughout the region and thus to triage sites for prevention and mitigation efforts. Additionally, such knowledge may allow managers to develop and apply strategies that promote resistance to invasion in other waterbodies. We will use a combination of machine learning and statistical modeling to leverage region-wide waterbody invasion histories and datasets on the physical, biological, chemical, anthropogenic, and geographic characteristics of these waterbodies to: a) identify that increase or decrease invasion risk, b) categorize all waterbodies in the region based on their invasion risk, and c) provide a decision support tools for managers and policy makers to identify at-risk sites.
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Waterbodies in the Upper Mississippi River Basin are at high risk of invasion by several aquatic invasive species (AIS), with often devastating ecological impacts to water quality and economic consequences for water-related infrastructure and management. Yet understanding which sites are most prone to invasion, and by which species, is lacking, making it difficult for managers and policy makers to know where to focus prevention and mitigation efforts. Some waterbodies in the region have proved resistant to forecasted invasion, and these situations may provide clues as to the conditions and processes producing this apparent resistance. If patterns can be revealed, this would allow managers to more accurately predict invasion risk throughout the region and thus to triage sites for prevention and mitigation efforts. Additionally, such knowledge may allow managers to develop and apply strategies that promote resistance to invasion in other waterbodies. We will use a combination of machine learning and statistical modeling to leverage region-wide waterbody invasion histories and datasets on the physical, biological, chemical, anthropogenic, and geographic characteristics of these waterbodies to: a) identify that increase or decrease invasion risk, b) categorize all waterbodies in the region based on their invasion risk, and c) provide a decision support tools for managers and policy makers to identify at-risk sites.
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Improving outcomes for hatchery-reared Chinook salmon through microbiome monitoring and enhancement
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January 2024
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Hatchery rearing and release programs have long been integral to salmon fisheries management as a way to supplement commercial and recreational harvests, and these programs have become increasingly important to fishers as wild stocks continue to decline. However, hatchery programs are also fraught with major challenges including poor hatchery fish performance. Improving the success of hatchery salmon and reducing the risks they present for wild populations could lead to greatly improved economic and ecological outcomes for Pacific salmon fisheries. This project directly addresses this management need by investigating the impacts of hatchery rearing on the microbial communities that populate the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of Pacific salmon, specifically juvenile Chinook salmon. In salmonid species, the gut microbiome has shown potential as a useful tool for monitoring hatchery fish health and for reducing disease risk through probiotic enhancement. The goal of our research is to identify hatchery rearing practices that result in improved gut microbiomes for hatchery-reared juvenile salmon (i.e., gut microbiomes that are more likely to resemble those of wild fish). This information will inform hatchery management practices to improve disease resistance, enhance fitness, and potentially mitigate some of the negative effects of hatchery fish on wild populations by reducing disease transmission and competition. This work will be the first to address the causes and consequences of microbiome differences between hatchery and wild Pacific salmon and will lay the groundwork for future studies assessing the long-term effects of gut microbiome disruption on Pacific salmon populations.
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Hatchery rearing and release programs have long been integral to salmon fisheries management as a way to supplement commercial and recreational harvests, and these programs have become increasingly important to fishers as wild stocks continue to decline. However, hatchery programs are also fraught with major challenges including poor hatchery fish performance. Improving the success of hatchery salmon and reducing the risks they present for wild populations could lead to greatly improved economic and ecological outcomes for Pacific salmon fisheries. This project directly addresses this management need by investigating the impacts of hatchery rearing on the microbial communities that populate the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of Pacific salmon, specifically juvenile Chinook salmon. In salmonid species, the gut microbiome has shown potential as a useful tool for monitoring hatchery fish health and for reducing disease risk through probiotic enhancement. The goal of our research is to identify hatchery rearing practices that result in improved gut microbiomes for hatchery-reared juvenile salmon (i.e., gut microbiomes that are more likely to resemble those of wild fish). This information will inform hatchery management practices to improve disease resistance, enhance fitness, and potentially mitigate some of the negative effects of hatchery fish on wild populations by reducing disease transmission and competition. This work will be the first to address the causes and consequences of microbiome differences between hatchery and wild Pacific salmon and will lay the groundwork for future studies assessing the long-term effects of gut microbiome disruption on Pacific salmon populations.
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Characterization of Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout Below the Little Red River Tailwater
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June 2025
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The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service created trout fisheries in the tailwater of the dam constructed on the Little Red River which created the Greers Ferry Reservoir. There is a put and take Rainbow Trout fishery and a naturalized Brown Trout population in the tailwater below the dam. Rainbow Trout stocking occurs throughout the tailwater down as far as the Monaghan/Womack Access (MWA). The section of the Little Red River below the MWA does not routinely receive stocked Rainbow Trout. Quantified information regarding the population characteristics for Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout below the MWA and the extent to which this river section of interest consists of transient or permanent residents is limited. Any future management actions would benefit from the empirical data regarding both Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout from the section of the Little Red River below the MWA. Hence, there is a need for characterization of the two trout species in that section of the river. Furthermore, thermal dynamics of the Little Red River below the MWA would influence trout growth and survival. Hence there is also a need to understand the relationship between dam releases, air temperatures and water temperatures in the portions of the Little Red River above as well as below the MWA. However, water temperature data from this section of the river and interannual changes in thermal habitat availability below the MWA are nonexistent
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There exists a need to understand basic population demographics of Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout below the current management boundaries for trout within the Little Red River, Arkansas. Further, basic information regarding water temperature suitability for sustaining trout populations within the Little Red Tailwater is needed. This project is a collaboration between the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, and the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Decisions regarding trout management boundaries and water releases to maintain adequate water temperatures will results from this research.
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Brown Trout Movement in Little Red River tailwater
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June 2025
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The population of Brown Trout below the Greers Ferry dam on the Little Red River (Greers Ferry Tailwater) is unique among trout populations in Arkansas. It is the only self-sustaining trout fishery in the State. While other trout fisheries in tailwaters below dams on the White River and its tributaries require stocking to sustain the fishery, no Brown Trout stocking is required in the Greers Ferry tailwater. This unique situation calls for a considered approach to managing this Brown Trout fishery, because of the inability to influence the fishery by varying stocking levels. Management of this Brown Trout fishery requires some understanding of spawning within the tailwater. This issue was the subject of a previous research project. Trout are managed in the Greers Ferry tailwater from the dam to the Monaghan/Womack Access (MWA) at the Hwy 305 bridge, east of Pangburn, Arkansas (~48 km or 30 miles). The magnitude and persistence of a Brown Trout fishery below the MWA is unclear. Data on trout movement within this section of the Little Red River or between this section and the tailwater above the MWA do not exist. This data gap regarding Brown Trout movement patterns will be addressed by this proposed project.
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The magnitude and persistence of a Brown Trout fishery below the trout management zone in the Little Red River is unclear. Data on trout movement within this section of the Little Red River or between this section and the tailwater above do not exist. As such, it is unknown what levels of protection are needed for trout that readily move among river segments. This data gap regarding Brown Trout movement patterns will be addressed by this proposed project. This project is a partnership between the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, and the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Decisions regarding extension of trout management boundaries will result from this work.
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Caribou recovery
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September 2023
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Southern mountain caribou have declined precipitously in western North America in recent decades and both the US and Canadian government s are working collaboratively on recovery efforts for this species. We do not have a solid understanding about the needs, availability, and spatial distribution of high quality habitat for caribou. This project is a collaboration between USGS, USFWS, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and Canadian and First Nations governments. We will assess habitat suitability across space and time and project habitat suitability as a function of future human land use patterns in western N. Am. The resulting models can be used to guide the spatial design of recovery options and guide southern mountain caribou conservation in western North America.
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Southern mountain caribou have declined precipitously in western North America in recent decades and both the US and Canadian government s are working collaboratively on recovery efforts for this species. We do not have a solid understanding about the needs, availability, and spatial distribution of high quality habitat for caribou. This project is a collaboration between USGS, USFWS, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and Canadian and First Nations governments. We will assess habitat suitability across space and time and project habitat suitability as a function of future human land use patterns in western N. Am. The resulting models can be used to guide the spatial design of recovery options and guide southern mountain caribou conservation in western North America.
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Population Dynamics of Burrowing Owls on Naval Air Station Lemoore
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September 2025
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Effects of aircraft noise on greater sage-grouse
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December 2024
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Multi-scale habitat needs of at-risk fishes in Nebraska
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February 2025
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The distribution and abundance of prairie-river fishes is maintained through demographic processes that occur over multiple scales embedded within a habitat matrix. Degradation of the habitat matrix in rivers, however, can limit completion of demographic processes (e.g., recruitment and movement) that may exacerbate the time for recolonization or permanently reduce their distribution and abundance. A major limitation exists, however, due to a lack of understanding of fish-habitat relationships at multiple spatial and temporal scales for many SGCN. A prominent question that remains unanswered includes 1) what habitat features at different spatial scales promote the presence of a species? This research is being conducted with support from and in collaboration with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. This study will set the stage for future work assessing fish-habitat relations by identifying locations most likely to contain species of interest. Benefits from this study may also feed data into the Nebraska Conservation and Environmental Review Tool (CERT), commonly used as a review for proposed projects and potential impacts within areas of at-risk species presence.
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The distribution and abundance of prairie-river fishes is maintained through demographic processes that occur over multiple scales embedded within a habitat matrix. Degradation of the habitat matrix in rivers, however, can limit completion of demographic processes (e.g., recruitment and movement) that may exacerbate the time for recolonization or permanently reduce their distribution and abundance. A major limitation exists, however, due to a lack of understanding of fish-habitat relationships at multiple spatial and temporal scales for many SGCN. A prominent question that remains unanswered includes 1) what habitat features at different spatial scales promote the presence of a species? This research is being conducted with support from and in collaboration with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. This study will set the stage for future work assessing fish-habitat relations by identifying locations most likely to contain species of interest. Benefits from this study may also feed data into the Nebraska Conservation and Environmental Review Tool (CERT), commonly used as a review for proposed projects and potential impacts within areas of at-risk species presence.
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Identifying environmental and demographic drivers of American kestrel population declines to inform conservation actions
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June 2024
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American kestrels have been steadily declining across their North American range for several decades. Kestrels are primarily associated with open country and grasslands, and grassland birds are among the most rapidly declining avian groups in North America. Though kestrels are among the most heavily studied raptor species, previously published demographic analyses at local-scales have failed to identify potential causes of population declines. Thus, broad, continental-scale population analyses that use more available data sources may offer insights into causes of population declines that can inform conservation actions. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USFWS National Raptor Program, USFWS Migratory Bird Management Southwest Region, USFWS Migratory Birds, and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. This research will be used to identify potential conservation actions that could address the causes of population declines identified by the population models. We will use decision analysis tools to then identify regional-scale research priorities that could test the effectiveness of conservation actions and further elucidate drivers of kestrel population dynamics.
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American kestrels have been steadily declining across their North American range for several decades. Kestrels are primarily associated with open country and grasslands, and grassland birds are among the most rapidly declining avian groups in North America. Though kestrels are among the most heavily studied raptor species, previously published demographic analyses at local-scales have failed to identify potential causes of population declines. Thus, broad, continental-scale population analyses that use more available data sources may offer insights into causes of population declines that can inform conservation actions. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the USGS New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USFWS National Raptor Program, USFWS Migratory Bird Management Southwest Region, USFWS Migratory Birds, and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. This research will be used to identify potential conservation actions that could address the causes of population declines identified by the population models. We will use decision analysis tools to then identify regional-scale research priorities that could test the effectiveness of conservation actions and further elucidate drivers of kestrel population dynamics.
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Eastern Black Rail Species Distribution Model
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September 2021
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Central Alaska aquatic inventory & monitoring data synthesis
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May 2023
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The purpose of this award is to assess the status and trends of freshwater communities and habitats in streams on Alaskan public lands utilizing a long-term water quality dataset. These data originate from within central Alaska national parks managed by the U.S. National Park Service as well as other lands in the region managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Research under this award will be guided by the following questions: To what extent can sites across Alaskan public lands be classified meaningfully based on a suite of shared environmental conditions, and do these classes, in turn, contain clearly defined ecological communities? How are species and habitat distributions altered across Alaskan public lands based on habitat conditions and expected environmental shifts under climate change or human use such as mining, and are certain ecological communities or habitats at particularly high risk of decline?
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Streams and rivers on public lands in central Alaska are subject to acute and increasing ecological stress from climate change and in-stream mining. However, long-term trends in water quality and biomonitoring-relevant species are rarely assessed to determine how these stressors are affecting the ecological function of these aquatic habitats. The project is a collaboration of researchers and partners within the Department of the Interior, including the USGS, National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management. Data synthesis will be aimed at delivering results that facilitate prediction of habitat and species population change as a result of ecological stressors in these central Alaskan freshwaters.
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Assessment of Silver Carp and Bighead Carp in the Platte River, Nebraska: emphasis on distribution, population demographics and reproduction
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January 2024
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Understanding the population characteristics and recruitment of Silver Carp and Bighead Carp within the Platte River system is imperative to prevent further expansion and mitigate the risks to human interests and the native fish communities. The study objectives of this project are to: (1) assess the prevalence of spawning, reproductive success, early recruitment, and habitat use of young-of-year Silver Carp and Bighead Carp within the lower Platte River, and (2) assess the temporal and spatial distribution and reproductive characteristics including—but not limited too—size, age at reproductive maturity and fecundity of Silver Carp and Bighead Carp populations on the Platte River and lower reaches of major tributaries of the Platte River.
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Invasive Bighead Carp and Silver Carp are expanding into Great Plains rivers and limited information regarding basic population demographics exists. Information on population demographics including abundance and reproduction can highlight areas where populations are expanding and possibly contributing individuals to other aquatic systems. This project is a collaboration with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. This work will help direct removal efforts and aid in informing risk assessments within interior rivers of Nebraska and other Great Plains river systems.
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Steelhead Run Reconstruction
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August 2024
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Snake River Basin steelhead are listed under the ESA and subject to harvest and hatchery programs. Spawning escapement throughout the basin is calculated from numerous data sets. We are conducting a sensitivity analysis on procedures used to calculate steelhead spawning escapement throughout the Snake River Basin. Our results will improve transparency, implementation, and accuracy of the methods used to generate management metrics. The project is imbedded within an existing collaboration between three state agencies and tribal comanagers.
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Snake River Basin steelhead are listed under the ESA and subject to harvest and hatchery programs. Spawning escapement throughout the basin is calculated from numerous data sets. We are conducting a sensitivity analysis on procedures used to calculate steelhead spawning escapement throughout the Snake River Basin. Our results will improve transparency, implementation, and accuracy of the methods used to generate management metrics. The project is imbedded within an existing collaboration between three state agencies and tribal comanagers.
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Yellow Perch in Lake Cascade
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December 2022
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The purpose of this better understand factors influencing recruitment dynamics of Yellow Perch in Lake Cascade, Idaho. In particularly, we are evaluating the trophic ecology of Yellow Perch and potential predators (Northern Pikeminnow, Smallmouth Bass) to provide insight on species interactions. Results of this research will prove resource managers with insight on management options that provide for a continued trophy Yellow Perch fishery.
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The purpose of this better understand factors influencing recruitment dynamics of Yellow Perch in Lake Cascade, Idaho. In particularly, we are evaluating the trophic ecology of Yellow Perch and potential predators (Northern Pikeminnow, Smallmouth Bass) to provide insight on species interactions. Results of this research will prove resource managers with insight on management options that provide for a continued trophy Yellow Perch fishery.
