New Mexico Research: Projects, Research Publications, Presentations, Thesis and Dissertations, Technical Publications

New Mexico Research Activities

Terrestrial research in the Southwest 2020

Research at the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is geared toward providing practical solutions that are transferable to our Cooperators (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and New Mexico State University) and other agencies. Unit scientists and affiliated staff meet with resource professionals to discuss management needs. If the Unit cannot provide the expertise to develop and solve management needs, then we engage University faculty, staff and a network of professional colleagues to offer solutions. The Unit scientists address resource issues throughout the arid southwest that span from the southern Rockies to the Chihuahua and Sonoran ecosystems. Research areas of special emphasis include environmental stressors and native fish restoration and management, resource selection and population ecology of game birds and large mammals.

Projects

Project	Completion Date
Landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population	July 2019	Studies of golden eagle mortality linked to wind energy facilities are cause for concern especially when coupled with the knowledge that golden eagles move great distances between breeding and wintering areas. Thus, mortalities that occur at a particular wind energy facility may not only impact a local breeding population of golden eagles but could also impact breeding populations on a continent-wide scale. Understanding the movement ecology and landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the western US would be critically important toward understanding the potential risks wind energy facilities pose to the continental population of golden eagles. This information is essential to understanding the distribution of breeding populations of eagles, the level of connectivity that exists among them and where individuals from these populations migrate to in the winter. Thus our objectives are to assess the relationship of western golden eagle populations using molecular genetic and stable isotope methods.	Studies of golden eagle mortality linked to wind energy facilities are cause for concern especially when coupled with the knowledge that golden eagles move great distances between breeding and wintering areas. Thus, mortalities that occur at a particular wind energy facility may not only impact a local breeding population of golden eagles but could also impact breeding populations on a continent-wide scale. Understanding the movement ecology and landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the western US would be critically important toward understanding the potential risks wind energy facilities pose to the continental population of golden eagles. The goal of this project is to assess the landscape genetic structure of golden eagles in the U.S. in efforts to understand the distribution of breeding populations of eagles, the level of connectivity that exists among them and where individuals from these populations migrate to in the winter. This information will allow for more informed management of golden eagles on a continent-wide scale. This project is a collaboration with the US Fish and Wildlife Service and Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology at New Mexico State University.
Natal Origins of trout in the Kootenai and Pend O'reille Rivers	September 2014	We are using strontium isotope analysis to differentiate populations by tributary and link adults back to their natal origins	None
Natal Origins of Snake River Cutthroat in Teton National Park	September 2014	We are using strontium isotope analysis to differentiate populations by tributary and link adults back to their natal origins	None
Investigating lesser prairie-chicken reproduction, survival, and seasonal habitat use to understand patterns of declining lek attendance	June 2015	Where did all the chickens go?	None
Investigating impacts of energy development on lesser prairie-chicken reproduction, survival, movement, and habitat use in eastern New Mexico.	December 2015	Impacts of energy development on lesser prairie-chickens	None
Determining Seasonal Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Habitat by the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanachus pallidicinctus) in Eastern New Mexico	December 2016	Do chickens use CRP lands in New Mexico?	None
Demography and seasonal movement patterns of band-tailed pigeons in New Mexico.	December 2016	Rediscovering the band-tailed pigeon	None
Measuring scaled quail demography and seasonal habitat use in response to a shrub reduction treatment in southwestern New Mexico and effect of climate on nest and brood success	December 2016	Scaled Quail and Climate change	None
Describing seasonal movement patterns and development of a bioenergetics model to determine carrying capacity of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, NM for wintering sandhill cranes	December 2017	Sandhill Crane Winter Ecology	None
Quantifying habitat selection and predicting habitat use by whooping crane	December 2016	The overall goal of this project is to characterize whooping crane stopover sites in the southern portion of their migration corridor and on wintering grounds including diurnal use and nocturnal roosting sites. We will also be collecting field data to validate vegetation metrics derived from LiDAR and NAIP-CIR imagery. This validation will allow for development of vegetation metrics derived from remote sensing to model vegetation structure across the winter grounds.	None
Population trends and predicted trajectories of American Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the American Southwest	May 2016	Our objectives are to: 1) determine how widespread the decline in American pronghorn is in the Southwest; 2) identify causal, climatic factors which best explain these declines; 3) forecast the trend and geographical extent of these causal, climatic factors over the next century based on current climate change models for the region, including downscaled climate models developed at the SW CSC; and 4) relate these climatic forecasts to pronghorn population trends over future decades.	None
Evaluation of baseflow as climate stressors in Rio Grande cutthroat trout	February 2015	http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1051/	This study characterized the thermal regime in a number of Colorado and New Mexico streams that contain populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout and had no previous record of continual temperature records. When compared to Colorado’s water temperature criteria (Cold Tier 1), a portion of these populations appeared to be at risk from elevated stream temperatures, as indicated by exceedance of both acute (17 - 22 percent) and chronic (2 to 9 percent) water quality metrics. Summer water temperature profiles recorded at sites within current Rio Grande cutthroat trout habitat indicated that although the majority of currently occupied conservation streams have temperatures that fall well below these biologically based acute and chronic thermal thresholds, several sites may be at or approaching water temperatures considered stressful to cutthroat trout. Further, water temperatures should be considered in decisions regarding the current and future thermal suitability of potential Rio Grande cutthroat trout restoration sites. Additionally, baseflow discharge sampling indicated that a majority of the sampled stream segments containing Rio Grande cutthroat trout have flows less than 1.0 cubic feet per second (cfs) in both 2010 (74 percent) and 2011 (77 percent). The relative drought sensitivity of these low baseflow streams containing Rio Grande cutthroat trout could be further evaluated to assess their probable sustainability under possible future drought conditions.