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Effects of agricultural pesticides on migrating shorebirds
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June 2024
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Patterns and processes in multi-predator dynamical systems
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June 2024
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Wildlife managers could use knowledge of the effects of one predator species on other predator species to achieve management objectives. However, community dynamics are difficult to predict. We will analyze a large camera trap dataset for spatiotemporal patterns of co-occurrence and covariance in abundance among wolves, mountain lions, black bears, bobcats, and coyotes throughout Idaho. The project is a collaboration of researchers from Idaho Fish and Game and the US Geological Survey.
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Wildlife managers could use knowledge of the effects of one predator species on other predator species to achieve management objectives. However, community dynamics are difficult to predict. We will analyze a large camera trap dataset for spatiotemporal patterns of co-occurrence and covariance in abundance among wolves, mountain lions, black bears, bobcats, and coyotes throughout Idaho. The project is a collaboration of researchers from Idaho Fish and Game and the US Geological Survey.
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Habitat Use and Survival of Reintroduced Juvenile Bolson Tortoises
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May 2025
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The Bolson tortoise is the largest and rarest of the six Gopherus species native to North America. With the exception of captive breeding populations in New Mexico, the Bolson tortoise has been extirpated from its U.S. range for over 12,000 years. In cooperation with the USFWS and the Turner Ecoagriculture Institute, this study will evaluate survival rates and habitat use of juvenile Bolson tortoises released on a large private ranch in southern New Mexico. The results from this study will be used to inform future reintroduction decisions within the species historic range in the Chihuahuan Desert.
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The Bolson tortoise is the largest and rarest of the six Gopherus species native to North America. With the exception of captive breeding populations in New Mexico, the Bolson tortoise has been extirpated from its U.S. range for over 12,000 years. In cooperation with the USFWS and the Turner Ecoagriculture Institute, this study will evaluate survival rates and habitat use of juvenile Bolson tortoises released on a large private ranch in southern New Mexico. The results from this study will be used to inform future reintroduction decisions within the species historic range in the Chihuahuan Desert.<br><br>
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Habitat Use and Survival of Reintroduced Juvenile Bolson Tortoises
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May 2025
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The Bolson tortoise is the largest and rarest of the six Gopherus species native to North America. With the exception of captive breeding populations in New Mexico, the Bolson tortoise has been extirpated from its U.S. range for over 12,000 years. In cooperation with the USFWS and the Turner Ecoagriculture Institute, this study will evaluate survival rates and habitat use of juvenile Bolson tortoises released on a large private ranch in southern New Mexico. The results from this study will be used to inform future reintroduction decisions within the species historic range in the Chihuahuan Desert.
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The Bolson tortoise is the largest and rarest of the six Gopherus species native to North America. With the exception of captive breeding populations in New Mexico, the Bolson tortoise has been extirpated from its U.S. range for over 12,000 years. In cooperation with the USFWS and the Turner Ecoagriculture Institute, this study will evaluate survival rates and habitat use of juvenile Bolson tortoises released on a large private ranch in southern New Mexico. The results from this study will be used to inform future reintroduction decisions within the species historic range in the Chihuahuan Desert.
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Grouper Moon: Conservation of Groupers in The Cayman Islands
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December 2028
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Many grouper species have seen declines in their populations driven by fishing targeting their spawning aggregations. The Cayman Islands have had a variety of protections in place with the goal of conserving their grouper populations. As a result of the protections in place and the relative ease of accessing the spawning aggregations, the Cayman Islands grouper populations can serve as study population for Caribbean grouper populations. The Grouper Moon Project was starting in 2003 as a collaboration between the Cayman Island Department of the Environment, Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF), and various university partners (Scripps Institution of Oceanography at University of California San Diego and Oregon State University) with the goal of providing the Cayman Islands government information on their grouper populations. The science products from this project will help inform management decisions and better understand the impacts from climate change on grouper populations.
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Many grouper species have seen declines in their populations driven by fishing targeting their spawning aggregations. The Cayman Islands have had a variety of protections in place with the goal of conserving their grouper populations. As a result of the protections in place and the relative ease of accessing the spawning aggregations, the Cayman Islands grouper populations can serve as study population for Caribbean grouper populations. The Grouper Moon Project was starting in 2003 as a collaboration between the Cayman Island Department of the Environment, Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF), and various university partners (Scripps Institution of Oceanography at University of California San Diego and Oregon State University) with the goal of providing the Cayman Islands government information on their grouper populations. The science products from this project will help inform management decisions and better understand the impacts from climate change on grouper populations.
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Investigating Biodiversity and Abundance of Reef Predators in The Bahamas using Baited Remote Underwater Video Surveys
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December 2024
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The Bahamas has a goal of protecting 30% of their habitat by the year 2030 through marine protected areas and land-based parks. There is a need for scientific evidence to justify the selection of areas for protections. Additionally, The Bahamas relies heavily on its marine resources as a source of tourism-based income along with commercial, recreational, and artisanal fishing. Stereo Baited Remote Underwater Video Surveys (Stereo BRUVS) will be used to assess the abundance, biodiversity, and length composition of populations of elasmobranchs and predatory reef fish (e.g., groupers and snappers). The objectives of this project are to (1) assess biodiversity and abundance from BRUVS footage, (2) identify any critical habitats for species of concern, and (3) compare BRUVS from the Berry Islands across multiple years to assess if populations are changing.
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The Bahamas has a goal of protecting 30% of their habitat by the year 2030 through marine protected areas and land-based parks. There is a need for scientific evidence to justify the selection of areas for protections. Additionally, The Bahamas relies heavily on its marine resources as a source of tourism-based income along with commercial, recreational, and artisanal fishing. Stereo Baited Remote Underwater Video Surveys (Stereo BRUVS) will be used to assess the abundance, biodiversity, and length composition of populations of elasmobranchs and predatory reef fish (e.g., groupers and snappers). The objectives of this project are to (1) assess biodiversity and abundance from BRUVS footage, (2) identify any critical habitats for species of concern, and (3) compare BRUVS from the Berry Islands across multiple years to assess if populations are changing.
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Development of a Mississippi River Basin Invasive Carp Population Assessment Team
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December 2021
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Bighead (<i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i>), black (<i>Mylopharyngodon piceus</i>), grass (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>), and silver carp (<i>H. molitrix</i>), collectively referred to as invasive carp, have caused a wide range of negative ecological, economic, and social impacts since their introduction to the United States and subsequent escapement and spread. As a result, the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force charged the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) to develop a national management and control plan. With passage of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA), Congress charged the Service with leading a multi-agency effort to slow the spread of invasive carp in the Upper Mississippi and Ohio river basins by carrying out activities designed to slow, and eventually eliminate, the threat posed by invasive carp. In addition, the Service is mandated by Congress to coordinate multi-agency efforts to manage and control invasive carp nationally, to report the effectiveness of these cooperative efforts, and to document progress implementing the National Plan and controlling the spread of invasive carp. In FY20, Congress expanded invasive carp control activities throughout the Mississippi River and its sub-basins, including the Lower Mississippi River, Arkansas-Red-White, Missouri River, Tennessee-Cumberland, Ohio River, and Upper Mississippi River sub-basins. To begin addressing this need, the Service formed an Ad Hoc Team with representatives from each sub-basin partnership and select federal agencies (see Appendix 1) to develop initial goals and objectives for an invasive carp population assessment and to identify an organizational structure, roles, responsibilities, and expectations that provide the necessary coordination and communication to develop a comprehensive basin wide approach for population assessment. This approach will be shared with the sub-basin partnerships and respective state management authorities and revised as needed based on input received.
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Bighead (<i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i>), black (<i>Mylopharyngodon piceus</i>), grass (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>), and silver carp (<i>H. molitrix</i>), collectively referred to as invasive carp, have caused a wide range of negative ecological, economic, and social impacts since their introduction to the United States and subsequent escapement and spread. As a result, the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force charged the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) to develop a national management and control plan. With passage of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA), Congress charged the Service with leading a multi-agency effort to slow the spread of invasive carp in the Upper Mississippi and Ohio river basins by carrying out activities designed to slow, and eventually eliminate, the threat posed by invasive carp. In addition, the Service is mandated by Congress to coordinate multi-agency efforts to manage and control invasive carp nationally, to report the effectiveness of these cooperative efforts, and to document progress implementing the National Plan and controlling the spread of invasive carp. In FY20, Congress expanded invasive carp control activities throughout the Mississippi River and its sub-basins, including the Lower Mississippi River, Arkansas-Red-White, Missouri River, Tennessee-Cumberland, Ohio River, and Upper Mississippi River sub-basins. To begin addressing this need, the Service formed an Ad Hoc Team with representatives from each sub-basin partnership and select federal agencies (see Appendix 1) to develop initial goals and objectives for an invasive carp population assessment and to identify an organizational structure, roles, responsibilities, and expectations that provide the necessary coordination and communication to develop a comprehensive basin wide approach for population assessment. This approach will be shared with the sub-basin partnerships and respective state management authorities and revised as needed based on input received.
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Assessing Nesting Status of Black-capped Petrels Following Acute Disturbance Events
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December 2023
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The Black-capped Petrel <i>Pterodroma hasitata</i> (known regionally as Diablotin) is a medium-size gadfly petrel endemic to the Caribbean. The species has a declining population and is considered Endangered throughout its range. The species is currently proposed by FWS as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Population estimates based on at-sea observations range from 2,000 to 4,000 individuals, with a fragmented breeding population estimated at 500 to 1,000 pairs. Currently, the only confirmed breeding areas are located on the island of Hispaniola. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2018) predicted that the two major breeding areas on Hispaniola are likely to face extirpation by 2070 and, if no additional nest sites are found, this would represent a potential loss of up to 85-95% of the currently known breeding population. We will assess the nesting status of Black-capped Petrels following acute predation and fire events, and evaluate the deployment of artificial burrows as a recovery technique. Such an assessment of resiliency is consistent with objectives of the 2018 SSA developed for the species.<br><br>
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The Black-capped Petrel <i>Pterodroma hasitata</i> is a medium-size gadfly petrel endemic to the Caribbean. The species has a declining population and is considered Endangered throughout its range. The species is currently proposed by FWS as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Currently, the only confirmed breeding areas are located on the island of Hispaniola with <100 nests discovered. We will be partnering with the non-profit Grupo Jaragua (GJ), which leads the conservation efforts for the Black-capped Petrel in the Dominican Republic. GJ coordinates conservation actions for the species, including capacity building, nest searches, colony monitoring and predator control. The project will determine if breeding Black-capped Petrels are resilient to catastrophic threat events that destroy or degrade nests/nesting habitat and kill birds, and will evaluate the use and efficacy of artificial burrows as a practical and beneficial conservation intervention. Such an assessment of resiliency is consistent with objectives of the 2018 SSA developed for the species.<br><i> </i>
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Assessing Nesting Status of Black-capped Petrels Following Acute Disturbance Events
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December 2023
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The Black-capped Petrel <i>Pterodroma hasitata</i> (known regionally as Diablotin) is a medium-size gadfly petrel endemic to the Caribbean. The species has a declining population and is considered Endangered throughout its range. The species is currently proposed by FWS as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Population estimates based on at-sea observations range from 2,000 to 4,000 individuals, with a fragmented breeding population estimated at 500 to 1,000 pairs. Currently, the only confirmed breeding areas are located on the island of Hispaniola. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2018) predicted that the two major breeding areas on Hispaniola are likely to face extirpation by 2070 and, if no additional nest sites are found, this would represent a potential loss of up to 85-95% of the currently known breeding population. We will assess the nesting status of Black-capped Petrels following acute predation and fire events, and evaluate the deployment of artificial burrows as a recovery technique. Such an assessment of resiliency is consistent with objectives of the 2018 SSA developed for the species.
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The Black-capped Petrel <i>Pterodroma hasitata</i> is a medium-size gadfly petrel endemic to the Caribbean. The species has a declining population and is considered Endangered throughout its range. The species is currently proposed by FWS as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Currently, the only confirmed breeding areas are located on the island of Hispaniola with <100 nests discovered. We will be partnering with the non-profit Grupo Jaragua (GJ), which leads the conservation efforts for the Black-capped Petrel in the Dominican Republic. GJ coordinates conservation actions for the species, including capacity building, nest searches, colony monitoring and predator control. The project will determine if breeding Black-capped Petrels are resilient to catastrophic threat events that destroy or degrade nests/nesting habitat and kill birds, and will evaluate the use and efficacy of artificial burrows as a practical and beneficial conservation intervention. Such an assessment of resiliency is consistent with objectives of the 2018 SSA developed for the species.<br><i> </i>
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TCU 438: Evaluating resilience and vulnerability of fish assemblage structure to intermittent flow
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August 2024
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Growing human populations, irrigation water demands, and plans to increase water storage capacity intensify the need to understand how fish respond to drought to establish realistic targets for managing populations and at-risk species. This project proposes to address species resilience and vulnerability to drying events to provide fish-habitat association and distribution data that could be used to inform Native Fish Conservation Area planning and instream flow recommendations in the middle Colorado River basin. Information on species responses with respect to the severity and extent (spatial and temporal) of drying will provide evidence-based inferences about how projected increases in climate- or anthropogenically-driven intermittence may influence recruitment dynamics and fish assemblage structure, including fish species of greatest conservation need.
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Growing human populations, irrigation water demands, and plans to increase water storage capacity intensify the need to understand how fish respond to drought to establish realistic targets for managing populations and at-risk species. This project proposes to address species resilience and vulnerability to drying events to provide fish-habitat association and distribution data that could be used to inform Native Fish Conservation Area planning and instream flow recommendations in the middle Colorado River basin. This project is a collaboration between Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the USGS Texas Cooperative Research Unit at Texas Tech University. Information on species responses with respect to the severity and extent (spatial and temporal) of drying will provide evidence-based inferences about how projected increases in climate- or anthropogenically-driven intermittence may influence recruitment dynamics and fish assemblage structure, including fish species of greatest conservation need.
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Assessment of angler use and catch during 2022 at Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska
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March 2023
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The Nebraska Public Power District is a publicly-owned utility and a political subdivision of the State of Nebraska. Its chartered service territory is vast, including all or parts of 86 of Nebraska's 93 counties. The utility works through partnerships to help serve more than an estimated 600,000 Nebraskans with retail and wholesale electric power and energy-related services. The Nebraska Public Power District owns and manages Sutherland Reservoir, a 3,000-surface-acre reservoir located three miles south of the Interstate 80 Exit at Sutherland, Nebraska, as part of its hydropower system, and the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission oversees most of the recreation areas at this reservoir. The purpose of this study is to estimate angler use and catch at Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska, from April through October 2022. Specifically, we obtained monthly estimates of angler pressure, catch, and harvest. This information will allow the Nebraska Public Power District to evaluate angler use and influence of the fishery at Sutherland Reservoir, and is a required component of its hydropower operating license.
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Sutherland Reservoir (1,220 hectares) is the first canal reservoir downstream from Lake McConaughy and is utilized for the cooling of Nebraska Public Power District’s (NPPD) Gerald Gentleman Station. Permitting requires ongoing monitoring of activities, including recreational fishing. The purpose of this study is to estimate angler use and catch of Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska, during 2022. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the University of Nebraska—Lincoln and the Nebraska Public Power District. Information gained on angler behavior will be important for increased effectiveness of fishery management, as well as increased effectiveness of plant operations.
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Analysis of bald eagle demographic data
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December 2023
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Problem statement (1-2 sentences):<br>The Arizona breeding population of Bald Eagle appears largely demographically isolated from other Bald Eagle breeding populations. It is therefore necessary to understand the viability of this population and how changes to key demographic rates (e.g., nest productivity) may ultimately affect the viability of this population. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has collected an impressive long-term dataset on Bald Eagles in Arizona including band-resight data, nest productivity and occupancy data, telemetry data, and nest parasite data. This provides an excellent collaborative opportunity to combine these data sources within an integrated population modeling framework to project population trends forward in time while fully propagating parameter uncertainty and conduct scenario analyses to determine how changes in demographic rates may affect population viability. This is turn will allow for a more informed decision making process when managing Bald Eagles in Arizona.<br><br>
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Problem statement (1-2 sentences):<br>The Arizona breeding population of Bald Eagle appears largely demographically isolated from other Bald Eagle breeding populations. It is therefore necessary to understand the viability of this population and how changes to key demographic rates (e.g., nest productivity) may ultimately affect the viability of this population. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has collected an impressive long-term dataset on Bald Eagles in Arizona including band-resight data, nest productivity and occupancy data, telemetry data, and nest parasite data. This provides an excellent collaborative opportunity to combine these data sources within an integrated population modeling framework to project population trends forward in time while fully propagating parameter uncertainty and conduct scenario analyses to determine how changes in demographic rates may affect population viability. This is turn will allow for a more informed decision making process when managing Bald Eagles in Arizona. <br><br>
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Analysis of bald eagle demographic data
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December 2023
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Problem statement (1-2 sentences):<br>The Arizona breeding population of Bald Eagle appears largely demographically isolated from other Bald Eagle breeding populations. It is therefore necessary to understand the viability of this population and how changes to key demographic rates (e.g., nest productivity) may ultimately affect the viability of this population. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has collected an impressive long-term dataset on Bald Eagles in Arizona including band-resight data, nest productivity and occupancy data, telemetry data, and nest parasite data. This provides an excellent collaborative opportunity to combine these data sources within an integrated population modeling framework to project population trends forward in time while fully propagating parameter uncertainty and conduct scenario analyses to determine how changes in demographic rates may affect population viability. This is turn will allow for a more informed decision making process when managing Bald Eagles in Arizona.
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Problem statement (1-2 sentences):<br>The Arizona breeding population of Bald Eagle appears largely demographically isolated from other Bald Eagle breeding populations. It is therefore necessary to understand the viability of this population and how changes to key demographic rates (e.g., nest productivity) may ultimately affect the viability of this population. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has collected an impressive long-term dataset on Bald Eagles in Arizona including band-resight data, nest productivity and occupancy data, telemetry data, and nest parasite data. This provides an excellent collaborative opportunity to combine these data sources within an integrated population modeling framework to project population trends forward in time while fully propagating parameter uncertainty and conduct scenario analyses to determine how changes in demographic rates may affect population viability. This is turn will allow for a more informed decision making process when managing Bald Eagles in Arizona.
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Heavy Metals in Cape Krusenstren National Monument
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June 2024
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N/A
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N/A
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Burrowing Owl population assessment on Colorado's black tailed prairie dog colonies
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June 2022
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N/A
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N/A
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Modeling and Decision Analysis for Plague in Prairie Dog Colonies
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February 2023
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N/A
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N/A
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Integrated Ecosystem Modeling Fish In the Grand Canyon
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September 2024
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N/A
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N/A
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Beaver Ecology and Relocation Ecology
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March 2025
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This study will provide critical information on beaver space use and behavioral ecology to increase the effectiveness of future stream restoration projects using beaver translocations. This research will aid directly in the management of public lands, help evaluate beaver-based restoration project success, aid in the conservation of species, provide information on beaver ecology and movement, and demonstrate how beaver restoration can be a creative, cost-effective approach to integrate management of private, state, and federal lands in Utah.
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American beavers (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) are a keystone species and ecosystem engineer. They are especially important to water storage, increasing livestock forage, and creating native fish habitat in arid western ecosystems. For these reasons, beaver translocations are becoming a popular method to enhance stream restoration projects (http://beaver.joewheaton.org). However, using beaver to scale up restoration efforts to the actual scope of stream degradation may sound promising, but the reality is that the logistics of doing so are not simple. Here we are assessing methods to maximize the success of beaver translocation as part of the evaluation of restoration using beavers. We are partnering with USFS, BLM, UDWR, PacifiCorps, and landowners. This study will provide critical information on beaver space use and behavioral ecology to increase the effectiveness of future stream restoration projects using beaver translocations. This research will aid directly in the management of public lands, help evaluate beaver-based restoration project success, aid in the conservation of species, provide information on beaver ecology and movement, and demonstrate how beaver restoration can be a creative, cost-effective approach to integrate management of private, state, and federal lands in Utah.<br> <br>
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Contribution of Different Spawning Strategies and Locations to Lake Whitefish Fisheries in Southern Green Bay
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December 2025
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Lake whitefish recruitment has declined in several management zones around the Great Lakes, yet recruitment has markedly increased in southern Green Bay following a resurgence of spawning in some tributaries. This progression seems to suggest that restoring tributary spawning might help offset declines in whitefish recruitment in other areas. However, assuming that tributary spawning is primarily responsible for the expansion of lake whitefish in southern Green Bay is purely speculative. In reality, the importance of tributary spawning to the lake whitefish stock in southern Green Bay remains unknown and available evidence (e.g., telemetry, larval sampling) suggests that whitefish also spawn outside of tributaries at locations that have yet to be identified, representing a major obstacle in understanding stock dynamics. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Michigan State-Hammond Bay Biological Station, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System. If most whitefish in southern Green Bay spawn in tributaries, restoring this spawning strategy might provide a viable management tool in other places. Conversely, if a relatively low proportion of lake whitefish in southern Green Bay spawn in tributaries, restoring river spawning may be less likely to offset population declines in other portions of the Great Lakes.
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Lake whitefish recruitment has declined in several management zones around the Great Lakes, yet recruitment has markedly increased in southern Green Bay following a resurgence of spawning in some tributaries. This progression seems to suggest that restoring tributary spawning might help offset declines in whitefish recruitment in other areas. However, assuming that tributary spawning is primarily responsible for the expansion of lake whitefish in southern Green Bay is purely speculative. In reality, the importance of tributary spawning to the lake whitefish stock in southern Green Bay remains unknown and available evidence (e.g., telemetry, larval sampling) suggests that whitefish also spawn outside of tributaries at locations that have yet to be identified, representing a major obstacle in understanding stock dynamics. This project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Michigan State-Hammond Bay Biological Station, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System. If most whitefish in southern Green Bay spawn in tributaries, restoring this spawning strategy might provide a viable management tool in other places. Conversely, if a relatively low proportion of lake whitefish in southern Green Bay spawn in tributaries, restoring river spawning may be less likely to offset population declines in other portions of the Great Lakes.
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Assessment of movement of prions across the captive-wild interface
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August 2023
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Pennsylvania has detected chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and wild white-tailed deer since 2012. Since first detection occurred in the same year in both captive and wild deer, it is difficult to ascertain the role the captive-wild interface has on disease transmission in the state. Since 2012, over 10 captive facilities and 250 wild deer have tested positive for CWD. Considering Pennsylvania is second only to Texas in the number of captive facilities statewide, assessment of various components of the captive-wild interface appears warranted. Previous studies have documented crows were able to transmit infectious prions responsible for CWD in a controlled laboratory setting but field evaluation of this possibility has yet to be tested. Furthermore, limited information exists as to species’ use of captive facilities or areas surrounding these facilities to evaluate the role these species play, if any, of movement of prions around the landscape.
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Pennsylvania has detected chronic wasting disease (CWD) in captive and wild white-tailed deer since 2012. Since first detection occurred in the same year in both captive and wild deer, it is difficult to ascertain the role the captive-wild interface has on disease transmission in the state. Since 2012, over 10 captive facilities and 250 wild deer have tested positive for CWD. Considering Pennsylvania is second only to Texas in the number of captive facilities statewide, assessment of various components of the captive-wild interface appears warranted. Previous studies have documented crows were able to transmit infectious prions responsible for CWD in a controlled laboratory setting but field evaluation of this possibility has yet to be tested. Furthermore, limited information exists as to species’ use of captive facilities or areas surrounding these facilities to evaluate the role these species play, if any, of movement of prions around the landscape.
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Modeling the risk of West Nile virus to ruffed grouse populations
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June 2022
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Since its arrival in North America in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has had unprecedented adverse effects on the health of native birds across numerous taxa. In Pennsylvania, WNV was first documented statewide in 2002, with concurrent and precipitous population declines in ruffed grouse (<i>Bonasa umbellus</i>). Recovery of grouse populations has not since been observed. Infected grouse may experience mortality rates as high as 70% or greater. The ongoing influence of WNV can be seen in statewide population indices such as hunter flush rates and late-summer brood sighting survey data. Recent analysis indicates that WNV and availability of young forest on the landscape synergistically influence colonization, persistence and extinction of local grouse populations. Susceptibility of ruffed grouse to ongoing cycles of high-WNV prevalence has important implications for managing this species. Monitoring vector species abundance can assist in understanding areas of the landscape that pose a risk to sustaining grouse populations.
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Since its arrival in North America in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has had unprecedented adverse effects on the health of native birds across numerous taxa. In Pennsylvania, WNV was first documented statewide in 2002, with concurrent and precipitous population declines in ruffed grouse (<i>Bonasa umbellus</i>). Recovery of grouse populations has not since been observed. Infected grouse may experience mortality rates as high as 70% or greater. The ongoing influence of WNV can be seen in statewide population indices such as hunter flush rates and late-summer brood sighting survey data. Recent analysis indicates that WNV and availability of young forest on the landscape synergistically influence colonization, persistence and extinction of local grouse populations. Susceptibility of ruffed grouse to ongoing cycles of high-WNV prevalence has important implications for managing this species. Monitoring vector species abundance can assist in understanding areas of the landscape that pose a risk to sustaining grouse populations.
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Muskrat ecology and disease
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August 2023
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Wildlife disease surveillance is important for understanding wildlife health and can also provide insight into human and domestic animal health. Monitoring wildlife for diseases can be used to initiate preventative measures or management efforts against outbreaks in other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Passive surveillance involves investigation of mortality events to determine the cause(s) of disease. Results of passive surveillance give researchers insight into what is currently causing or has previously caused morbidity and mortality. Active surveillance consists of targeted investigations of pathogens, toxicants, and diseases through systematic collections of animals or their samples. Through various surveillance frameworks, researchers can assess current and future risk to outbreaks and diseases.
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Wildlife disease surveillance is important for understanding wildlife health and can also provide insight into human and domestic animal health. Monitoring wildlife for diseases can be used to initiate preventative measures or management efforts against outbreaks in other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Passive surveillance involves investigation of mortality events to determine the cause(s) of disease. Results of passive surveillance give researchers insight into what is currently causing or has previously caused morbidity and mortality. Active surveillance consists of targeted investigations of pathogens, toxicants, and diseases through systematic collections of animals or their samples. Through various surveillance frameworks, researchers can assess current and future risk to outbreaks and diseases.
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Parturition timing and calf survival in Pennsylvania elk
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June 2023
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Novel methods are available to understand the ecology of large mammals in various regions of the US. From the use of global positioning technology (GPS) for movements to vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) to document parturition, information on various life stages of elk can be determined. This project focuses on using improvements in technology or novel methods to assess elk diet, reproduction, genetics, and survival.
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Novel methods are available to understand the ecology of large mammals in various regions of the US. From the use of global positioning technology (GPS) for movements to vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) to document parturition, information on various life stages of elk can be determined. This project focuses on using improvements in technology or novel methods to assess elk diet, reproduction, genetics, and survival.
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Uinta Mule Deer Survival, Movement, and Habitat Use
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January 2025
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The purpose of this study is to collect movement and habitat use data for mule deer to aid WYDOT, WGFD, and partners in reducing wildlife vehicle collisions and conserving ungulate migrations along the I-80 corridor in western Wyoming.<br>Study Objectives:<br>1. To document mule deer migration patterns relative to I-80 and other highways (HWY 30, 189, 410). Mule deer migration corridors have never been mapped in this part of Wyoming, and this collaring study is providing this critical information.<br>2. To identify current mule deer use of existing crossing structures along the I-80 corridor. Our specific geographic focus is the Mountain View/Evanston area, including the southern portion of HWY 189.<br>The project is a collaboration among our research group at UW, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (Green River Region), and WYDOT engineers. Study collaborators include Matt Kauffman, Bill Rudd (Wyoming Migration Initiative), Jeff Short (WGFD), and Scott Gamo and Thomas Hart (WYDOT).
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The purpose of this study is to collect movement and habitat use data for mule deer to aid WYDOT, WGFD, and partners in reducing wildlife vehicle collisions and conserving ungulate migrations along the I-80 corridor in western Wyoming.<br>Study Objectives: <br>1. To document mule deer migration patterns relative to I-80 and other highways (HWY 30, 189, 410). Mule deer migration corridors have never been mapped in this part of Wyoming, and this collaring study is providing this critical information.<br>2. To identify current mule deer use of existing crossing structures along the I-80 corridor. Our specific geographic focus is the Mountain View/Evanston area, including the southern portion of HWY 189.<br>The project is a collaboration among our research group at UW, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (Green River Region), and WYDOT engineers. Study collaborators include Matt Kauffman, Bill Rudd (Wyoming Migration Initiative), Jeff Short (WGFD), and Scott Gamo and Thomas Hart (WYDOT).
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Can ribbed mussels augment coastal restoration projects in a world of rising seas?
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July 2023
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This project examines the role of ribbed mussels in stabilizing shorelines directly through the structure they provide, and indirectly by promoting saltmarsh vegetation growth through their impact on nutrient availability in the soils. In collaboration with researchers at Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, and funded by the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana and Louisiana Sea Grant, this project will provide information to help guide and inform future restoration efforts.
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This project examines the role of ribbed mussels in stabilizing shorelines directly through the structure they provide, and indirectly by promoting saltmarsh vegetation growth through their impact on nutrient availability in the soils. In collaboration with researchers at Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, and funded by the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana and Louisiana Sea Grant, this project will provide information to help guide and inform future restoration efforts.
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Inventory of models to support decision making to address oyster restoration
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May 2021
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<i>Along the coast of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the eastern oyster, <i>Crassostrea virginica</i>, plays important ecological and economic roles. Commercial landings from this region account for more than 50% of all U.S. landings; these oyster reefs also provide varied ecosystem services including nursery habitat for many fish and macroinvertebrate species, shoreline protection, and water quality maintenance. Declining trends in both total oyster production and functional reef area across this area have spurred investment in restoration of oyster resources, with specific calls for restoration projects to develop a network of reefs, identifying broodstock and sanctuary reef restoration sites, specifically. Numerous efforts related to oyster reefs exist in identifying sites for restoration, and location of broodstock sanctuaries. Along with PEW Charitable Trusts, this project created a database and summary of existing models that can be used to inform oyster restoration. This review provides a complete overview of oyster modeling in the Gulf of Mexico, identifying the tools available, and the gaps related to informing oyster restoration. </i>
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<i>Along the coast of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the eastern oyster, <i>Crassostrea virginica</i>, plays important ecological and economic roles. Commercial landings from this region account for more than 50% of all U.S. landings; these oyster reefs also provide varied ecosystem services including nursery habitat for many fish and macroinvertebrate species, shoreline protection, and water quality maintenance. Declining trends in both total oyster production and functional reef area across this area have spurred investment in restoration of oyster resources, with specific calls for restoration projects to develop a network of reefs, identifying broodstock and sanctuary reef restoration sites, specifically. Numerous efforts related to oyster reefs exist in identifying sites for restoration, and location of broodstock sanctuaries. Along with PEW Charitable Trusts, this project created a database and summary of existing models that can be used to inform oyster restoration. This review provides a complete overview of oyster modeling in the Gulf of Mexico, identifying the tools available, and the gaps related to informing oyster restoration. </i>
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Model Updates and Improvements: ICM-HSIs
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June 2020
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This project examined Habitat Suitability Models for key species in coastal Louisiana. The habitat suitability models are used to inform the state of Louisiana's Coastal Master Plan which informs restoration and management activities along the coast. In this project, we examined the newest literature on oyster habitat suitability, and updated the existing habitat suitability model for oysters.