Evaluation of intermittency of stream flow in headwater streams for Rio Grande Cutthroat trout	December 2014	The Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) is the southern-most subspecies of cutthroat trout in the Western U.S., endemic to the Rio Grande, Pecos, and Canadian River basins in Colorado and New Mexico (Behnke 2002). Historically the subspecies occupied over 10,000 km of streams in this region, but currently occupies less than 12% of its historical range (1,500 km) with as few as 120 remaining conservation populations (Alves et al. 2008). In 2008, O. c. virginalis was added to the Endangered Species Act Candidate List, and the potential negative effects of climate change on this subspecies were discussed in detail in the listing package and included concerns about both water temperature and low flow. To help resolve some of the uncertainty related to climate vulnerability of existing O. c. virginalis core conservation populations, our research group initiated a monitoring effort in 2010 to characterize both stream temperature regimes and baseflow hydrology within 40 core conservation populations. Importantly, our fall baseflow measurements revealed that more than 67% of O. c. virginalis study streams exhibited discharge levels less than 1.0 cubic feet per second (cfs), with one completely dry site (Figure 1a), despite an above-normal 2010 snowpack throughout the majority of the sub-species range. In 2011, the basin experienced moderate to severe drought-conditions during the early summer, however, late-season rains likely reduced the impact of those early drought conditions. In 2011, fall baseflow conditions were documented with similar percentage of low flow streams within an expanded subset of O. c. virginalis streams (Figure 1b). Importantly, because our baseflow measurements occur at a single point during the late fall, the flow conditions during the driest portions of 2011 went undocumented. Low snowpack and resultant potential for flow intermittency and low baseflows has a high likelihood of negatively affecting O. c. virginalis populations, as was observed in 2002 when several populations were extirpated by drought due to low snowpack during the previous winter (Japhet et al. 2007; Patten et al. 2007). The extent of negative impact of the 2002 drought is unknown, as only a small subset of O. c. virginalis core-conservation populations were visited immediately following the drought to evaluate its impact.	None
Seasonal ecology of Pecos pupfish throughout a remnant wetland	September 2014	The goal of the proposed project will be to assess the distribution of Pecos pupfish among aquatic habitats of the Lea Lake Overflow Wetlands including an assessment of size-related habitat use and seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in distribution.	None
Feasibility Study for Native Fish Establishment in McKittrick Creek, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas	September 2015	The goal of the proposed work will be to determine whether a self-sustaining population of Rio Grande cutthroat trout as well as other native fishes (e.g., Rio Grande chub Gila pandora and rainwater killifish Lucania parva) can be supported in McKittrick Creek, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. To accomplish this goal, a suite of biotic and abiotic information gaps must to be filled. The objectives of this effort will be to characterize fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities, document amphibian occurrence, and describe spatial and temporal changes in physical stream habitat and water quality throughout the McKittrick drainage.	The McKittrick drainage, located in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, was surveyed August and November 2013 to characterize fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates, document the presence of amphibian and spring snails, characterize stream morphometrics and mesohabitat, and obtain snapshots of water quality. This assessment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of McKittrick drainage to support a native fish assemblage. Surveys for fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates, spring snails, and stream morphometrics were conducted on the main stem of McKittrick Creek and South McKittrick Creek (a tributary to the main stem of McKittrick). A preliminary survey of North McKittrick (a second tributary to the main stem) revealed discontinuous but perennial areas that supported amphibians but no salmonids. Thus, a series of four study reaches were established throughout the main stem and South McKittrick representing a total of 2.8 km of perennial water. Density of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss averaged 3.6 fish/100 m2 (range: 0.6-7.7 fish/100 m2) across all perennial reaches with the highest densities (7.7 fish/100 m2) found in Reach 2, located above Pratt Cabin. Longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis were captured only in the South McKittrick Creek in Reaches 2 and 3, but generally in lower densities (Average: 4.0 fish/100 m2) than rainbow trout. Longear sunfish were also observed in North McKittrick Creek but no population assessments were conducted to assess their density. Habitat assessments were completed at three of four reaches (Reach 1, 2, and 4) to describe mesohabitat, substrate composition, and to establish permanent transects for future surveys. The lowermost reach (Reach 1) was significantly wider (average wetted width: 4.2 m) than the upper two reaches (average wetted width: 2.3 m) and had generally poorer fish habitat, likely due to travertine deposition which limited suitable benthic substrate for macroinvertebrate fauna and spawning habitat. Rio Grande leopard frog Lithobates berlandieri tadpoles, sub-adults, and adults were observed in all intermittent water bodies of North McKittrick Creek in August, but were not observed throughout the main stem of McKittrick Creek or South McKittrick Creek. Sorting and identification of aquatic macroinvertebrate samples is still on going, although observations during sampling indicated that overall density and biomass was low. Water quality monitoring (i.e., stream temperature) is also still ongoing and results will not be available until the winter of 2014 when data loggers will be retrieved and analyzed (resulting in one full year of stream temperatures). A second survey of fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and amphibians are planned for June 2014 to capture seasonal changes in amphibian species and benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The lack of stream temperature information precludes a complete evaluation of the suitability McKittrick drainage to support Rio Grande cutthroat trout. After completion of stream temperature analysis Fall of 2014, a complete assessment of the drainage will be provided to Guadalupe Mountains National Park and other interested parties.
Effects of piscicide Rotenone on native amphibians	December 2013	The objective of the study will be to determine the acute and chronic toxicity effects of plains leopard frog and Chiricahua leopard frog to toxicological effects of a piscicide (rotenone). The research entails characterizing toxicological effects of rotenone at concentrations that are environmentally relevant throughout early life history stages of two native amphibians because of the proximity of their habitat to areas targeted for removal of non-native fishes.	The Student's research will contribute to the limited knowledge of sub-lethal and long-term toxicity effects of a piscicide on native amphibians as well as provide relevant toxicity information if amphibians are present at the time of a rotenone application. The effects of rotenone will be pronounced in gill-breathing stages of amphibians because the site of toxic action of rotenone is within the mitochondria located within the gills. Gills offer a direct line of exposure to sites of toxic action due to the large surface area and very short diffusion distance of gill lamellae. Survival may be affected if metamorphosis is delayed or results in a premature departure from ponds. Rotenone may also inhibit mobility of tadpoles, thus potentially reducing their ability to escape from predators. Indirect effects of rotenone may also be seen long after exposure if rotenone suppresses detoxifying mechanisms and thus increase the vulnerability of tadpoles to disease. This would be manifested in population decline due to loss of entire year classes. The results are expected to have an impact on rotenone use in ponds and streams of New Mexico that would expand protective guidelines to include the Chiricahua leopard frog and the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens), for which rotenone effects are currently unknown. Differences in geographic distributions may also represent different toxicity responses to rotenone between the plains and the Chiricahua leopard frog emphasizing an urgent need for the description of lethal concentration ranges and sub-lethal effects of fish removal to diminish or avoid negative effects to native amphibian populations. My work will provide fishery managers with the window of when applications of rotenone would reduce collateral damage of the pesticide on non-target amphibian species.