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This project examined Habitat Suitability Models for key species in coastal Louisiana. The habitat suitability models are used to inform the state of Louisiana's Coastal Master Plan which informs restoration and management activities along the coast. In this project, we examined the newest literature on oyster habitat suitability, and updated the existing habitat suitability model for oysters.
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Gear Comparison Study for Sampling Nekton in Barataria Basin Marshes
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December 2020
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Long-term fisheries-independent sampling data inform population status and trends of species-specific biomass and are often used to drive biomass-based food web models such as the Comprehensive Aquatic Systems Model (CASM). Indicators such as total biomass and mean trophic level derived from these data and from CASM outputs inform management and facilitate assessments of on-going and predicted coastal change and restoration activities on fisheries, but rely on consistent sampling to enable comparisons across space and time. Changes in coastal estuarine gradients, combined with the availability of new sampling technologies, highlight a need to assess the potential consequences of changing sampling technologies on fisheries data and the cascading impact on model outputs. In Louisiana, USA, CASM models are used to inform coastal restoration projects, relying on 40 years of fisheries-independent data derived from 50’ seine sampling. However, alternative use of electrofishers as a sampling method has been proposed to replace the seine sampling. In this study, we examine data from concurrent seine and electrofisher sampling in Barataria Basin, Louisiana, and compare biomass, assemblage data and CASM outputs related to species biomass, food web structure and energy cycling. In a paired comparison of data in 2018-2019, the electrofisher captured higher total catch and diversity compared to the seine. The electrofisher samples were dominated by shrimp (grass, white, brown) and larger bodied fish, while seine samples were dominated by smaller-bodied fish (i.e., anchovy, menhaden). Ecosystem indicators derived from running the CASM using biomass data from seine and electrofisher sampling separately in two different simulation exercises provide contrasting results. In Simulation Exercise 1, the use of different datasets (long-term CASM calibration, 2018-2019 seine, 2018-2019 electrofisher) to initialize the CASM biomasses did not result in large or long-running changes in the simulated biomasses over time. In contrast, in Simulation Exercise 2, CASM model outputs using adjusted gear ratios indicated changes in biomass structure when using electrofisher data, with a doubling of total food web biomass due to the increased shrimp count, and a 13% increase in total energy flow through the food web. Conversions based on area and gear efficiency for overall catch may be useful in maintaining the continuity of historical data. However, differences in species-specific catch due to gear selectivity could have large consequences for constructing and calibrating fish and ecosystem models and remain difficult to reconcile. These differences in assemblages, and estimated biomasses for key food web species, suggest careful consideration in changing gears.
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Long-term fisheries independent sampling data inform fisheries management and drive models. Changing environment and sampling gear impact ecological indicators and outcomes from food web model simulations. Consideration of changes in long-term estuarine fisheries independent sampling methods by the state of Louisiana prompted a study to examine the potential consequences of changing methods after 40 years of data collection. In collaboration with Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, The Water Institute of the Gulf and the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, comparisons of electrofisher, seine and throw trap sampling were conducted, examining species composition, size distribution, and environmental conditions. Changing sampling could have large consequences for indicators used to assess fisheries and ecosystem health if used in fish and ecosystem models.
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Assessment of NRDA Funded Oyster Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico
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September 2026
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Across coastal areas of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in significant ecological injury and over 8 billion USD directed to restoration activities. The eastern oyster (<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>), an organism valued as a commercial fishery and as an ecosystem engineer, was identified specifically as being negatively impacted (injured) by the event. Oyster restoration projects were implemented with regional goals of restoring oyster abundance, spawning stock, and population resilience. Measuring regional or large-scale ecosystem restoration outcomes challenges traditional project-specific monitoring and outcome reporting collected at local scales. We examined the outcomes of oyster restoration at the project-level and identify and discuss potential pathways to measure progress toward region-level goals. An estimated 15 km<sup>2</sup> of oyster habitat was restored across 11 different estuaries with 62 individual reef footprints created, ranging in size from > 0.2 to 0.64 km<sup>2</sup>. Individual sites were distributed across the salinity gradient, and all reefs were subtidal. One-year post-restoration, mean total oyster density across all sites was 53.0 ± 60.7 ind m<sup>-2</sup> of which 38.4 ± 42.2 ind m<sup>-2</sup> were adult (> 25 mm shell height) oysters. Recent data available for all sites indicates reduced densities of total oysters (44.6 ± 70.9 ind m<sup>-2</sup>) and adult oysters (14.6 ± 21.6 ind m<sup>-2</sup>). These data provide insight into project specific results and outcomes, suggesting an overall enhancement in oyster abundance from restoration, but fall short of informing outcomes at the regional level that incorporate cumulative effects on adjacent and connected reef populations, or resiliency of the overall oyster resource. Inclusion of water quality and oyster resource data outside of specific restoration project areas remains necessary to assess the impact of these projects on regional oyster resource abundance and resilience. Developing outcome measures that incorporate cumulative and synergistic impacts of individual projects will require reconciliation and consideration of project-level planning and monitoring performance targets with broader spatial and temporal monitoring requirements.
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Across coastal areas of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in significant ecological injury and over 8 billion USD directed to restoration activities. The eastern oyster (<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>), an organism valued as a commercial fishery and as an ecosystem engineer, was identified specifically as being negatively impacted (injured) by the event. Oyster restoration projects were implemented with regional goals of restoring oyster abundance, spawning stock, and population resilience. This work measured outcomes of oyster restoration projects to assess impacts and inform future oyster restoration projects funded in this region. An estimated 15 km<sup>2</sup> of oyster habitat was restored across 11 different estuaries with 62 individual reef footprints created. One-year post-restoration, mean total oyster density across all sites was 53.0 ± 60.7 ind m<sup>-2</sup> . These data provide insight into project specific results and outcomes, suggesting an overall enhancement in oyster abundance from restoration, but fall short of informing outcomes at the regional level that incorporate cumulative effects on adjacent and connected reef populations, or resiliency of the overall oyster resource.
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Avian species resilience to habitat degradation
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December 2024
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The alteration of landscapes due to changes in natural disturbance regimes, grazing cycles, development, pollution, and changing climate, has led to habitat degradation, the purported main driver of population declines generally. Facing ecosystem alteration and degradation on multiple fronts, practitioners struggle to strategically prioritize land management actions to minimize their impacts and maximize benefits to wildlife, keeping species off of the endangered and threatened species list, and maintaining functioning ecosystems.<br><br>It is currently unknown how populations respond to ecosystems’ vegetation departure (a proxy for habitat quality), and subsequently whether measures of departure can be used to assess wildlife health, or guide restoration activities meant to improve wildlife populations. Wildlife species, like vegetation communities, are somewhat resilient to environmental change, and may persist across a range of environmental conditions. In this project we propose to analyze the UT IMBCR 5-year monitoring data set in conjunction with citizen science observations from the eBird monitoring platform to assess the relationships between both population status of SGCNs and avian community composition, and vegetation-based ecological departure scores.
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Habitat degradation is one of the main purported drivers of contemporary avian population declines, but the relationships between habitat quality and population status is not well-studied. Understanding the species that are resilient to habitat degradation, and those most sensitive to habitat degradation will help us plan for future environmental scenarios, and implement proactive conservation and management actions. This project brings together partners in USGS, DWR, USU, and the BLM.<br>This work will enable partners to identify regions of population strongholds and decline for SGCN, and validate the proposed relationship between population status and habitat condition. Our results will enable managers to justify using vegetation departure score to rank regions where wildlife would most benefit from restoration activity, and scientifically ground expectations about how wildlife communities will respond to restoration activities implemented to improve ecosystem health.
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Bumble bee habitat relationships and distribution models
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December 2024
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Pollinators are directly responsible for one in three bites of food humans consume, they provide billions of dollars in free pollination services to agricultural producers, and pollinate many plants important to other wildlife species (such as fruiting plant species for bears and forb plant species for ungulates). Across the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and the nation, pollinator populations, including bumble bees (<i>Bombus sp.</i>), are negatively impacted by pesticide misuse, disease, and habitat loss. Species like <i>B. occidentalis</i> (Greene, 1858) and <i>B. suckleyi</i> (Greene, 1860) have been recently petitioned for listing as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Despite compounding evidence demonstrating declines in bumble bee populations, the distribution, habitat preferences, and status of bumble bees and other native pollinators are poorly understood, potentially hampering conservation efforts.<br><br>Leveraging the PNW Bumble Bee Atlas, a citizen science initiative, funded by a Competitive State Wildlife Grant (C-SWG) from the FWS, containing thousands of expert verified bumble bee observations, this project aims to address information gaps around the environmental associations of multiple bee species across the PNW. Additionally, the project seeks to document and describe the nest and hibernacula site selection of <i>B. occidentalis</i> through field-based targeted observation.
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Native pollinator populations have been in decline in the past few decades, and have recently been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Population declines have been linked to pesticide misuse, disease, and habitat loss, and despite the recognized economic importance of pollinators to the Agricultural industry, populations continue to decline. To ensure the ecosystem services continue, and species persist, knowledge gaps around habitat use across bee life stages must be filled. This project represents a partnership between the USGS, Idaho Fish and Game Department, and Xerces Society. Together, using data from a large, multi-state citizen science project, and primary data collected in the field, we aim to fill critical gaps in understanding related to habitat use across a wide geographic extent, and specific to hibernation and nesting sites to help inform habitat conservation and management decisions.
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Molt Timing and Sample Collection for Future Derivation of Harvest for Purple and Common Gallinules in Louisiana
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December 2022
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Gallinule harvest in Louisiana represents 85% and 60% of the total harvest of both Purple and Common Gallinules within the Mississippi Flyway and nationally, respectively. However, for both Purple and Common Gallinules, there are no available data for either species at any scale (state, flyway, or nationally) on which informed management actions can be made. The focus of our proposed work is to gather preliminary data on distribution and origin of harvested gallinules to provide data supporting an appropriate, data-driven management framework for Purple and Common Gallinule in the Mississippi Flyway. Specifically, our research will focus on gathering the first US data on distribution and origins of harvested gallinules and focus on first steps toward development of a management framework which addresses the situation of a migratory game bird on which no population demographic information is known.
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Gallinule harvest in Louisiana represents 85% and 60% of the total harvest of both Purple and Common Gallinules within the Mississippi Flyway and nationally, respectively. However, for both Purple and Common Gallinules, there are no available data for either species at any scale (state, flyway, or nationally) on which informed management actions can be made. The focus of our proposed work is to gather preliminary data on distribution and origin of harvested gallinules to provide data supporting an appropriate, data-driven management framework for Purple and Common Gallinule in the Mississippi Flyway. Partners include the US Fish and Wildlife Service Webless Program, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, and LSU AgCenter,
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Rail and Gallinule Movements in Coastal Louisiana
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August 2024
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Water levels can have a significant effect on waterbird movements. However, little is known about how water levels influence movements of secretive marshibrds. In this study, we are using satellite telemetry to determine habitat use and movements of King Rails, Clapper Rails, Common Gallinules and Purple Gallinules.<br><br>
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Water levels can have a significant effect on waterbird movements. However, little is known about how water levels influence movements of secretive marshibrds. In this study, we are using satellite telemetry to determine habitat use and movements of King Rails, Clapper Rails, Common Gallinules and Purple Gallinules. Partners include Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, and the Louisiana Technical Implementation Group. <br><br><br>
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Rail and Gallinule Movements in Coastal Louisiana
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August 2024
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Water levels can have a significant effect on waterbird movements. However, little is known about how water levels influence movements of secretive marshibrds. In this study, we are using satellite telemetry to determine habitat use and movements of King Rails, Clapper Rails, Common Gallinules and Purple Gallinules.
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Water levels can have a significant effect on waterbird movements. However, little is known about how water levels influence movements of secretive marshibrds. In this study, we are using satellite telemetry to determine habitat use and movements of King Rails, Clapper Rails, Common Gallinules and Purple Gallinules. Partners include Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, and the Louisiana Technical Implementation Group.
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Distribution and Habitat Characteristics of Secretive Marshbirds in Southeastern Louisiana
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August 2024
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Louisiana has embarked on a $50 billion coastal restoration program. Numerous marshes have been restored under previous funding mechanisms but little attention has been paid to providing habitat for secretive marshbirds. Furthermore, following oil spills, determining loss of secretive marshbirds is difficult but could be improved by better understanding specific habitat characteristics. In this study, we are evaluating the effects of local and landscape habitat characteristics on secretive marshbird abundance in five hydrologic basins of southeastern coastal Louisiana.
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Louisiana has embarked on a $50 billion coastal restoration program. Numerous marshes have been restored under previous funding mechanisms but little attention has been paid to providing habitat for secretive marshbirds. Furthermore, following oil spills, determining loss of secretive marshbirds is difficult but could be improved by better understanding specific habitat characteristics. In this study, we are evaluating the effects of local and landscape habitat characteristics on secretive marshbird abundance in five hydrologic basins of southeastern coastal Louisiana. Partners include the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the Louisiana Technical Implementation Group (BP Oil Spill Recovery), and the Coastal Protection and Restoraton Authority.
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Comparison of Avian Communities and Hydrological Characteristics on Restored and Natural Marshes in Coastal Louisiana
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August 2024
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Louisiana has embarked on a $50 billion coastal restoration program. Numerous marshes have been restored under previous funding mechanisms but little evaluation has been conducted to determine the effects on bird communities. Surface flooding can have significant effects on bird communities, but we know little about hydrologic conditions on restored sites. In this study, we are evaluating bird communities and hydrologic conditions in restored marshes and paired natural marshes in close vicinity to the restored marsh.
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Louisiana has embarked on a $50 billion coastal restoration program. Numerous marshes have been restored under previous funding mechanisms but little evaluation has been conducted to determine the effects on bird communities. Surface flooding can have significant effects on bird communities, but we know little about hydrologic conditions on restored sites. In this study, we are evaluating bird communities and hydrologic conditions in restored marshes and paired natural marshes in close vicinity to the restored marsh. Partners are the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the LA Technical Implementation Group (BP Oil Spill Recovery), and the Coastal Wetland Protection and Restoration Authority. This research will allow us to identify restoration measures that improve bird habitats.
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Post delisting Surveys of Virginia northern flying squirrels and spruce restoration
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December 2022
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In the central Appalachians, population estimates of Virginia northern flying squirrels (VNFS) are extremely difficult to obtain due to extremely low trap success and even lower recapture rates . In 2014, 1308 trap nights in high quality habitat produced no captures of VNFS, although 674 nest box checks produced 12 adult individuals (56 box checks/squirrel). Since nest boxes are arranged in lines, population densities cannot be estimated. Additionally, nest box occupancy is generally low, although occupancy rates are steady. Therefore, the scale of the proposed red spruce restoration and low capture success of VNFS make it extremely difficult to determine how restoration may influence population sizes. However, the use of ultrasonic acoustic surveys may be used as a useful monitoring tool to determine the potential effects of treatments on VNFS occupancy of treated low quality habitats and adjacent high quality habitats. Acoustics has been used as a success monitoring tool on the Carolina northern flying squirrel in western North Carolina and to assess the effects of harvest on flying squirrel habitat occupancy. The ability to differentiate between VNFS and southern flying squirrels quantitatively and qualitatively make this survey method suitable in places where both species are sympatric. Pre-treatment acoustic surveys occurred prior to restoration treatments in the Upper Greenbrier on the Greenbrier Ranger District. More restoration treatments are proposed on the Monongahela. We propose the use of ultrasonic acoustics to monitor pre- and post-treatment VNFS occupancy in areas where restoration activities will occur in order to monitor the persistence of flying squirrel occupancy.
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The recently de-listed Virginia northern flying squirrel is an at-risk species of high conservation concern in West Virginia and Virginia. Efforts to restore its red spruce habitat are complicated by potential short-term impacts to the squirrel from restoration silviculture. The Virginia Unit is using new acoustic approaches to monitor for the presence of squirrels before, during and after stand and landscape treatments to help managers assess risks and balance future habitat improvement with short-term impacts.
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An Evaluation of Factors Limiting Plant Establishment at Malheur Lake
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May 2023
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During most of the 1900s, Malheur Lake at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge supported an abundant mixture of emergent and submergent vegetation. However, after deep and prolonged flooding in the 1980s, vegetation disappeared and has not reestablished throughout most of the lake. In this study, we are using seedbank experiments and exclosures to identify the factors affecting germination and establishment. The seedbank experiment will determine whether an adequate seedbank exists in the soils. The exclosures, placed across an elevation gradient, weill determine whether herbivory is affecting establishment. During the first year of the study, numerous germinants were observed in the seedbank experiment and extensive germination occurred in the exclosures. However, following germination in the exclosures, the majority of plants died presumably due to soil moisture declines. The second year of the study will include a seedbank analysis from a larger portion of the lake, continued evaluation of the exclosures, and more extensive soil moisture monitoring.
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During most of the 1900s, Malheur Lake at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge supported an abundant mixture of emergent and submergent vegetation. However, after deep and prolonged flooding in the 1980s, vegetation disappeared and has not reestablished throughout most of the lake. In this study, we are using seedbank experiments and exclosures to identify the factors affecting germination and establishment. Partners include the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service and the High Desert Partnership.
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Quantifying the Effect of Instream Flow on Larval Fish Abundance in the Edisto River Basin
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December 2021
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Instream flow variability is widely considered as one of the principal factors shaping riverine ecosystems and biodiversity. Environmental variation linked with hydrology and seasonality interact with life history strategies of fishes to determine phenology of spawning in riverine systems. This study examines the patterns of larval fish abundance in relation to discharge and microhabitat water velocity to better understand fish spawning phenology and its connection to hydrology. From May 2021 to July 2021, we sampled larval fish weekly in Twelve Mile Creek using larval fish seines. We collected discharge data from an upstream USGS gage and microhabitat data was collected at each sample point within a 200m stream reach. We identified all larval fish specimens to family and measured their standard length. We detected temporal patterns in larval fish abundance, with peak Percidae and Leuciscidae abundance in late July and the highest Catostomidae abundance in late May-early June. We found Percidae abundance was associated with greater maximum discharge and increase variation in discharge, Leuciscidae was negatively related to mean discharge, and a negative association between Catostomidae abundance and variation in discharge. We also detected a positive association between Percidae abundance and microhabitat depth. Overall, our results suggest that the spatial and temporal patterns of larval fish abundance are influence by river hydrology and microhabitat variables.
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Environmental variation linked with instream flow variability and seasonality interact with life history strategies of fishes to determine phenology of spawning in riverine systems. However, little research on relationship between instream flow variability and fish spawning has been done in South Carolina. Understanding the relationship between instream flow variability and fish spawning will help determine the flow regime components that influence fish spawning and guide state flow standards. This project aims to: 1) identifying the timing, duration, and magnitude of stream flow driving spawning intensity in a lotic system, 2) quantifying the influence of environmental variables on larval fish assemblage in a lotic system. This project is in collaboration with the South Carolina Water Resources Center Research Program.
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Distribution and Habitat Associations of Snowshoe Hares in Pennsylvania
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June 2025
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Pennsylvania encompasses the southernmost range of snowshoe hares. Changes in climate or habitat conditions could result in hares becoming extirpated from Pennsylvania. Our study will be essential to the Pennsylvania Game Commission as it attempts to implement any management actions to offset potential effects of habitat changes and global climate change. Identifying if and how the distribution has changed and what habitat conditions impact those changes for hares in Pennsylvania will provide the PGC with the necessary information to make appropriate management decisions for harvest regulations, identify priority areas for conservation and management action, and to protect and manage existing habitat.<br> <br>In year one, we will evaluate how distribution of snowshoe hares has changed by replicating the 2004 track and fecal pellet methods used by Diefenbach et al. (2016). We will delineate the geographic distribution and large-scale habitat associations of snowshoe hares across northern Pennsylvania by collecting fecal pellet groups deposited by cottontails and hares and then extract DNA from fecal pellets to discern the presence of snowshoe hares. If snow is present, tracks will also be used to identify presence of snowshoe hares and hares may be visually detected. Technicians will navigate to pre-selected sampling locations and sampling sites will be searched for sign of cottontails and hares, and fecal pellet groups will be collected and stored in ethanol. DNA will be extracted at the Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit genetics lab. Genetic analyses will be conducted by the Nucleic Acid Facility, Life Sciences Consortium, Pennsylvania State University. Mitochondrial DNA will be extracted from epithelial cells found in fecal pellets and gene sequences unique to each species of lagomorph will be used to identify the presence or absence of snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, and Appalachian cottontail. Additional genetic analyses will use microsatellite markers to investigate the spatial structure of genetic diversity to estimate levels of gene flow and identify isolated populations.<br><br>To ensure a representative sample of hare habitats, we will use a probability-based sampling design to select areas to search for fecal pellets. Repeated samples will be taken from a portion of the sample sites to obtain estimates of detectability, and hence correct for errors attributed to the failure to detect hares when they are in fact present. For each sampled site, we will use a geographic information system (GIS) with vegetation cover types and other digital layers to identify habitat characteristics associated with the presence of snowshoe hares. To suggest a plausible model for the effects of habitat characteristics, a logistic regression will initially be fit to the presence/absence data for snowshoe hares. However, logistic regression does not take into account non-detection errors, and so can lead to under-estimates of the probability that hares are present. Logistic regression is based on the untenable assumption that observations are independent and not spatially correlated. Therefore, new geostatistical methods shall be developed to correct for non-detection errors, to account for spatial dependence in the data, and to predict whether or not hares are present at unsampled sites. Once we have identified habitat or landscape characteristics associated with the presence or absence of hares we can use a GIS, coupled with the newly developed geostatistical procedures, to map the distribution of hares across Pennsylvania. Estimates of uncertainty of model predictions will be an essential component of our analyses.<br><br>In year two, we will identify focal areas in McKean, Cameron, and Elk counties to evaluate fine scale habitat features influence on local snowshoe hare population density and potentially population connectivity. Features we will evaluate include stem density of mid and understory vegetation, height of midstory, deer browse, and coarse woody debris among others. One-mi<sup>2</sup> focal areas will be identified within this core Pennsylvania hare range that was identified by Diefenbach et al (2016). Specific areas will be selected for landscape features such as scale of timber sales, aspect, cover type, and stand age.
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Pennsylvania encompasses the southernmost range of snowshoe hares. Changes in climate or habitat conditions could result in hares becoming extirpated from Pennsylvania. Our study will be essential to the Pennsylvania Game Commission as it attempts to implement any management actions to offset potential effects of habitat changes and global climate change. Identifying if and how the distribution has changed and what habitat conditions impact those changes for hares in Pennsylvania will provide the PGC with the necessary information to make appropriate management decisions for harvest regulations, identify priority areas for conservation and management action, and to protect and manage existing habitat.<br><br>In year one, we will evaluate how distribution of snowshoe hares has changed by replicating the 2004 track and fecal pellet methods used by Diefenbach et al. (2016). We will delineate the geographic distribution and large-scale habitat associations of snowshoe hares across northern Pennsylvania by collecting fecal pellet groups deposited by cottontails and hares and then extract DNA from fecal pellets to discern the presence of snowshoe hares. If snow is present, tracks will also be used to identify presence of snowshoe hares and hares may be visually detected. Technicians will navigate to pre-selected sampling locations and sampling sites will be searched for sign of cottontails and hares, and fecal pellet groups will be collected and stored in ethanol. DNA will be extracted at the Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit genetics lab. Genetic analyses will be conducted by the Nucleic Acid Facility, Life Sciences Consortium, Pennsylvania State University. Mitochondrial DNA will be extracted from epithelial cells found in fecal pellets and gene sequences unique to each species of lagomorph will be used to identify the presence or absence of snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, and Appalachian cottontail. Additional genetic analyses will use microsatellite markers to investigate the spatial structure of genetic diversity to estimate levels of gene flow and identify isolated populations.<br><br>To ensure a representative sample of hare habitats, we will use a probability-based sampling design to select areas to search for fecal pellets. Repeated samples will be taken from a portion of the sample sites to obtain estimates of detectability, and hence correct for errors attributed to the failure to detect hares when they are in fact present. For each sampled site, we will use a geographic information system (GIS) with vegetation cover types and other digital layers to identify habitat characteristics associated with the presence of snowshoe hares. To suggest a plausible model for the effects of habitat characteristics, a logistic regression will initially be fit to the presence/absence data for snowshoe hares. However, logistic regression does not take into account non-detection errors, and so can lead to under-estimates of the probability that hares are present. Logistic regression is based on the untenable assumption that observations are independent and not spatially correlated. Therefore, new geostatistical methods shall be developed to correct for non-detection errors, to account for spatial dependence in the data, and to predict whether or not hares are present at unsampled sites. Once we have identified habitat or landscape characteristics associated with the presence or absence of hares we can use a GIS, coupled with the newly developed geostatistical procedures, to map the distribution of hares across Pennsylvania. Estimates of uncertainty of model predictions will be an essential component of our analyses.<br><br>In year two, we will identify focal areas in McKean, Cameron, and Elk counties to evaluate fine scale habitat features influence on local snowshoe hare population density and potentially population connectivity. Features we will evaluate include stem density of mid and understory vegetation, height of midstory, deer browse, and coarse woody debris among others. One-mi<sup>2</sup> focal areas will be identified within this core Pennsylvania hare range that was identified by Diefenbach et al (2016). Specific areas will be selected for landscape features such as scale of timber sales, aspect, cover type, and stand age.
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Observing Flight Initiation Distances of Florida Chelonia mydas in the Crystal Bay Area
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October 2022
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Vessel strikes have become a more significant threat as an increasing number of sea turtles around the world, and especially in Florida, are stranded (injured or killed) due to an increase in the number of strikes by recreational or commercial vessels over the past several decades. For effective management strategies to be established, threats to sea turtles must be thoroughly understood. Observing how green turtles (Chelonia mydas) react to oncoming vessels at varying speeds will allow for critical information surrounding these interactions to be recorded. We will conduct observational boat surveys to measure turtle response and flight initiation distance from the vessel and compare behaviors of turtles of different size classes. This research looks to improve the available information on a relevant threat for sea turtles not only in Florida but globally and will be useful for management organizations to help reduce vessel-related mortality.
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Vessel strikes have become a more significant threat as an increasing number of sea turtles around the world, and especially in Florida, are stranded (injured or killed) due to an increase in the number of strikes by recreational or commercial vessels over the past several decades. For effective management strategies to be established, threats to sea turtles must be thoroughly understood. Observing how green turtles (Chelonia mydas) react to oncoming vessels at varying speeds will allow for critical information surrounding these interactions to be recorded. We will conduct observational boat surveys to measure turtle response and flight initiation distance from the vessel and compare behaviors of turtles of different size classes. This research looks to improve the available information on a relevant threat for sea turtles not only in Florida but globally and will be useful for management organizations to help reduce vessel-related mortality.
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Investigating Drivers of Cisco Recruitment
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January 2024
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The Great Lakes featured high abundances of Cisco (Coregonus artedi) until the early-1900s when their stocks began to collapse, with Lake Superior declining in the mid-1900s. Since that time, the stocks have rebounded in Lake Superior, although they once again appear to be in decline. The original decline in the mid-1900s was attributed to a variety of anthropogenic factors including overfishing, pollution, and introduced species. Even when stocks were abundant, it was noted that large spawning stocks did not necessarily lead to large recruitment classes and, similarly, small spawning stocks could sometimes result in large recruitment classes. Factors quantitatively linked to recruitment have been evaluated previously using Ricker stock recruitment models. We propose using three quantitative methods to investigate the relationship of biotic and abiotic factors with Cisco recruitment, including: (1) Multivariate Auto-Regressive State Space Models; (2) Empirical Dynamic Models; and (3) Bayesian Spatial Delta-glmm models. This work will be done in collaboration with local, federal, tribal, and state agencies working on Lake Superior. Our proposed outreach plan includes numerous meetings with stakeholders, presentations at professional societies, peer-reviewed publications, and quantitative workshops focused on teaching the three methods we will be applying. Building on hypotheses established by prior researchers, we will be looking at climatic and temperature variables, indices of predators, indices of competitors, indices of spawners, and measures of habitat quality.
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The Great Lakes featured high abundances of Cisco (Coregonus artedi) until the early-1900s when their stocks began to collapse, with Lake Superior declining in the mid-1900s. Since that time, the stocks have rebounded in Lake Superior, although they once again appear to be in decline. The original decline in the mid-1900s was attributed to a variety of anthropogenic factors including overfishing, pollution, and introduced species. Even when stocks were abundant, it was noted that large spawning stocks did not necessarily lead to large recruitment classes and, similarly, small spawning stocks could sometimes result in large recruitment classes. Factors quantitatively linked to recruitment have been evaluated previously using Ricker stock recruitment models. We propose using three quantitative methods to investigate the relationship of biotic and abiotic factors with Cisco recruitment, including: (1) Multivariate Auto-Regressive State Space Models; (2) Empirical Dynamic Models; and (3) Bayesian Spatial Delta-glmm models. This work will be done in collaboration with local, federal, tribal, and state agencies working on Lake Superior. Our proposed outreach plan includes numerous meetings with stakeholders, presentations at professional societies, peer-reviewed publications, and quantitative workshops focused on teaching the three methods we will be applying. Building on hypotheses established by prior researchers, we will be looking at climatic and temperature variables, indices of predators, indices of competitors, indices of spawners, and measures of habitat quality.
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Growth Assessment of Atlantic Ocean Tropical Tunas
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February 2021
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The overall objective of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) Atlantic Ocean Tropical Tuna Tagging Program (AOTTP) is to contribute to food security and economic growth of the Atlantic coastal states by ensuring sustainable management of tropical tuna resources in the Atlantic Ocean. Specifically it provided evidence-based scientific advice to developing Atlantic coastal states, and other ICCAT Contracting Parties, for them to adopt appropriate conservation and management measures within the framework of the ICCAT. The AOTTP awarded a contract to study the growth of 3 tropical tuna species from the Atlantic Ocean - Bigeye, Yellowfin, and Skipjack to Dr. John M. Hoenig of Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences (VIMS) at the College of William and Mary with Dr. Lynn Waterhouse (currently with the Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, then with the John G. Shedd Aquarium) as a co-Principal Investigator on the project. The growth studies utilized past data along with tagging data and hard part data (otoliths and spines) from the AOTTP program. The project also led to the development of a novel method for estimating ages from spines when vascularization may obscure the central rings of the spine. Vascularization is a problem for the spines of many tuna species along with other marine and freshwater species. Two of the papers from this project will be coming out in a special issue of Fisheries Research dedicated to projects from the AOTTP.