Resource selection and movements of mule deer and elk on the Jemez Pueblo	March 2017	The goals project are to: 1) describe seasonal movements of deer and elk including delineating summer/winter ranges, fawning/calving areas, and migration routes; 2) estimate population size, survival rates, and determine cause of mortality for mule deer and elk on pueblo land and compare survival rates and cause-specific mortality with mule deer and elk collared in areas adjacent to the Pueblo of Jemez; 3) estimate forage availability for mule deer and elk in relation to wildfire and forest restoration treatments (e.g.,prescribed burning and thinning); and 4) assess resource selection patterns of mule deer and elk in relation to forest restoration and wildfire in association with an ongoing CFLRP large mammal monitoring project being led by the NM-CRU.	Forest restoration treatments have become more common in an attempt to improve wildlife habitat and to mitigate the risk of catastrophic wildfires, but little is known regarding the effects of forest restoration and habitat treatments on mule deer and elk populations. Landscape-scale forest restoration treatments are occurring in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico primarily through the use of prescribed burning and forest thinning. Our objectives were to: 1) describe seasonal ranges and migration routes for mule deer and elk; 2) conduct aerial surveys and determine cause of mortality; 3) estimate forage availability across vegetation types and treatments; and 4) assess resource selection patterns of mule deer and elk in relation to forest restoration and wildfires. <br><br>• We observed relatively few elk on the Jemez Pueblo during any of the aerial surveys, most of which were on the West Unit in the Sierra Nacimiento. Mule deer were predominantly observed on the East Unit in the Cañada de Cochiti. Mule deer were more common than elk on the pueblo but were not particularly abundant. <br><br>• Herbaceous forage biomass was greater in wildfire burned areas than prescribed burns, forest thinning, and untreated areas.<br><br>• Oak forage biomass was greater in wildfire burned areas compared to prescribed burns, forest thinning, and untreated areas. Thinned areas tended to have higher oak forage biomass than untreated areas for most vegetation types.<br><br>• Mountain lion predation was the primary cause of mortality for mule deer and mountain lion predation and hunter harvests were the primary causes of mortality for elk. <br><br>• Mule deer selected for areas burned by prescribed fire and avoided wildfire burned and thinned areas less than 5 years old. Mule deer strongly selected for thinned areas >5 years old. At both spatial scales, grasslands were avoided during all seasons, pinyon-juniper woodlands were selected for in winter, and oak vegetation was selected during summer. Mixed conifer forests were selected during summer. <br><br>• Elk selected for wildfire burned areas and forest thinning. Elk selection of prescribed burns varied by season and year. When compared to ponderosa pine forests, elk selected for aspen, grasslands, and oak vegetation. Mixed conifer forests were selected for during spring, summer, and autumn and avoided in winter <br>
Assessment of drought impacts on selected fish and wildlife species in the southwestern U.S.	August 2017	We are currently studying the impacts of drought on desert bighorn sheep, American pronghorn, Rio Grande cutthroat trout, and scaled quail, including assessments of individual- (e.g., desert bighorn sheep) and population-level (e.g., pronghorn, cutthroat trout, scaled quail) responses to drought. Our specific objectives for desert bighorn sheep are to investigate: 1) seasonal habitat selection patterns across widely differing climatic periods to determine if desert bighorn use certain habitat features and or behavioral mechanisms to cope with extreme drought; 2) changes in diet selection across climatic periods to determine which forage species are used as buffer resources to maintain populations during droughts; and 3) nutritional intake resulting from dietary shifts across climatic periods. Our objectives for American pronghorn are to: 1) determine how widespread the decline in American pronghorn is in the Southwest; 2) identify causal, climatic factors which best explain these declines; 3) forecast the trend and geographical extent of these causal, climatic factors over the next century based on current climate change models for the region, including downscaled climate models developed at the SW CSC; and 4) relate these climatic forecasts to pronghorn population trends over future decades. Our objectives for Rio Grande cutthroat trout are to monitor stream flow to identify periods of stream intermittency associated with drought conditions and model the relationship between habitat availability with landscape data to predict the relationship between stream flow and habitat availability. The objectives for scaled quail are to study climate effects (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) preceding, during and following the nesting season with a primary focus on how these climate variables affect nest success.	None
Habitat selection, survival and cause-specific mortality of translocated mule deer in southern New Mexico	June 2015	In efforts to restore mule deer populations in New Mexico, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF) will begin a translocation effort in 2012. Mule deer will be captured from high density populations and translocated to areas with lower mule deer abundance than expected based on habitat assessments. At least 100 mule deer will be captured and translocated into two areas with 50 being released in each area during the winters of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Half of the mule deer will be hard-released and the other half will be placed in a soft-release pen for 30 days perior to release. Approximately 80 mule deer will be fitted with radio collars to monitor survival and habitat selection.	In efforts to restore mule deer populations in New Mexico, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF) will begin a translocation effort in 2012. Mule deer will be captured from high density populations and translocated to areas with lower mule deer abundance than expected based on habitat assessments. At least 100 mule deer will be captured and translocated into two areas with 50 being released in each area during the winters of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Half of the mule deer will be hard-released and the other half will be placed in a soft-release pen for 30 days perior to release. Approximately 80 mule deer will be fitted with radio collars to monitor survival and habitat selection.
Using a metapopulation analysis and risk assessment to improve consevation of the Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly, a Species of Greatest Conservation Need	May 2013	The student, Rachel Ryan, developed novel genetic markers and has applied these in metapopulation theory to guide management decisions that focus on which populations of the butterfly are at the greatest risk of extirpation. A portion of her work has shown that local inbreeding is the result of a series of droughts (2006 and 2011) and that inbreeding is reducing the fitness of these populations by reducing colonization behavior. The arid southwest has begun to experience the effects of a warming climate. Thus, her research has also focused on identifying suitable habitat to facilitate adaptation of the subspecies to climate change.	None
Population dynamics and reintroduction characteristics of Mexican wolves in Arizona and New Mexico’s Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area	September 2015	The Blue Range population of Mexican wolves, although successfully established in1998, is not thriving. Between 1998 and 2003 the actual minimum population of Mexican wolves in the BRWRA closely tracked with population projections in the 1996 Final Environmental Impact Statement. From 2004 through 2010, the minimum population count has not reached FEIS projections or shown continued steady growth. Over the last seven years, the population size has hovered around the halfway point of the population target of at least 100 wolves. Yet, data from the reintroduction project has not been rigorously analyzed to help elucidate potential modifications for the project or describe best management practices for this population. In addition, the Mexican wolf project is currently developing a new recovery plan for the Mexican wolves, which will likely require additional reintroductions to occur for recovery objectives to be met. Scientific analysis of the data should help guide future reintroduction efforts in other areas and allow for comparison with disparate populations to further our understanding of Mexican wolf biology across their range. The objectives of this study are to investigate: (1) habitat colonization preferences of Mexican wolves and the distribution of preferred wolf habitat across the southwestern U.S., (2) factors that promote successful initial releases and translocations of Mexican wolves, (3) factors that contribute to increased reproduction rates, (4) survival of Mexican wolves, and (5) dispersal patterns of Mexican wolves. Ultimately these factors will be incorporated into a population model to determine scenarios that increase or decrease population vigor.	None
Influence of livestock grazing on activity budgets and foraging efficiency of desert bighorn sheep	May 2014	Recent population growth has prompted the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to petition for the removal of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) from the state’s threatened and endangered species list. To more effectively manage desert bighorn sheep as a game species, the NMDGF has identified the need to assess the potential impacts of cattle grazing on forage resources and the subsequent influence on foraging ecology of desert bighorn sheep in New Mexico. PROJECT GOALS 1) Compare seasonal biomass of preferred forage species for desert bighorn sheep in areas with and without livestock grazing. 2) Estimate seasonal activity budgets of desert bighorn sheep in areas with and without livestock grazing. 3) Compare foraging efficiency of desert bighorn sheep in areas with and without livestock grazing. 4)Continue ongoing monitoring efforts that are currently being conducted by independent contractors to document and determine causes of mortalities of adult bighorn sheep fitted with radio collars in the Caballo and San Andres Mountains.	None
Growth and survival of Apache trout Oncorhynchus Apache under static and fluctuating temperature regimes typical of Southwestern streams:	December 2011	Increased stream temperatures through global climate change and urbanization will have important implications for fishes worldwide. While there is some information on the effects of elevated water temperatures on Apache trout Oncorhynchus Apache, less is known about effects of increased and fluctuating water temperatures over extended time periods, typical of Southwestern desert streams. Therefore, we applied static and fluctuating temperature regimes to determine how each affected the growth and survival of Apache trout. Using a recirculating water system, we tested static temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C, temperatures that fluctuated +3°C from 16, 19, 22 and 25°C, as well as temperatures that fluctuated +6°C from 19 and 22°C. After a 14 day acclimation at 16°C, 12 days of temperature ramping and 30 day test trials, we determined the LT50 as well as mean growth for each temperature treatment. Results showed the LT50 for Apache trout under static conditions to be 22.9°C, 23.4°C under +3°C fluctuations and 22.9°C under + 6°C fluctuations. Growth decreased as temperatures approached the LT50. When comparing static conditions with fluctuating conditions with the same midpoint, growth was less under fluctuating conditions than under static conditions if the temperature fluctuation approached the thermal limit (CTMax). Reduced survival of individual fish, inhibited growth and changes in fish behavior caused by prolonged increased stream temperature will further affect the plight of the species. Therefore temperature tolerance information is critical to those restoring streams for Apache trout and in identifying new stocking locations.	Increased stream temperatures through global climate change and urbanization will have important implications for fishes worldwide. While there is some information on the effects of elevated water temperatures on Apache trout Oncorhynchus Apache, less is known about effects of increased and fluctuating water temperatures over extended time periods, typical of Southwestern desert streams. Therefore, we applied static and fluctuating temperature regimes to determine how each affected the growth and survival of Apache trout. Using a recirculating water system, we tested static temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C, temperatures that fluctuated +3°C from 16, 19, 22 and 25°C, as well as temperatures that fluctuated +6°C from 19 and 22°C. After a 14 day acclimation at 16°C, 12 days of temperature ramping and 30 day test trials, we determined the LT50 as well as mean growth for each temperature treatment. Results showed the LT50 for Apache trout under static conditions to be 22.9°C, 23.4°C under +3°C fluctuations and 22.9°C under + 6°C fluctuations. Growth decreased as temperatures approached the LT50. When comparing static conditions with fluctuating conditions with the same midpoint, growth was less under fluctuating conditions than under static conditions if the temperature fluctuation approached the thermal limit (CTMax). Reduced survival of individual fish, inhibited growth and changes in fish behavior caused by prolonged increased stream temperature will further affect the plight of the species. Therefore temperature tolerance information is critical to those restoring streams for Apache trout and in identifying new stocking locations.
Does thermal tolerance of fish vary by life stage?	December 2012	We evaluated upper temperature tolerances by life stage (fry-adult) of rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss (41-200 mm total length [TL] ); Rio Grande cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarki virginalis (36-181mm TL), Apache trout Oncorhynchus apache (40-220 mm TL), largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides (72-266 mm TL), Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (35-206 mm TL) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus using critical thermal (CT) tests. Salmonids were acclimated at 18°C for 14 d, while the tilapia, largemouth bass and channel catfish were acclimated at 25°C for 14 d, CTMaxes then obtained, and data plotted and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in thermal tolerance between life stages for Nile tilapia, channel catfish, rainbow trout, largemouth bass and Apache trout. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in thermal tolerance between life stages of Rio Grande cutthroat trout, however the difference was less than 1°C across all live stages. Upper temperature tolerance of different life stages did not differ among the size groups tested in this wide variety of freshwater fishes. Therefore, management and research decisions based on upper thermal tolerance for one size group would be applicable to other size groups within ranges tested.	We evaluated upper temperature tolerances by life stage (fry-adult) of rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss (41-200 mm total length [TL] ); Rio Grande cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarki virginalis (36-181mm TL), Apache trout Oncorhynchus apache (40-220 mm TL), largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides (72-266 mm TL), Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (35-206 mm TL) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus using critical thermal (CT) tests. Salmonids were acclimated at 18°C for 14 d, while the tilapia, largemouth bass and channel catfish were acclimated at 25°C for 14 d, CTMaxes then obtained, and data plotted and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in thermal tolerance between life stages for Nile tilapia, channel catfish, rainbow trout, largemouth bass and Apache trout. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in thermal tolerance between life stages of Rio Grande cutthroat trout, however the difference was less than 1°C across all live stages. Upper temperature tolerance of different life stages did not differ among the size groups tested in this wide variety of freshwater fishes. Therefore, management and research decisions based on upper thermal tolerance for one size group would be applicable to other size groups within ranges tested.
Determining the Limiting Factors of Pecos Bluntnose Shiner in the Farmlands Reach of the Pecos River	September 2014	The goal of the proposed project will be to identify conservation needs for the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Conservation needs for the species can be met if restoration efforts and habitat improvements are focused on ameliorating limiting factors for the threatened shiner.	Our study objectives are to (1) characterize the spatial and temporal relationship between water quality (i.e., salinity, conductance, dissolved oxygen, temperature) and discharge throughout the Pecos bluntnose shiner’s current range, (2) determine Pecos bluntnose shiner salinity tolerances and effects within several life history stages (i.e., hatching success in eggs, survival and growth of early proto-larvae (24 h post-hatch) and juveniles (45 – 90 days post-hatch), and (3) identify migration patterns of juveniles Pecos bluntnose shiner within the Farmlands Reach. By characterizing limiting factors that affect species abundance and distribution, recovery efforts can be directed toward expanding suitable habitat for Pecos bluntnose shiner within the Pecos River.
Responses of large mammals to forest restoration treatments in the southwest Jemez Mountains, New Mexico	September 2025	Decades of fire suppression, overgrazing, and logging in the western U.S. have resulted in increased tree densities, altered habitat conditions for many wildlife species, and increased risk of stand-replacing wildfires. Land managers are currently implementing landscape-scale treatments in efforts to mitigate catastrophic wildfires and to restore historical forest conditions. The goals of this project are to monitor the responses of mule deer, elk, black bear, and mountain lion to forest restoration treatments associated with the Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project. Specifically, we are assessing changes in forage conditions, movements, and resource selection of mule deer, elk, black bear and mountain lion in relation to prescribed fires, restoration thinning, and previous wildfires. The results of this project will allow for more informed design and implementation of restoration treatments that simultaneously mitigate wildfire risk and enhance habitat conditions for mule deer, elk, black bears and mountain lions.This research is in collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources Management at Texas Tech University, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Jemez Pueblo, and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.	Decades of fire suppression, overgrazing, and logging in the western U.S. have resulted in increased tree densities, altered habitat conditions for many wildlife species, and increased risk of stand-replacing wildfires. Land managers are currently implementing landscape-scale treatments in efforts to mitigate catastrophic wildfires and to restore historical forest conditions. The goals of this project are to monitor the responses of mule deer, elk, black bear, and mountain lion to forest restoration treatments associated with the Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project. Specifically, we are assessing changes in forage conditions, movements, and resource selection of mule deer, elk, black bear and mountain lion in relation to prescribed fires, restoration thinning, and previous wildfires. The results of this project will allow for more informed design and implementation of restoration treatments that simultaneously mitigate wildfire risk and enhance habitat conditions for mule deer, elk, black bears and mountain lions.This research is in collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources Management at Texas Tech University, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Jemez Pueblo, and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
Relationship Between Fish Size and Thermal Tolerance	September 2011	Using critical thermal maximum tests (CTMax), we examined the relationship between upper temperature tolerances and fish size (fry-adult/subadult lengths) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (41-200 mm total length [TL]); Apache trout O. gilae apache (40-220 mm TL); largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (72-266 mm TL); Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (35-206 mm TL); channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (62-264 mm TL) and Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. clarki virginalis (36-181mm TL). Rainbow trout and Apache trout were acclimated at 18°C; Rio Grande cutthroat trout were acclimated at 14°C; and Nile tilapia, largemouth bass and channel catfish were acclimated at 25°C, all for 14 d. Critical thermal maximum temperatures (CTMax) were estimated and data was analyzed using simple linear regression. There was no significant relationship (P > 0.05) between thermal tolerance and length for Nile tilapia (P = 0.33), channel catfish (P = 0.55), rainbow trout (P = 0.76), or largemouth bass (P = 0.93) for the length ranges we tested. There was a significant negative relationship between thermal tolerance and length for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (R2 = 0.412, P < 0.001), and Apache trout (R2 = 0.1374, P = 0.028); however, the difference was less than 1°C across all lengths of Apache trout tested and about 1.3°C across all lengths of Rio Grande cutthroat trout tested. Because there was either no, or at most, a slight relationship between upper thermal tolerance and size; management and research decisions based on upper thermal tolerance should be similar for the range of sizes within each species we tested. However, the different sizes we tested only encompassed life stages ranging from fry to adult/sub-adult so thermal tolerance of eggs, alevins and larger adults should also be considered before making management decisions affecting an entire species.	Using critical thermal maximum tests (CTMax), we examined the relationship between upper temperature tolerances and fish size (fry-adult/subadult lengths) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (41-200 mm total length [TL]); Apache trout O. gilae apache (40-220 mm TL); largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (72-266 mm TL); Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (35-206 mm TL); channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (62-264 mm TL) and Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. clarki virginalis (36-181mm TL). Rainbow trout and Apache trout were acclimated at 18°C; Rio Grande cutthroat trout were acclimated at 14°C; and Nile tilapia, largemouth bass and channel catfish were acclimated at 25°C, all for 14 d. Critical thermal maximum temperatures (CTMax) were estimated and data was analyzed using simple linear regression. There was no significant relationship (P > 0.05) between thermal tolerance and length for Nile tilapia (P = 0.33), channel catfish (P = 0.55), rainbow trout (P = 0.76), or largemouth bass (P = 0.93) for the length ranges we tested. There was a significant negative relationship between thermal tolerance and length for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (R2 = 0.412, P < 0.001), and Apache trout (R2 = 0.1374, P = 0.028); however, the difference was less than 1°C across all lengths of Apache trout tested and about 1.3°C across all lengths of Rio Grande cutthroat trout tested. Because there was either no, or at most, a slight relationship between upper thermal tolerance and size; management and research decisions based on upper thermal tolerance should be similar for the range of sizes within each species we tested. However, the different sizes we tested only encompassed life stages ranging from fry to adult/sub-adult so thermal tolerance of eggs, alevins and larger adults should also be considered before making management decisions affecting an entire species.