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Tuna species are highly valued marine resource. To keep this resource sustainable international agencies - the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) for the Atlantic Ocean - work to provide scientifically sound assessments for these resources. Many pieces of information go into a stock assessment, including species specific estimates of growth parameters. This project focuses on updating growth information for three Atlantic Ocean tropical tuna species - Bigeye, Yellowfin, and Skipjack Tuna. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple universities and agencies and includes Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences at the College of William and Mary, USGS Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and scientists from the Southwest Fisheries Science Center for the National Marine Fisheries Service. The updated growth estimates will be used for future assessment meetings for these three species. The work also highlights a variety of research needs (e.g., the need for samples from older fish).
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AquaPV Ecological modelling support
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September 2024
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Climate change has highlighted the need for continued development and expansion of renewable energy. Floating solar has been proposed as an efficient solution to meeting energy demands with a minimal footprint. This project with collaborators at OSU aims to model the ecological implications of floating solar for freshwater habitats as part of a larger DOE SETO project with INL and NREL.
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Climate change has highlighted the need for continued development and expansion of renewable energy. Floating solar has been proposed as an efficient solution to meeting energy demands with a minimal footprint. This project with collaborators at OSU aims to model the ecological implications of floating solar for freshwater habitats as part of a larger DOE SETO project with INL and NREL.
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The Impact of Future Climate Variability on Shorebirds and Their Wetland Habitats in the South-Central U.S.
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December 2022
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Predicting shorebird and other wildlife responses to climate-induced wetland changes is therefore key to developing regional wetland conservation plans that support biodiversity. We will expand on past studies by generating precise maps of future wetland extent and connectivity for the region; and integrating habitat use and movement information for shorebirds and other wildlife to better-inform projected wildlife responses to changes in wetland connectivity.
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Predicting shorebird and other wildlife responses to climate-induced wetland changes is therefore key to developing regional wetland conservation plans that support biodiversity. In the South-Central U.S., we propose to: (1) Project future wetland extent (i.e., surface water area) and connectivity relative to climate change; (2) Assess how future wetland availability will affect habitat suitability for shorebirds; (3) Track shorebirds to validate and refine habitat suitability and connectivity models. We will expand on past studies by generating precise maps of future wetland extent and connectivity for the region; and integrating habitat use and movement information for shorebirds and other wildlife to better-inform projected wildlife responses to changes in wetland connectivity.
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A collaborative organizational network analysis of the Cooperative Research Units program
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August 2024
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The U.S. Geological Survey’s Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program (CRU) establishes a relationship among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Wildlife Management Institute (WMI), a host university, and state resource agencies. The program’s mission is to provide education and technical assistance through graduate research in order to address the information needs of its members. Originating in 1935, it currently consists of 41 units in 39 states. Staff within the CRU have conducted decades’ worth of research while mentoring graduate students and providing technical assistance to cooperators on wildlife management issues. While the program’s mission has remained largely unchanged, the issues challenging fish and wildlife conservation have changed. Landscapes are increasingly fragmented, individuals are generally less attracted to outdoor activities, and wildlife use has shifted towards non-consumptive uses. This raises questions about the CRU’s support and sustainability into the future. Our study examines the CRU model that integrates graduate education in research and technical assistance to address Cooperator information needs, to explore the relevancy of the model in the current context of natural resources conservation. We are evaluating the program’s structure and socio-technical connectivity to identify motivations, relationships, and layered networks among members and their relationships to outcomes through an Organizational Network Analysis and Dynamic Network Analysis. Our investigation will include simulations informed by statistical analysis of the social networks and their evolutions and adaptations, to predict conditions under which outcomes may change. The goal is to elucidate how organizational factors may contribute to each cooperator network, how the networks have evolved, and how factors may influence future conditions of individual units and the CRU Program in general.
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The U.S. Geological Survey’s Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program (CRU) establishes a relationship among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Wildlife Management Institute (WMI), a host university, and state resource agencies. The program’s mission is to provide education and technical assistance through graduate research in order to address the information needs of its members. Originating in 1935, it currently consists of 41 units in 39 states. Staff within the CRU have conducted decades’ worth of research while mentoring graduate students and providing technical assistance to cooperators on wildlife management issues. While the program’s mission has remained largely unchanged, the issues challenging fish and wildlife conservation have changed. Landscapes are increasingly fragmented, individuals are generally less attracted to outdoor activities, and wildlife use has shifted towards non-consumptive uses. This raises questions about the CRU’s support and sustainability into the future. Our study examines the CRU model that integrates graduate education in research and technical assistance to address Cooperator information needs, to explore the relevancy of the model in the current context of natural resources conservation. We are evaluating the program’s structure and socio-technical connectivity to identify motivations, relationships, and layered networks among members and their relationships to outcomes through an Organizational Network Analysis and Dynamic Network Analysis. Our investigation will include simulations informed by statistical analysis of the social networks and their evolutions and adaptations, to predict conditions under which outcomes may change. The goal is to elucidate how organizational factors may contribute to each cooperator network, how the networks have evolved, and how factors may influence future conditions of individual units and the CRU Program in general.<br>
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Pilot test for treating mange in wild canids and felids in the Santa Monica Mountains, California
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December 2023
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Mange has plagued wildlife populations around the world for decades. Animals infested with such mites lose hair, body weight and can ultimately die. Bobcats and coyotes in the Santa Monica Mountains Recreation Area in southern California suffer from manage. Bobcats in the area appear quite susceptible to mange due in part to weakened immune systems from ingesting rodenticides used by humans to poison rodents. California banned the private use of such highly toxic rodenticides in January 2021 but we do not yet know the potential positive effect on wildlife in the region. Most recently, observations by field personnel and the interested public suggest bobcats may be entering a mange outbreak period where high mortality rates and negative effects on the population can be expected. Outside of capturing and treating every individual in the population – an impossible task - area managers do not have a tool to address the burgeoning mange outbreak.<br>Treating mange with topical medicines has been effective for animals in captivity or those captured in the wild as part of research and monitoring efforts. There are no examples, however, of attempts to noninvasively treat mange in wild, free-ranging animals. We want to test a novel, noninvasive technique - medicinal rub stations - for treating mange in free-ranging felids and canids by exploiting their propensity to roll and scent-mark in foreign odors. We hypothesize that stations treated with topical medicine and scent will reduce the prevalence of mange in the wild.
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Mange has plagued wildlife populations around the world for decades. Animals infested with such mites lose hair, body weight and can ultimately die. Outside of capturing and treating every individual in the population – an impossible task - area managers do not have a tool to address the burgeoning mange outbreak. We want to test a novel, noninvasive technique - medicinal rub stations - for treating mange in free-ranging felids and canids by exploiting their propensity to roll and scent-mark in foreign odors.
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Mesocarnivore survey in southern Idaho
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December 2023
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Rare mesocarnivores such as kit foxes, ringtails, and spotted skunks, occupy southern Idaho. However, we do not know their current distribution, occupancy, or abundance<b> </b>in the state. We attempted to detect not only these small carnivores, but also more common ones, such as badgers, bobcats, and coyotes. Specifically, 1) are there extant populations of rare mesocarnivores in Idaho (e.g., kit fox) and, 2) can data from cameras be used in population monitoring programs for more common, harvested mesocarnivore species (e.g., bobcats)? Beginning in July 2021, we deployed and maintained 98 camera traps in grassland and canyon habitats in southern Idaho. In fall of 2021, we analyzed a total of 45,965 images and videos from camera traps. While we successfully detected a large variety of species, we did not detect kit foxes or ringtails. We detected one spotted skunk, demonstrating that although infrequent, these animals exist in southern Idaho. Our detections of more common mesocarnivores (badgers, bobcats, coyotes, red foxes) demonstrate future survey efforts could frequently detect these animals and such data could be used effectively in a population monitoring program. We found three out of five of our canyon habitat cameras captured multiple mountain lions, indicating such canyons are occupied habitat for these large carnivores. The resulting data have been shared with the Idaho Department of Fish and Game. We plan to survey southern Idaho again in fall 2022.
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Rare mesocarnivores such as kit foxes, ringtails, and spotted skunks, occupy southern Idaho. However, we do not know their current distribution, occupancy, or abundance<b> </b>in the state. Future survey efforts could be used effectively in a population monitoring program. The resulting data have been shared with the Idaho Department of Fish and Game. We plan to survey southern Idaho again in fall 2022.
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AGFC State base funds
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June 2021
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Multiple projects using state base funds.
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Multiple projects using state base funds.
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REU: Site: assessment and sustainable management of ecosystem services at the nexus of food, energy, and water systems
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August 2025
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This project supports 10 Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) students per year to examine sustainable management of ecosystem services at the nexus of food, energy, and water systems. I am one of several Co-PIs on this very large scale project.
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This project supports 10 Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) students per year to examine sustainable management of ecosystem services at the nexus of food, energy, and water systems. I am one of several Co-PIs on this very large scale project.
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The role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of fishes
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August 2021
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Drought is an important disturbance in most natural systems, especially freshwater systems. We plan to examine the role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of stream fishes.
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Drought is an important disturbance in most natural systems, especially freshwater systems. We plan to examine the role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of stream fishes.<br><br>
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The role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of fishes
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August 2021
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Drought is an important disturbance in most natural systems, especially freshwater systems. We plan to examine the role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of stream fishes.
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Drought is an important disturbance in most natural systems, especially freshwater systems. We plan to examine the role of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of stream fishes.
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Winter stonefly distribution, habitat requirements, life history, and population status in Arkansas
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June 2023
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Globally, stoneflies are one of the most threatened aquatic orders in the world as a result of climate change, pollution, and benthic substrate loss. In Arkansas, a group of winter stonefly (Capniidae: <i>Allocapnia</i>) includes multiple rare and endemic species that have not been surveyed since the 1980s because species-level identification requires the adult form, which is rarely collected. Our study objectives were to use existing larval <i>Allocapnia</i> data collected in Arkansas to examine what stream environmental conditions could be associated with presence and to determine how <i>Allocapnia</i> distribution may have shifted with climate change since the 1980s. We used species distribution modeling to predict where there species occur within the region. This information will be used to inform sampling design and effort across Arkansas study sites in winter 2020-2021 that will provide species-specific population distribution and status in Arkansas.
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Globally, stoneflies are one of the most threatened aquatic orders in the world as a result of climate change, pollution, and benthic substrate loss. In Arkansas, a group of winter stonefly (Capniidae: <i>Allocapnia</i>) includes multiple rare and endemic species that have not been surveyed since the 1980s because species-level identification requires the adult form, which is rarely collected. Our study objectives were to use existing larval <i>Allocapnia</i> data collected in Arkansas to examine what stream environmental conditions could be associated with presence and to determine how <i>Allocapnia</i> distribution may have shifted with climate change since the 1980s. We used species distribution modeling to predict where there species occur within the region. This information will be used to inform sampling design and effort across Arkansas study sites in winter 2020-2021 that will provide species-specific population distribution and status in Arkansas.
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Landscape- and local-scale habitat influences on distribution and abundance of the crayfish Faxonius eupunctus, Faxonius wagneri and Faxonius roberti in the Spring River, Strawberry River and Eleven Point River drainages
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June 2025
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Crayfish are extremely important in most freshwater systems, typically acting as keystone species. <i>Faxonius eupunctus</i> was already a rare, endemic that occurs in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri and was under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for listing under the Endangered Species Act. However, recent research has indicated <i>F. eupunctus</i> consists of three separate species: one species occurring in the upper Eleven Point River (<i>Faxonius eupunctus</i>), one in the lower Eleven Point River (<i>Faxonius wagneri</i>), and one in the Spring River and Strawberry River drainages (<i>Faxonius roberti</i>). Previous research by our team has examined factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of <i>F. roberti</i> in the Spring River drainage, as well as factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of the <i>F. eupunctus</i> complex as a whole. However, little, if any, research has examined factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of these newly described species within their native ranges. We propose to determine landscape- and local-scale factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i> by modeling species distribution then probabilistically sampling stream sites from their known range. We will also examine streambank erosion and instability in the study area and relate this, along with other environmental factors, to <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i> distribution and abundance. It is important for managers to understand the status and threats to SGCN crayfish species, especially <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i>, given that they are geographically restricted and potentially susceptible to anthropogenic and natural disturbance. Information gained here will ultimately be used to make decisions regarding the conservation of <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i>, and will inform decisions regarding other species that are potentially at risk from similar threats (e.g., <i>Cambarus hubbsi</i>, <i>Faxonius meeki, Faxonius williamsi,</i> <i>Faxonius luteus, Faxonius punctimanus,</i> <i>Faxonius ozarkae, Faxonius neglectus chaeondactylus</i>).
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Crayfish are extremely important in most freshwater systems, typically acting as keystone species. <i>Faxonius eupunctus</i> was already a rare, endemic that occurs in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri and was under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for listing under the Endangered Species Act. However, recent research has indicated <i>F. eupunctus</i> consists of three separate species: one species occurring in the upper Eleven Point River (<i>Faxonius eupunctus</i>), one in the lower Eleven Point River (<i>Faxonius wagneri</i>), and one in the Spring River and Strawberry River drainages (<i>Faxonius roberti</i>). Previous research by our team has examined factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of <i>F. roberti</i> in the Spring River drainage, as well as factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of the <i>F. eupunctus</i> complex as a whole. However, little, if any, research has examined factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of these newly described species within their native ranges. We propose to determine landscape- and local-scale factors affecting habitat use, selection, distribution and abundance of <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i> by modeling species distribution then probabilistically sampling stream sites from their known range. We will also examine streambank erosion and instability in the study area and relate this, along with other environmental factors, to <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i> distribution and abundance. It is important for managers to understand the status and threats to SGCN crayfish species, especially <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i>, given that they are geographically restricted and potentially susceptible to anthropogenic and natural disturbance. Information gained here will ultimately be used to make decisions regarding the conservation of <i>F. eupunctus, F. roberti and F. wagneri</i>, and will inform decisions regarding other species that are potentially at risk from similar threats (e.g., <i>Cambarus hubbsi</i>, <i>Faxonius meeki, Faxonius williamsi,</i> <i>Faxonius luteus, Faxonius punctimanus,</i> <i>Faxonius ozarkae, Faxonius neglectus chaeondactylus</i>).
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Mesopredator Density Along an Urban to Rural Gradient
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December 2024
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Mesopredators play important ecological roles in most systems. This group of wildlife is often well-adapted to human development and their densities can vary according to the human-subsidized resources with trickle down effects on other animals. Here, we are using wildlife cameras to evaluate the density and community composition of mammalian mesopredators along an urban to rural gradient in northwest Arkansas.
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Mesopredators play important ecological roles in most systems. This group of wildlife is often well-adapted to human development and their densities can vary according to the human-subsidized resources with trickle down effects on other animals. Here, we are using wildlife cameras to evaluate the density and community composition of mammalian mesopredators along an urban to rural gradient in northwest Arkansas.
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Woody debris export to large rivers following wildfire
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September 2022
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Large woody debris (LWD) in Interior Alaska provides fish habitat and serves as a human fuel source while also posing a danger for river navigation and infrastructure. However, there is limited understanding of the extent to which wildfire may affect recruitment of LWD, especially into larger rivers. Because wildfire risk and frequency are increasing, understanding its impacts on LWD recruitment into rivers is becoming more important as a freshwater management concern. In this study I will quantify the magnitude of LWD export out of smaller streams into large rivers in Interior Alaska and explore how this recruitment is affected by wildfire. The results of this study will underscore how fish habitat and other factors associated with LWD may change as Interior Alaska experiences more wildfire.