Survival and cause-specific mortality of neonatal desert bighorn sheep in New Mexico	May 2014	Based on recent population growth due to active recovery efforts conducted by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) have been removed from the state’s threatened and endangered species list. As a result of this delisting, desert bighorn sheep populations will be subjected to increased harvest in New Mexico. The NMDGF has identified the need to obtain estimates of lamb survival, recruitment and cause-specific mortality as part of ongoing efforts to manage for the continued growth of bighorn sheep populations in New Mexico. Our objectives are to: 1) estimate lamb survival and determine cause-specific mortality of neonatal desert bighorn sheep in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico; and 2) continue ongoing monitoring efforts to determine causes of mortalities of adult bighorn sheep in the Peloncillo, Big Hatchet and Little Hatchet mountains.	None
Estimation of black bear densities in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic analyses	December 2016	One of the main challenges for wildlife management agencies is to set harvest levels that ensure for the long-term persistence of populations. Our primary objective is to estimate the abundance and density of black bears >1year of age using noninvasive sampling and mark-recapture estimation within two bear management zones currently used by New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to establish harvest objectives and manage black bears in New Mexico.	One of the main challenges for wildlife management agencies is to set harvest levels that ensure for the long-term persistence of populations. Our primary objective is to estimate the abundance and density of black bears >1year of age using noninvasive sampling and mark-recapture estimation within two bear management zones currently used by New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to establish harvest objectives and manage black bears in New Mexico.
Distribution and habitat selection/space use of migratory and resident golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in areas with high potential for wind energy development in New Mexico	December 2016	Our overarching goal is to assess the risk that proposed wind energy developments might have on resident and migratory golden eagles in southeastern and south-central New Mexico and help develop mitigation strategies that will reduce impact. To accomplish this goal, we seek to: 1). Assess habitat and space use of migratory and resident golden eagles in areas managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) with a focus on areas with a high potential for wind energy development in southeastern and south-central New Mexico. 2). Identify nest sites and estimate productivity and survival of golden eagles on BLM managed lands in areas with a high potential for wind energy development in southeastern and south-central New Mexico. 3). Determine phylogeographic patterns of relatedness for resident and wintering golden eagles in southeastern and south-central New Mexico. 4). Identify the origin and migration patterns for golden eagles over-wintering in southeastern and south-central New Mexico.	None
Elk calf survival and cause-specific mortality in the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area	June 2013	Our objectives are to assess: 1) elk calf survival and cause-specific mortality in the Blue Range Mexican Wolf Recovery Area; and 2) calving site, neonate bed site, and kill site characteristics.	None
Development of invasive plant species for Chihuahuan Desert Network	December 2010	The Chihuahuan Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network (CHDN) is one of thirty-two networks in the National Park Service charged with developing long-term natural resource monitoring plans for their park units. The CHDN is made up of seven national parks, monuments, recreation areas and historic sites in New Mexico and Texas. The invasion of non-native and exotic plant species is challenging protection and management of resources in National Parks throughout the United States. Ecological and system effects depend on the rate and amount of spread, site characteristics, and the biology of organisms in infected areas. Although initial establishment of non-native plants species can result in increased bio-diversity, prolonged occupancy by non-native species can disrupt user interactions and communities, and ultimately lead to a less diverse biota. This research will provide information to help in understanding the introduction, spread, and distribution of non-native species and their effects on native habitats. Identification of distributional pathways and estimating the exposure of biotic resources to invasive species through risk assessment approaches, provide the framework for developing conservation strategies to restrict or eradicate invasive species.	None
Southwest Regional GAP Analysis: Application, Outreach and Education	May 2011	The Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project was a successful multi-state project in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. The effort mapped land cover, 819 terrestrial vertebrate species, and land stewardship over the 5-state region. With the completion of the project, there was a need to assist in applying the data to land managers needs such as the Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategies. Our objectives will be to provide assistance to state wildlife agencies in the application of the SWReGAP data to support their conservation efforts. This project will compare state-identified species of greatest conservation need with species identified as gap species, and describeconservation areas across the entire southwest.	None
Influence of invasive plants and dune encroachment on White Sands pupfish and burrowing owls on Holloman Airforce Base	September 2011	Two species potentially affected by invasive plants on Holloman Airforce Base in the arid Tularosa Basin of New Mexico are the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) and the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugae). White Sands pupfish are federally listed as a species of concern and state listed as threatened in New Mexico (USFWS, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html; BISON-M, http://www.bison-m.org). The western burrowing owl is also federally listed as a species of concern (USFWS, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html) and is listed as a species of greatest conservation need in the New Mexico Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife Strategy (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish 2006). The goal of this research is to characterize the effects of invasive plant species and dune encroachment on these imperiled species.	None
Pronghorn productivity and resource selection in the Chihuahuan Desert	December 2012	A population of pronghorn on White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), in south-central New Mexico, has declined since 1980. While this decreasing trend has coincided with intermittent periods of severe drought, competition with the non-native South African gemsbok is presumed as a contributor to the overall decline of the population. Thus the goal of this study was to relate seasonal changes in forage quality throughout pronghorn habitat on WSMR and relate these seasonal changes to diet composition and nutrition and evaluate dietary overlap between pronghorn and gemsbok. Dietary quality (fecal nitrogen, FN and fecal 2,6-diamonphelic acid, FDAPA) reflected seasonal differences in available forage as well as severe drought. Average FN increased in pronghorn from 1.4% in the cool-dry season (2010) to 2.1% in the warm-dry (2010) season. In contrast, FN decreased in pronghorn from 2.1% in the warm-dry (2010) to 1.4% in the drought of the warm-dry season (2011). Diet composition revealed pronghorn consumed 75 species with forbs representing the major component in the diet (42-68%) in contrast to grasses (2-21%). Although gemsbok and pronghorn share the same habitat (were often seen grazing together), an analysis of dietary overlap between the two species revealed low (17%) to moderate (37%) overlap and suggests the gemsbok are not negatively influencing forage selection of pronghorn on WSMR. Gemsbok dietary quality did not differ between warm-dry (2010) and the drought of the warm-dry season of 2011, revealing resiliency in the gemsbok compared to the pronghorn during abnormally low precipitation periods.	A population of pronghorn on White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), in south-central New Mexico, has declined since 1980. While this decreasing trend has coincided with intermittent periods of severe drought, competition with the non-native South African gemsbok is presumed as a contributor to the overall decline of the population. Thus the goal of this study was to relate seasonal changes in forage quality throughout pronghorn habitat on WSMR and relate these seasonal changes to diet composition and nutrition and evaluate dietary overlap between pronghorn and gemsbok. Dietary quality (fecal nitrogen, FN and fecal 2,6-diamonphelic acid, FDAPA) reflected seasonal differences in available forage as well as severe drought. Average FN increased in pronghorn from 1.4% in the cool-dry season (2010) to 2.1% in the warm-dry (2010) season. In contrast, FN decreased in pronghorn from 2.1% in the warm-dry (2010) to 1.4% in the drought of the warm-dry season (2011). Diet composition revealed pronghorn consumed 75 species with forbs representing the major component in the diet (42-68%) in contrast to grasses (2-21%). Although gemsbok and pronghorn share the same habitat (were often seen grazing together), an analysis of dietary overlap between the two species revealed low (17%) to moderate (37%) overlap and suggests the gemsbok are not negatively influencing forage selection of pronghorn on WSMR. Gemsbok dietary quality did not differ between warm-dry (2010) and the drought of the warm-dry season of 2011, revealing resiliency in the gemsbok compared to the pronghorn during abnormally low precipitation periods.
Population Distribution and Genetic Assessment of Rio Grande Chub	June 2012	The goal of this study will be to define the genetic relatedness within and among Rio Grande chub populations throughout New Mexico, Southern Colorado, and Texas. We hypothesize a small effective population size (Ne) and fragmentation of populations of Rio Grande chub have resulted in reduced genetic diversity; and, the relatedness of populations will be directly related to connectivity among populations. From extant populations of Rio Grande chub among three drainage basins, we will use microsatellite markers to determine how gene flow is affected by distance among basins and degree of connectivity among populations within basins. The results of this research can be used to guide decisions in supplementing or establishing new Rio Grande chub populations and identify which populations serve as a source for genetic material for future translocations. I anticipate this work will provide information that can be used by fisheries managers on federal and state lands in the development of a conservation plan for the species. Historical surveys of the species distribution began during the reporting period.	Rio Grande chub Gila pandora is found throughout the Rio Grande, Pecos, and Canadian basins of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. The species is state-listed in Colorado as threatened and managed through a captive propagation program throughout its northern range. In New Mexico, the Rio Grande chub is listed as a species of greatest conservation need and is state-listed as sensitive due to habitat alterations and competition with non-native fishes. Characterizing the patterns of genetic structure and diversity of populations of Rio Grande chub will assist with its conservation in New Mexico by providing a baseline of genetic variation throughout its range. In the event of a catastrophic loss due to fire or drought, these populations could be reestablished from others with comparable genetic structure. In this study, the genetic relatedness within and among Rio Grande chub populations throughout New Mexico, was characterized using a suite of 11 microsatellites loci among 15 populations in three basins. All 11 microsatellites originated from cross-amplification of microsatellites developed for other cyprinids (bonytail chub Sacramento splittail, Sacramento pikeminnow, tui chub). From the sequenced data, Rio Grande chub exhibited 2 - 27 alleles per locus, average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.71 to 0.87, and average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Average inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was 0.021 across all loci among the 15 populations. A significant level of genetic differentiation among subpopulations compared to the total population was observed with an FST of 0.080. There was a relationship between spatial distance and genetic relatedness of populations throughout New Mexico as evidenced by greater relatedness among populations within watersheds or stream connectivity. Furthermore, genetic relatedness was directly associated with fragmented or isolated populations. The observed patterns of genetic diversity among populations of Rio Grande chub can be used to ensure genetic diversity is maintained by identifying source populations and improving migration through habitat improvement to enhance long term viability and reduce the chance for local extinctions. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a genetic inventory of a species before it is imperiled requiring state or federal intervention.
Effects of thermal tolerance limits on the distribution of southwest native fishes	August 2011	This is a joint research project with the Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (Dr. Scott Bonar). The reserach is underway in Dr. Bonar’s thermal testing facility at the University of Arizona. Funding was obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southwest Region for Climate Change to conduct a thorough review of historical and current thermal data for two important watersheds in New Mexico, Comanche Creek and the Pecos River. Further funding was obtained from T&E, Inc to purchase additional dataloggers.	None
Determining condition and productivity of desert bighorn sheep on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge	December 2012	Research objectives are to determine the relationships between maternal body condition and lamb survival and the influence of forage conditions and precipitation on the survival of adult ewes and lambs.	None
Restoration of Rio Grande cutthroat trout to the Mescalero Apache Reservation	October 2013	Over the past twenty years, the Mescalero Apache Tribe has managed a series of watersheds on the Mescalero Indian Reservation as a native trout fishery, accepting accounts that a pure strain of RGCT existed. This was to serve as a RGCT broodstock source, however recent studies revealed cutthroat trout in this drainage were not a pure strain. Sources of pure Pecos strain can be obtained from the New Mexico Department of Fish and Game. The Mescalero Tribe has agreed to restore the watersheds within their tribal lands to serve as refugia for the Pecos strain. The Tribe and its Council has agreed to partner with U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the NMGFD to meet mutually shared goals of restoring and maintaining a RGCT within its historic range. The importance of developing effective and meaningful partnerships with agencies and non-profit organizations that share mutual goals while respecting Tribal sovereignty cannot be overstated. The long term value of this partnership will not only provide habitat benefits and protection for RGCT, but will build trust and management capacity for the species as well.	Throughout western North America, stream salmonids are experiencing declines due to hydrologic modifications, non-native fish introductions, and habitat degradation. Additionally, climate change is expected to impact salmonids through increases in stream temperatures and alterations to the hydrologic cycle. The goal of this research was to describe the relationship among habitat limitations and margins of energetic profitability for a Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss population in a high elevation, headwater stream. To reach this goal, the objectives were to 1) describe habitat use and selection of Rainbow Trout of varying size classes across varying seasons (temperatures), 2) assess the bioenergetics of microhabitat use and availability and habitat suitability across varying climate change scenarios, and 3) characterize summer and winter behavioral thermoregulation of Rainbow Trout in a small headwater stream. Habitat use and availability was assessed monthly for one year within the Middle Fork Rio Ruidoso, Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico. Data from microhabitat use and availability was linked to environmental variables of macroinvertebrate drift and temperature using a foraging-based bioenergetic model. Fish displayed a strong selection of stream positions that were close to cover during the winter, likely to minimize metabolic costs and risk of predation. Fish of all size classes selected deeper average depths (34.5 cm) and slower average focal velocities (average 1.0 cm•s-1) than available. Due to the large capture area from greater depths and minimal swimming costs from slow velocities, bioenergetic model predictions indicate that 81% of all fish met maintenance rations and 40% maximized their growth. Bioenergetic model predictions of winter net energy intake rates (NEI) were generally positive and infers greater chances at survival, while more than 80% of energy was predicted to be acquired for age-1+ fish during the months of May, June, and September indicating the majority of growth occurred during these three months. Additionally, when climate change scenarios were modeled with a 6°C increase for summer and winter months, the amount of available habitat capable of supporting Rainbow Trout was predicted to be reduced by as much as 12% during the summer and 17% during the winter. Mean NEI rates were also predicted to decline by 67-75% over the summer while NEI would increase over the winter. Fish tagged with radio telemetry devices and archival temperature loggers revealed that fish made frequent, but short (2-4 h) use of coolwater refugia that was as much as 3°C cooler than ambient temperatures during the summer. Mean differences in prolonged coolwater refugia use differed by 0.16°C from ambient stream temperatures during the summer. During the winter, fish also made periodic use of warmwater refugia to escape supercooled waters while mean warmwater refugia use differed by 0.04°C. Results from this study can be used to guide managers in future restoration and management of small headwater streams, particularly in arid-land systems where discharge and velocities are relatively low throughout the year compared to larger streams in the intermountain west. Stream restoration efforts should focus on creating deep, pool habitat with abundant cover for overwintering fish. This research also demonstrated the importance of protecting areas of thermal refugia as these areas can reduce the metabolic costs associated with rising temperatures and protect fish from supercooled waters.