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Large woody debris (LWD) in Interior Alaska provides fish habitat and serves as a human fuel source while also posing a danger for river navigation and infrastructure. However, there is limited understanding of the extent to which wildfire may affect recruitment of LWD, especially into larger rivers. Because wildfire risk and frequency are increasing, understanding its impacts on LWD recruitment into rivers is becoming more important as a freshwater management concern. In this study I will quantify the magnitude of LWD export out of smaller streams into large rivers in Interior Alaska and explore how this recruitment is affected by wildfire. I am developing collaborations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and a local Alaska Native organization, the Tanana Chiefs Conference to guide the research and to deliver more meaningful results. Broadly, the results of this study will underscore how fish habitat and other factors associated with LWD may change as Interior Alaska experiences more wildfire.
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Upland Habitat Use by Crawfish Frogs
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December 2024
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The crawfish frog is rapidly declining across its geographic range. This unique frog species spends most of its life in upland habitat occupying crayfish or mammal burrows. However, we know relatively little about how from from wetlands these frogs travel or how they selected and use terrestrial burrows. Effective conservation plans require detailed information about how far from wetlands these essential upland habitat features occur. Here, we are using radiotelemetry to follow frogs from breeding wetlands to summer burrows to better understand their habitat requirements.
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The crawfish frog is rapidly declining across its geographic range. This unique frog species spends most of its life in upland habitat occupying crayfish or mammal burrows. However, we know relatively little about how from from wetlands these frogs travel or how they selected and use terrestrial burrows. Effective conservation plans require detailed information about how far from wetlands these essential upland habitat features occur. Here, we are using radiotelemetry to follow frogs from breeding wetlands to summer burrows to better understand their habitat requirements.
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Collaborative Research: RAPID: lake ecosystem responses to fire along gradients of burn characteristics and hydrologic connectivity
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February 2024
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Although wildfire activity is increasing across the US and concern is mounting over fire effects on water resources, few studies have documented fire effects on lake ecosystems. At 10844 ha, the 2021 Greenwood Fire in Superior National Forest was the largest lightning-caused Minnesota wildfire in 10 years and covered all or parts of 28 lake watersheds through October 2021. This fire event presents an unprecedented opportunity to study lake responses to fire in an especially lake-rich landscape, which may represent a harbinger of ecological change in northern forests that are expected to experience more warm, dry fire weather under climate change. This study will evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological responses of northern Minnesota lakes to the Greenwood Fire.
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Although wildfire activity is increasing across the US and concern is mounting over fire effects on water resources, few studies have documented fire effects on lake ecosystems. At 10844 ha, the 2021 Greenwood Fire in Superior National Forest was the largest lightning-caused Minnesota wildfire in 10 years and covered all or parts of 28 lake watersheds through October 2021. This fire event presents an unprecedented opportunity to study lake responses to fire in an especially lake-rich landscape, which may represent a harbinger of ecological change in northern forests that are expected to experience more warm, dry fire weather under climate change. This study will evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological responses of northern Minnesota lakes to the Greenwood Fire. Partners involved in this research include several academic institutions and state and federal land and resource management agencies.
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A rapid mapping tool for quantifying grassland management outcomes
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August 2024
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In grasslands, the North American biome with the greatest loss of biodiversity, documentation of successful restoration and management is imperative for building large-scale restoration programs. However, quantifying outcomes from grassland management efforts is made difficult by the lack of tools to rapidly map and track core grassland habitats and grassland biodiversity responses to management. In this project, we will address this need by developing a rapid mapping tool to quantify grassland management outcomes on public and private lands. To accomplish this, we will complete two objectives: 1) develop a tool to identify and map grassland habitat cores, and 2) use this tool to quantify grassland habitat core and grassland bird community responses to management in and surrounding three US Fish & Wildlife Service Arkansas refuges, focusing on Southeastern grassland species of conservation concern. Tools and products from this project will facilitate grassland management strategies in the Arkansas FWS refuges, provide grassland bird community and population trends, and will help determine the applicability of this approach for public and private lands across the Southeast region. Other collaborators include Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Quail Forever.
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In grasslands, the North American biome with the greatest loss of biodiversity, documentation of successful restoration and management is imperative for building large-scale restoration programs. However, quantifying outcomes from grassland management efforts is made difficult by the lack of tools to rapidly map and track core grassland habitats and grassland biodiversity responses to management. In this project, we will address this need by developing a rapid mapping tool to quantify grassland management outcomes on public and private lands. To accomplish this, we will complete two objectives: 1) develop a tool to identify and map grassland habitat cores, and 2) use this tool to quantify grassland habitat core and grassland bird community responses to management in and surrounding three US Fish & Wildlife Service Arkansas refuges, focusing on Southeastern grassland species of conservation concern. Tools and products from this project will facilitate grassland management strategies in the Arkansas FWS refuges, provide grassland bird community and population trends, and will help determine the applicability of this approach for public and private lands across the Southeast region. Other collaborators include Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Quail Forever.
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Abiotic and biotic factors affecting fish occurrence, abundance, and growth in sixty Florida lakes
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June 2026
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Studying the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on fish populations is a long-standing tradition in fisheries science. However, there is less information on how fish populations and communities respond to abiotic and biotic factors across broad spatial extents, diverse lake types, and associated gradients in lake surface area, trophic state, and aquatic macrophyte coverage, particularly in Florida. There is a need to evaluate how environmental factors varying across large regions affect fish populations, fish communities, and fisheries management. Addressing these knowledge gaps could reveal useful information for managing fish populations and communities in regions with wide-ranging environmental conditions, and predicting how fish populations and communities may respond to environmental changes. The objective of this study is to investigate fish population and community characteristics in relation to abiotic and biotic factors across wide-ranging conditions of lake surface area, trophic state, and macrophyte abundance in Florida. Our research will generate data summaries and statistical models to quantify and predict fish occurrence, abundance, growth, and related population/community characteristics in Florida lakes.
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Studying the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on fish populations is a long-standing tradition in fisheries science. However, there is less information on how fish populations and communities respond to abiotic and biotic factors across broad spatial extents, diverse lake types, and associated gradients in lake surface area, trophic state, and aquatic macrophyte coverage, particularly in Florida. There is a need to evaluate how environmental factors varying across large regions affect fish populations, fish communities, and fisheries management. Addressing these knowledge gaps could reveal useful information for managing fish populations and communities in regions with wide-ranging environmental conditions, and predicting how fish populations and communities may respond to environmental changes. The objective of this study is to investigate fish population and community characteristics in relation to abiotic and biotic factors across wide-ranging conditions of lake surface area, trophic state, and macrophyte abundance in Florida. Our research will generate data summaries and statistical models to quantify and predict fish occurrence, abundance, growth, and related population/community characteristics in Florida lakes.
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Using long-term monitoring data to evaluate Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics amid environmental change
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December 2023
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Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie are popular sport fishes that are widely distributed across Florida and most of the United States. However, there is limited information about how long-term environmental alterations (e.g., changes in climate, aquatic vegetation coverage, lake trophic status) affect these species and the valuable fisheries they support. This knowledge gap, combined with the ecological and socioeconomic significance of centrarchid fisheries, makes it important to study the effects of environmental alterations on Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics (e.g., growth, survival). Such information will fulfill a management need for these high-profile species in Florida. Our primary objective is to evaluate if and how climate change, hydrilla expansion, and cultural oligotrophication have affected Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics in lakes across Florida over the last 15 years. We will develop a variety of statistical models to understand historical trends in Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics using data from the FWC Freshwater Fisheries Long-term Monitoring Program. We will also conduct a detailed social-ecological investigation of a unique, intensively managed reservoir fishery noted for its Largemouth Bass abundance and size structure to understand interactions among fish populations, aquatic habitats, and fisheries stakeholders. Our research will yield insights for understanding long-term trends in Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics and interrelationships among fish, habitats, and people across Florida, yielding management-relevant information for FWC and other partners in fisheries management.
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Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie are popular sport fishes that are widely distributed across Florida and most of the United States. However, there is limited information about how long-term environmental alterations (e.g., changes in climate, aquatic vegetation coverage, lake trophic status) affect these species and the valuable fisheries they support. This knowledge gap, combined with the ecological and socioeconomic significance of centrarchid fisheries, makes it important to study the effects of environmental alterations on Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics (e.g., growth, survival). Such information will fulfill a management need for these high-profile species in Florida. Our primary objective is to evaluate if and how climate change, hydrilla expansion, and cultural oligotrophication have affected Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics in lakes across Florida over the last 15 years. We will develop a variety of statistical models to understand historical trends in Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics using data from the FWC Freshwater Fisheries Long-term Monitoring Program. We will also conduct a detailed social-ecological investigation of a unique, intensively managed reservoir fishery noted for its Largemouth Bass abundance and size structure to understand interactions among fish populations, aquatic habitats, and fisheries stakeholders. Our research will yield insights for understanding long-term trends in Largemouth Bass and Black Crappie population dynamics and interrelationships among fish, habitats, and people across Florida, yielding management-relevant information for FWC and other partners in fisheries management.
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Informing invasive species management amid climate and land-use change to build social-ecological resilience
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June 2026
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Climate change is a major phenomenon altering the distribution of non-native fishes and their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. The influence of climate change on water temperature has substantial implications for non-native fish distributions because it influences individual fish survival, growth, reproduction, and dispersal as well as population and community structure. Understanding water temperature variability and the effects of climate change on aquatic thermal regimes is critical for managing non-native fishes now and in the future, especially in Florida where nearly 200 non-native fishes have been documented. Despite the prevalence of non-native fishes in Florida, water temperature dynamics are poorly understood in lotic ecosystems that are prone to non-native fish occurrence (e.g., south Florida canals, Kissimmee, Ocklawaha, and Choctawhatchee rivers). Thermal habitat research in Florida’s lotic systems has not been conducted at sufficient spatiotemporal and ontogenetic resolution to predict when and where non-native fishes are likely to occur in the context of climate change. We will address these knowledge gaps by supplementing Florida’s network of 200 water temperature loggers by deploying 75+ additional loggers in key rivers and canals that are not currently well-monitored. We will use water temperature data to model non-native fish survival, reproduction, recruitment, and dispersal under different climate change scenarios from 2022–2070. We will develop these thermal habitat suitability models into relevant products for non-native fish management, including predictive maps of species distribution and spread. Ultimately, our research will promote development of robust, spatially explicit programs for managing non-native fishes in Florida.
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Climate change is a major phenomenon altering the distribution of non-native fishes and their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. The influence of climate change on water temperature has substantial implications for non-native fish distributions because it influences individual fish survival, growth, reproduction, and dispersal as well as population and community structure. Understanding water temperature variability and the effects of climate change on aquatic thermal regimes is critical for managing non-native fishes now and in the future, especially in Florida where nearly 200 non-native fishes have been documented. Despite the prevalence of non-native fishes in Florida, water temperature dynamics are poorly understood in lotic ecosystems that are prone to non-native fish occurrence (e.g., south Florida canals, Kissimmee, Ocklawaha, and Choctawhatchee rivers). Thermal habitat research in Florida’s lotic systems has not been conducted at sufficient spatiotemporal and ontogenetic resolution to predict when and where non-native fishes are likely to occur in the context of climate change. We will address these knowledge gaps by supplementing Florida’s network of 200 water temperature loggers by deploying 75+ additional loggers in key rivers and canals that are not currently well-monitored. We will use water temperature data to model non-native fish survival, reproduction, recruitment, and dispersal under different climate change scenarios from 2022–2070. We will develop these thermal habitat suitability models into relevant products for non-native fish management, including predictive maps of species distribution and spread. Ultimately, our research will promote development of robust, spatially explicit programs for managing non-native fishes in Florida.
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Enhancing Capabilities of CPW's Statewide Aquatic Toxicology Program
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June 2022
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NA
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NA
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Exploitation and Catch of Shoal Bass in the Lower Flint River Basin and Angler Use, Effort, and Economic Impact of This Fishery
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June 2024
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The Flint River below Lake Blackshear supports a popular Shoal Bass fishery that is currently managed by a 305-mm minimum-length limit. Hydropeaking flows from Crisp County Dam have reduced Shoal Bass recruitment in the river downstream, prompting GADNR to initiate a stocking program in the 1970s that continues today. Geomorphology of the Flint River changes beginning in this section, characterized by limestone outcroppings, deep channel, and a hydraulic connection to the Upper Floridan aquifer resulting in large groundwater inputs. Approximately 32 km downstream of Crisp County Dam, the Flint River enters the headwaters of Lake Chehaw, created by Albany Dam. Below that dam is a 150-km reach of river that ends at the headwaters of Lake Seminole around Bainbridge, Georgia. This reach is the second-longest undammed section of stream across the entire Shoal Bass range. Hydropeaking flows from Crisp County Dam are reregulated through Albany Dam, and like upstream, these flows have reduced Shoal Bass recruitment in the river downstream, prompting GADNR to stock Shoal Bass. Geomorphology of this reach of the Flint River is similar to the one above, with the addition of numerous springs that add to stream flow and provide summer thermal refugia for species such as Gulf-strain Striped Bass. In the late 1800s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers opened and maintained a 1-m low-water navigation channel from Albany, Georgia, to Bainbridge, Georgia, to facilitate steamboat and barge navigation . This was accomplished by dredging and blasting shoals, which resulted in man-made rock islands that are still extant today. The effects of these activities on the Shoal Bass population are unknown, but likely have resulted in deeper channels, swifter currents, and possibly exacerbating the impacts of hydropeaking flows.
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The objectives of this study are to 1) estimate exploitation of Shoal Bass in the lower Flint River, 2) evaluate the current 305-mm MLL, as well as other harvest restriction scenarios, on the population, 3) describe seasonal movement patterns and habitat use of Shoal Bass in the Flint River between Albany Dam and Lake Seminole, and 4) estimate hatch-date distribution and daily growth of age-0 Shoal Bass in the lower Flint River basin.
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Integrated population modeling to improve forecasting for coho salmon and steelhead returns and the status of their habitat in Oregon
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June 2024
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We are using more than 20 years of salmonid monitoring data from the ODFW Aquatic Inventories project, Western Oregon Rearing Project, Salmonid Life Cycle Monitoring project, and Oregon Adult Salmonid Inventory and Sampling projects to 1) develop a population model that will assist ODFW and partner agencies in predicting adult returns of Oregon Coast coho salmon and steelhead populations, thus providing managers with improved forecasts to set fish harvest recommendations and 2) develop Oregon Coast coho and steelhead juvenile habitat models using remotely sensed and modeled covariates to describe the productivity and suitability of juvenile salmon habitat. These valuable tools will inform habitat and harvest management by allowing ODFW to anticipate adult salmon returns and to identify optimal instream habitats to which current and future management actions should be focused.
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We are using more than 20 years of salmonid monitoring data from the ODFW Aquatic Inventories project, Western Oregon Rearing Project, Salmonid Life Cycle Monitoring project, and Oregon Adult Salmonid Inventory and Sampling projects to 1) develop a population model that will assist ODFW and partner agencies in predicting adult returns of Oregon Coast coho salmon and steelhead populations, thus providing managers with improved forecasts to set fish harvest recommendations and 2) develop Oregon Coast coho and steelhead juvenile habitat models using remotely sensed and modeled covariates to describe the productivity and suitability of juvenile salmon habitat. These valuable tools will inform habitat and harvest management by allowing ODFW to anticipate adult salmon returns and to identify optimal instream habitats to which current and future management actions should be focused.
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Characterizing the fish assemblage of the Lake Powell forebay: identifying the potential for non-native fish escapement and entrainment into Glen Canyon Dam and potential for establishment in the Glen, Marble, and Grand Canyon.