Identification of factors limiting mule deer populations in the White Sands Missile Range San Andres National Wildlife Refuge area with emphasis on effects of chronic wasting disease and risks associated with chronic wasting disease	December 2009	Mule deer have declined to remnant status in large areas of the Tularosa Basin, San Andres Mountains, and adjacent areas in southern New Mexico. Reasons for the declines are unknown; thus, effective population recovery strategies cannot be developed. Moreover, chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently diagnosed in populations in these areas, which injects several novel questions into recovery issues. First, what are the risks associated with recovering mule deer populations in infected areas in terms of spreading CWD to adjacent populations? Second, does CWD have a population-level effect on either mortality or productivity that would mitigate recovery efforts? Further, can CWD be managed in an infected population to allow both recovery and control of CWD? Currently, effective management options are lacking for control of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging populations; control strategies currently employed by management agencies have either been ineffective in halting the spread of CWD or have not been evaluated for success. Inherent to the lack of effective management options is a lack of understanding of the role, process, and impacts of CWD in free-ranging deer populations; each of these is important to understanding the risk associated with CWD and the level (and type) of management necessary to address the risk. Thus, this project will concurrently evaluate the effectiveness of disease management strategies, develop critical information of the epizootiology of CWD to allow identification and development of new strategies, and determine mule deer population dynamics, habitat relations, and factors currently limiting populations in Chihuahuan desert habitats. The goal of this project is to characterize population dynamics and habitat relations of mule deer in the WSMR-SANWR complex, to determine which factors are limiting current mule deer populations and what risks CWD may pose for recovery of mule deer populations in this area. Encapsulated within this overall goal are subgoals of developing and evaluating the efficacy of control measures associated with CWD. Specific objectives associated with these goals include: 1. Determine prevalence of CWD in mule deer on WSMR/SANWR and in adjacent areas (San Andres Mountains). 2. Determine survival and cause-specific mortality of mule deer in WSMR/SANWR and adjacent populations 3. Determine mule deer health and condition and its influence on pregnancy, fawn production, and survival. 4. Determine production and survival of fawns in study populations. 5. Determine movement patterns and population exchange of mule deer on WSMR/SANWR and adjacent populations. 6. Determine past and current habitat characteristics and quality in terms of the ability of the landscape to support and produce mule deer. 7. Determine whether occurrence of CWD is localized (associated primarily with a specific geographic area and a specific matrilineal band) or generalized (likely direct; occurring throughout infected populations and across social group bounds) in the population. 8. Evaluate habitat characteristics associated with occurrence of CWD and determine whether habitat manipulations can be implemented to discourage deer use of these focal areas. 9. Evaluate effectiveness of NMDGF control measures on preventing spread of CWD from WSMR to other locations on and adjacent to WSMR.	None
White-tailed Ptarmigan Reintroduction Ecology	June 2024	The white-tailed ptarmigan is the smallest grouse species in North America and is endemic to alpine habitat. Despite reintroduction efforts in the 1980s, ptarmigan are now functionally extirpated from the southernmost portion of their historic range, located in northern New Mexico. Due to a lack of monitoring, the causes of extirpation remain unclear, and could be attributed to climate change, geographic isolation, or other unknown causes. This study will evaluate the demographic outcomes of a newly-reintroduced ptarmigan population from Colorado. The study will also compare habitat selection patterns as well as chick diet composition and growth rates with ptarmigan populations in Colorado. The information collected in this study will be central to informing future reintroduction efforts in both New Mexico and other portions of the species range where they are now extirpated (e.g. ,Wyoming), and guide management and conservation efforts of New Mexico Department of Game and Fish and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife in future species status assessments.	Climate change is predicted to contract the distribution of alpine species that are limited in their ability to disperse to suitable habitats. The white-tailed ptarmigan is an alpine-obligate species that is currently extirpated from portions of its historic range, including its southern periphery in northern New Mexico. Comparative ecological studies among core and periphery ptarmigan populations can identify habitat and foraging requirements. The project is a collaboration of researchers across multiple agencies and includes the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, USFWS Science Applications, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, and USGS Fort Collins Science Center. Demographic parameters from newly-reintroduced ptarmigan in New Mexico (periphery) as well as comparative behavioral data from the reintroduced population and Colorado (core) will be used to evaluate long-term population viability and inform other potential reintroduction efforts throughout the ptarmigan’s range.
Effects of recreational disturbance on desert bighorn sheep in western Colorado	June 2025	Responses by large herbivores to human disturbance can result in a change in their habitat use, movements, and increased vigilance and decreased foraging time. Increased movements and reduced foraging time result in higher energetic costs and lower energetic gains, potentially decreasing fitness. The goal of this project is to determine potential impacts of increasing recreational activities on desert bighorn sheep in the Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area, Colorado and develop management recommendations as appropriate to mitigate negative effects of recreation on desert bighorn sheep herds.<br> <br><br>	Responses by large herbivores to human disturbance can result in a change in their habitat use, movements, and increased vigilance and decreased foraging time. Increased movements and reduced foraging time result in higher energetic costs and lower energetic gains, potentially decreasing fitness. The goal of this project is to determine potential impacts of increasing recreational activities on desert bighorn sheep in the Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area, Colorado and develop management recommendations as appropriate to mitigate negative effects of recreation on desert bighorn sheep herds. <br><br>Project objectives:<br>1) Estimate seasonal home range size, daily displacement distance and total daily movement rates in relation to human disturbance.<br>2) Determine activity budgets and foraging efficiency for bighorn sheep exposed to varying levels of disturbance due to human recreation.<br>3) Estimate seasonal levels of stress hormones in subherds subjected to varying levels of human disturbance.<br>4) Determine the effects of human disturbance on resource selection and space use of desert bighorn.<br>5) Estimate pregnancy rates, apparent lamb survival, and adult female survival in subherds exposed to varying levels of human disturbance.