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September 2023
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As lake elevation in Lake Powell (UT-AZ) continues to decline to historically low levels, near-surface waters are approaching the penstock elevation (3,470 feet above sea level) of Glen Canyon Dam. These conditions may make it easier for the non-native fish assemblage to escape through the penstocks and make it downstream of Lake Powell into Glen Canyon, Marble Canyon, and Grand Canyon. If so, these non-native fishes could threaten native fishes downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Non-native fishes have been captured below the dam in the tailwater area and downstream to Lee’s Ferry, some (e.g., green sunfish <i>Lepomis cyanellus</i>) may be reproducing naturally in the slough below the dam but likely would have originated from Lake Powell, and other captured fishes (e.g., smallmouth bass <i>Micropterus dolomieu</i>, walleye <i>Sander vitreus</i>) also have the potential to have escaped.
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We will characterize the fish assemblage in the Glen Canyon Dam forebay using a variety of sampling methods. This data will provide managers with a relative risk of entrainment into the pen stocks of a suite of nonnative species.
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Using non-native vegetation to enhance in-stream habitat for native fishes.
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September 2023
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Habitat loss and degradation is one of the leading hypothesized mechanisms for declines in native fish occurrence and abundance in the Colorado River basin. Providing adequate habitat for all life stages of imperiled fishes is a primary management action needed in the San Juan River basin. In-stream habitat in the San Juan River has been simplified by channel narrowing and reduced channel migration due to an altered flow regime and establishment of non-native vegetation. The latter is primarily Russian olive (<i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i>) that has armored the river banks contributing to habitat simplification to the detriment of native fishes. Low velocity habitats are hypothesized to be important to survival of ESA-listed, young-of-year Colorado Pikeminnow <i>Ptychocheilus lucius </i>and other native fishes. Juvenile Colorado Pikeminnow select for low-velocity habitats in the San Juan River, but these habitats have been reduced due to degradation of in-stream habitat. Given that Colorado Pikeminnow are experiencing continued declines across their range in the Upper Colorado River basin, there is a need to assess further management actions to improve survival and retention. We will use existing non-native woody structure to increase habitat complexity, quantify changes in habitat from the addition of woody structure, and quantify differences in macroinvertebrate densities between reaches with addition of woody structure and control reaches.
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Habitat loss and degradation is one of the leading hypothesized mechanisms for declines in native fish occurrence and abundance in the Colorado River basin. Using a field experiment, we will test the efficacy of using nonnative Russian olive branches to enhance low-velocity habitats for juvenile native fishes in the San Juan River. If successful, this technique could be a relatively cheap management action to increase habitat complexity and aid the recovery of imperiled fishes.
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Estimating ecosystem production across gradients of river alteration in the Colorado River basin; could contemporary productivity be a limiting factor for native fishes?
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December 2024
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The Colorado River Basin (CRB) is one of the most overallocated river networks in the world and is experiencing declining watershed runoff due to climate change. Most fish species native to the CRB are found nowhere else and have declined dramatically coincident with the damming and regulation of the CRB. Substantial resources are invested to recover these fish species with efforts largely focused on restoring physical conditions (i.e., habitat, flow or water temperature) and removing non-native fish species. There has been minimal focus on quantifying changes to the primary (i.e., plants) and secondary production (e.g., insects) that fuel native fish species. In the Grand Canyon segment of the CRB, flow, turbidity and depletion of phosphorous in Lake Powell have been linked to primary production and primary production has been linked to various fish species. However, these linkages have not been studied upriver of Lake Powell despite these upper segments being the focus of recovery efforts for endangered fishes. Based on research in other rivers, we expect primary and secondary production (hereafter river productivity) in the CRB is impacted by river regulation, modified hydrology, and agricultural and municipal runoff, with climate change likely to bring further modifications. If river productivity is limiting fish species, then increasing water temperatures and declining runoff associated with climate change may exacerbate this limitation. Thus, to better predict the impacts of ongoing climate change on the imperiled fish species of the CRB, it is imperative to identify current drivers of river productivity.
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The Colorado River Basin (CRB) is one of the most overallocated river networks in the world and is experiencing declining watershed runoff due to climate change. There has been minimal focus on quantifying changes to the primary (i.e., plants) and secondary production (e.g., insects) that fuel native fish species. Based on research in other rivers, we expect primary and secondary production (hereafter river productivity) in the CRB is impacted by river regulation, modified hydrology, and agricultural and municipal runoff, with climate change likely to bring further modifications. If river productivity is limiting fish species, then increasing water temperatures and declining runoff associated with climate change may exacerbate this limitation.
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Aquatic food web changes to invasive Flathead Catfish along an invasion gradient
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January 2024
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Biological invasions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and function of aquatic communities. Invasive predatory fish species are known to restructure food webs – since predatory fishes have a dominant influence on community structure in freshwater systems. This research is focusing on understanding the food web changes to invasive Flathead Catfish <i>Pylodictis olivaris</i> along an invasion gradient in the Susquehanna River Basin, PA. This research is collaboration with state and federal partners, including the PA Fish & Boat Commission and the US Geological Survey. Information on the food web consequences of invasion can help inform formal decision-making processes, and thus this research will help reduce an important uncertainty related to the management of invasive Flathead Catfish.
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Biological invasions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and function of aquatic communities. Invasive predatory fish species are known to restructure food webs – since predatory fishes have a dominant influence on community structure in freshwater systems. This research is focusing on understanding the food web changes to invasive Flathead Catfish <i>Pylodictis olivaris</i> along an invasion gradient in the Susquehanna River Basin, PA. This research is collaboration with state and federal partners, including the PA Fish & Boat Commission and the US Geological Survey. Information on the food web consequences of invasion can help inform formal decision-making processes, and thus this research will help reduce an important uncertainty related to the management of invasive Flathead Catfish.
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Understanding the drivers and limiting factors of Tui chub in Pyramid Lake, NV as the most important food source for recovering Lahontan Cutthroat Trout.
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September 2024
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The importance of tui chub as the primary food source for recovering Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (LCT) in Pyramid Lake, Nevada has been firmly established. However, there is evidence that over the longer term, Tui Chub abundance has been declining, concordant with declines in lake elevation. The mechanism(s) driving this decline remains unknown and could include changes in food availability with changes in lake biogeochemistry, spawning and recruitment failure due to lack of littoral habitat, or a community food-web change. This uncertainty must be addressed in order to ensure the continued recovery of LCT including new natural recruitment, and to assist in determining stocking levels in order to not exceed carrying capacity. <br>The project being proposed will explore the factors determining food availability for Tui Chub, changes in littoral habitat as they may affect spawning and recruitment success, and potential changes to fish community dynamics, all with consideration of the potential concordant declines in lake elevation.
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The importance of tui chub as the primary food source for recovering Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (LCT) in Pyramid Lake, Nevada has been firmly established. However, there is evidence that over the longer term, Tui Chub abundance has been declining, concordant with declines in lake elevation. The mechanism(s) driving this decline remains unknown and could include changes in food availability with changes in lake biogeochemistry, spawning and recruitment failure due to lack of littoral habitat, or a community food-web change. This uncertainty must be addressed in order to ensure the continued recovery of LCT including new natural recruitment, and to assist in determining stocking levels in order to not exceed carrying capacity. This project is a collaboration between the Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, Utah State University, USGS: Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lahontan National Fish Hatchery Complex, and the Pauite Tribe, Pyramid Lake Fisheries. To better inform management of this important ecosystem and fishery, the project will explore the factors determining food availability for Tui Chub, changes in littoral habitat as they may affect spawning and recruitment success, and potential changes to fish community dynamics, all with consideration of the potential concordant declines in lake elevation.
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Comparing beaver translocations before and after passive stream restoration projects to determine the most effective strategies for beaver translocation in the Price and San Rafael Rivers, Utah (Phase II)
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May 2023
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Passive restoration of rivers and streams with beavers and beaver dam analogs (BDAs) is rapidly growing in response to demonstrated success and affordability. However, there are often mismatches in time and location between nuisance beavers trapped and sometimes euthanized versus places where relocated beavers are desired and would have a high likelihood of success in terms of assisting river restoration. Locations with the greatest likelihood of success have adequate food and dam material and avoid potential conflict with people and infrastructure. While some important information has been gained about the best practices for beaver relocation, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding timing, density, minimum number, age structure, mate selection, family structure, individual traits that predict success, and retention. Simultaneously, restoration in desert rivers offers unique challenges. Desert rivers are dynamic, transport large sediment loads, and often have degraded fish and riparian habitat due to loss of spring snow-melt floods (water over-allocation) and effects of invasive vegetation.<br> <br><b>THE SAN RAFAEL and PRICE RIVERS</b><br>The San Rafael and Price Rivers offer an ideal situation to learn about the combined practices of passive restoration using BDAs, tamarisk removal, and relocated beavers and their subsequent behavior. An adaptive, experimental, science-based restoration have been developed for these rivers and are currently in the implementation stages. The plans were developed based on graduate student research at Utah State University; information from two master’s theses on fish ecology and one on geomorphologic change were combined with detailed vegetation mapping funded by BOR, BLM, and NRCS to develop a master plan for each river. A section of the Price River is meant to serve as a demonstration area for future projects to visit. The San Rafael and Price Rivers (and similar tributaries) are occupied by all three of the imperiled Three Species (flannelmouth sucker, bluehead sucker, roundtail chub) and utilized by several of the endangered fishes of the Upper Colorado River Basin.<br> <br>Despite occurrence of native fish species, the lower San Rafael and upper Price Rivers are now characterized by long runs of extremely simplified habitat, and almost all complex habitat is gone. The SRRP is currently being implemented in an experimental fashion and includes treatments of tamarisk removal, BDA installation, gravel introduction, and also cottonwood replanting with early growth stimulation treatments. Preliminary observations indicate the BDAs are providing localized habitat complexity for fish in the form of riffles, deep pools, exposed coarse substrate, and some bank erosion and localized channel widening. In addition, when summer flows reached 3 cfs and the San Rafael River started to dry in the summer of 2016, the scour pools below BDAs offered refuge to and were used by stocked endangered fishes and the Three Species. Most recently in the spring and fall of 2021, 70 BDAs were installed along reaches of the Price River.<br> <br>BDAs are underutilized by beavers in restoration areas because beaver densities are low, likely due to historical trapping and previously unsuitable habitat. However, the potential for beaver to thrive in these two rivers is evident at a site called Cottonwood Wash in the San Rafael River, which has extremely good fish habitat and experiences considerable beaver activity. Locations of the experimental BDAs have excellent potential for change: tamarisk has been removed, cottonwoods and willows are locally abundant to provide food, and piles of removed tamarisk are available as dam-building material. There is extremely little potential for conflict between man and beaver at this remote and extreme desert location (BLM and State land).<br> <br>In 2019 and 2020, before installment of BDAs was completed, 23 resident beavers in experimental sites within the Price and San Rafael Rivers were captured, fitted with VHF and/or PIT tags, and monitored to obtain baseline information on natural beaver behavior and space use. At the same time and at the same locations, 47 beavers were translocated and fitted with the same tags, before they were released along the Price and San Rafael Rivers. Of these translocated beavers, 4 remained alive, but all had emigrated outside the study sites by the end of the two-year study. Now that BDAs have been installed, additional monitoring of resident beavers and release of translocated beavers is necessary to determine whether the BDAs are useful for improving the efficacy of using translocated beavers within a river restoration plan and the response of resident beavers to these efforts.<br> <br><b>OBJECTIVES </b><br>The proposed objective of this study is to relocate beavers to the BDA sites along the Price River, study the recolonization process, identify whether translocated beavers are more likely to survive and stay at the release site if BDAs have been installed prior to release, and determine if individual behavioral traits of beavers can inform recolonization efforts. During spring/fall of 2021 and 2022, we will continue to capture and tag resident and translocated beavers, fitting adults with a PIT-tag and VHF-tag and younger animals with only a PIT-tag. We will monitor their space use and survival by tracking their unique VHF signals and detections at PIT-tag antennas (permanent and mobile units). These data will then be compared with the same data from resident and translocated beavers that were monitored for the two years before BDAs were installed (spring/fall 2019 and 2020). We will conduct several behavioral assays for evaluating behavioral traits, including human interaction tests, reactivity/tameness tests, novel object tests, and behavior at release. During human interaction tests, each time a person interacts with a beaver, the beaver’s initial reaction will be scored using an aggressiveness index. For reactivity/tameness tests, we will record whether the beaver ate, defecated, and manipulated its environment each day. The novel object test will involve placing a new object in the quarantine kennel on the last night of quarantine and using game cameras to record latency to approach the object and latency to touch the object. We will also document behavior during release. This includes latency to emerge from the cage after the door has been opened, path to water (direct/meandering), and general behavior during release.<br> <br>A second objective of the continued research is to evaluate the quarantine procedures for reducing transmittable diseases and parasites between watersheds. Most state agencies, including Utah, have developed a protocol for translocation of beavers. In most cases, the protocol either prohibits moving beavers between watersheds or requires a quarantine period to rid the beavers of any invasive species, parasites, or diseases beavers may carry before they are placed in a new watershed. However, there is almost no scientific data to guide the specifics of the protocols for this second option. Our goal is to obtain and test water samples from beavers during quarantine to determine if there are invasive species, parasites, or diseases present and if the quarantine protocol is effective at eliminating them. The protocol in Utah requires the water be changed each day, and our tests will determine if their presence ends by the end of the quarantine period. We aim to obtain these water samples from residents within the Price and San Rafael Rivers (as controls) and translocated beavers prior to release on these rivers. We may also obtain water samples from the Beaver Center in Logan, Utah, or beaver translocations conducted by the state in the Cedar City area to ensure sufficient sample size for analyses.<br> <br>Combined, these objectives will help determine the most effective (in terms of restoration and cost) combinations of passive restoration techniques and beaver reintroduction strategies.
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Passive restoration of rivers and streams with beavers and beaver dam analogs (BDAs) is rapidly growing in response to demonstrated success and affordability. However, there are often mismatches in time and location between nuisance beavers trapped and sometimes euthanized versus places where relocated beavers are desired and would have a high likelihood of success in terms of assisting river restoration. While some important information has been gained about the best practices for beaver relocation, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding timing, density, minimum number, age structure, mate selection, family structure, individual traits that predict success, and retention. Simultaneously, restoration in desert rivers offers unique challenges. Desert rivers are dynamic, transport large sediment loads, and often have degraded fish and riparian habitat due to loss of spring snow-melt floods (water over-allocation) and effects of invasive vegetation. This project would build off of the established partnership between USU, UDWR, BOR, BLM, and others, along with the work this team has already completed within the system. Many of these entities are currently providing funding and in-kind support for the implementation and monitoring, offering a situation to capitalize on existing riverine management expertise and resources as well as an extensive knowledge base on fish, aquatic ecology, and geomorphology. This research will identify whether translocated beavers are more likely to survive and stay at the release site if BDAs (beaver dam analogues) have been installed prior to release, determine if individual behavioral traits of beavers can inform recolonization efforts, and evaluate the quarantine procedures for reducing transmittable diseases and parasites between watersheds, all to improve management practices here and elsewhere.
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RWO 102: TCU 436 Development of an Effective Survey Methodology for Detection and Monitoring of Texas Kangaroo Rats
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May 2024
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Texas kangaroo rat is believed to be declining and is a species of substantive conservation concern. To date, methods of assessing populations have been inconsistent and time intensive. However, the known reduction in the species distribution, and suspected population declines, there is an urgent need to develop a reliable, repeatable survey method based on detection probabilities. This will require innovation in approaches, but is foundational to developing a method that allows reliable estimates of population sizes and how they respond to management actions.<br> <br>Through experimentation and field test trials, we will assess novel approaches to surveying for the Texas kangaroo rat. If successful, it will result in a new approach/method that will be suitable for nocturnal application, reliable, repeatable, and based on detection probabilities so that population abundances may be estimated. Developing such a method is incredibly important for assessing population trends and effectiveness of conservation efforts.
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