Differential survival of two size classes of Rainbow Trout and the predatory impact of Northern Pike in a high elevation New Mexico reservoir	June 2022	The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish manages Rainbow Trout at Eagle Nest Lake for New Mexico citizens as a put, grow, and take fishery. Management objectives stipulate that 10 Rainbow Trout per hour of electrofishing with a size structure of 50% Rainbow Trout greater than 254 mm (10 in) total length. However, population surveys reported a decline in Rainbow Trout per hour of electrofishing that presumably coincided with the illegal introduction of Northern Pike into Eagle Nest Lake.<br>Our goal is to develop a Rainbow Trout stocking strategy for Eagle Nest Lake that meets the objectives for New Mexico's citizens to catch Rainbow Trout greater than 254 mm. We are evaluating the predator-prey relationship of Northern Pike and Rainbow Trout using a combination of stomach contents (i.e., diet) and stable isotopes of Northern Pike to assess whether Rainbow Trout represent a substantive part of Northern Pike diet, or, are a periodic part of the diet that occurs at the time of the Rainbow Trout stockings. Seasonal sample collections timed with stocking of Rainbow Trout will reveal the relative contribution of Rainbow Trout versus other fishes to the Northern Pike diet of Eagle Nest Lake. Ultimately, fish size (fingerling vs. sub-catchable), and season stocked can be adjusted to maximize survival and growth of Rainbow Trout for capture by New Mexico fishers.	The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish manages Rainbow Trout at Eagle Nest Lake for New Mexico citizens as a put, grow, and take fishery. Management objectives stipulate that 10 Rainbow Trout per hour of electrofishing with a size structure of 50% Rainbow Trout greater than 254 mm (10 in) total length. However, population surveys reported a decline in Rainbow Trout per hour of electrofishing that presumably coincided with the illegal introduction of Northern Pike into Eagle Nest Lake.<br>Our goal is to develop a Rainbow Trout stocking strategy for Eagle Nest Lake that meets the objectives for New Mexico's citizens to catch Rainbow Trout greater than 254 mm. We are evaluating the predator-prey relationship of Northern Pike and Rainbow Trout using a combination of stomach contents (i.e., diet) and stable isotopes of Northern Pike to assess whether Rainbow Trout represent a substantive part of Northern Pike diet, or, are a periodic part of the diet that occurs at the time of the Rainbow Trout stockings. Seasonal sample collections timed with stocking of Rainbow Trout will reveal the relative contribution of Rainbow Trout versus other fishes to the Northern Pike diet of Eagle Nest Lake. Ultimately, fish size (fingerling vs. sub-catchable), and season stocked can be adjusted to maximize survival and growth of Rainbow Trout for capture by New Mexico fishers.
Mapping Big Game Migration Corridors - New Mexico	April 2022	Recent research indicates that migration corridors are culturally transmitted from one generation of ungulates to the next. Thus without appropriate management, the continued persistence of these migratory populations could be threatened. To assist state and federal management agencies make informed decisions regarding conservation of migratory populations, the location of migration routes, stopovers, and seasonal ranges need to be identified and mapped. This work is being done in response to Secretarial Order 3362, and will assist the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish with mapping big game migration corridors, stopover locations and seasonal ranges across the state. Once mapped, these geospatial data will then be used to inform land and wildlife management plans in order to ensure the long-term persistence of these populations through conservation of their migratory routes, seasonal ranges and stopovers.	Recent research indicates that migration corridors are culturally transmitted from one generation of ungulates to the next. Thus without appropriate management, the continued persistence of these migratory populations could be threatened. To assist state and federal management agencies make informed decisions regarding conservation of migratory populations, the location of migration routes, stopovers, and seasonal ranges need to be identified and mapped. This work is being done in response to Secretarial Order 3362, and will assist the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish with mapping big game migration corridors, stopover locations and seasonal ranges across the state. Once mapped, these geospatial data will then be used to inform land and wildlife management plans in order to ensure the long-term persistence of these populations through conservation of their migratory routes, seasonal ranges and stopovers.
Identification and characterization of habitat conditions of mule deer, elk and pronghorn migration routes and stopover locations in northern New Mexico	June 2023	Migratory ungulate populations require distinct winter and summer ranges (and resources therein) to fulfill their life history characteristics, reproductive requirements, and to maintain adequate nutritional status allowing for population vital rates (e.g., adult and neonate survival) sufficient to prevent population declines. Our objectives are to identify and map seasonal ranges, migration routes, and stopover locations for mule deer, pronghorn, and elk in northern New Mexico allowing state and federal agencies to identify and mitigate potential threats to the persistence of these migration routes. Further, we are also assessing habitat characteristics along the migration route and at stopover locations to allow for more informed management of these migratory populations.<br><br>	Migratory ungulate populations require distinct winter and summer ranges (and resources therein) to fulfill their life history characteristics, reproductive requirements, and to maintain adequate nutritional status allowing for population vital rates (e.g., adult and neonate survival) sufficient to prevent population declines. Our objectives are to identify and map seasonal ranges, migration routes, and stopover locations for mule deer, pronghorn, and elk in northern New Mexico allowing state and federal agencies to identify and mitigate potential threats to the persistence of these migration routes. Further, we are also assessing habitat characteristics along the migration route and at stopover locations to allow for more informed management of these migratory populations.<br><br>
Habitat Suitability for Gila Chub Reintroduction in the Upper San Francisco River Drainage	December 2023	Gila chub (Gila robusta), a fish of greatest conservation need, has not been collected from the San Francisco River in New Mexico since 1948. The goal of federal and state management agencies is to replicate Gila Chub populations to ensure representation, resiliency, and redundancy by expanding GIla chub throughout its historical range. Our research will characterize whether the river has suitable habitat for eventual reintroduction of the species. We will work closely with our federal (USBOR, USFWS, USFS) and state (NMCFWRU and AZFW) partners to conduct a thorough habitat and hydrological assessment of the San Francisco River. Our research will be used to inform federal and state managers of the feasibility of a successful translocation of the fish species.	Gila chub (Gila robusta), a fish of greatest conservation need, has not been collected from the San Francisco River in New Mexico since 1948. The goal of federal and state management agencies is to replicate Gila Chub populations to ensure representation, resiliency, and redundancy by expanding GIla chub throughout its historical range. Our research will characterize whether the river has suitable habitat for eventual reintroduction of the species. We will work closely with our federal (USBOR, USFWS, USFS) and state (NMCFWRU and AZFW) partners to conduct a thorough habitat and hydrological assessment of the San Francisco River. Our research will be used to inform federal and state managers of the feasibility of a successful translocation of the fish species.<br><br>
Modeling bald and golden eagle and other raptor populations and take rates	January 2023	The USFWS has scientifically evaluated sustainable take rates for both bald and golden eagles, established regional eagle management units (EMU) with population objectives, conducted surveys to estimate population sizes, and set annual take limits for each species of eagle in each EMU. For incidental take permits for wind energy facilities, the USFWS has developed a peer-reviewed collision risk model (CRM) to predict eagle take at proposed wind energy projects. The USFWS has also adopted a formal adaptive management process for updating the initial take estimates based on post-construction fatality monitoring data once the wind energy project becomes operational.	Eagle collisions with turbines at wind energy facilities is a common occurrence in some areas of the US. If wind turbine collision-related mortality rates are sufficiently high, it could compromise population growth rates and population persistence. We are assisting the USFWS with conducting demographic analyses using the collision risk model, and then updating estimates with fatality monitoring data. These results aid in the issuance of incidental take permits to operators of wind energy facilities. Additionally, the USFWS is seeking to improve the models it uses to predict fatalities, and to use the data collected under individual permits to formally update the overall modeling process. Further, the USFWS is interested in exploring how covariates that might influence eagle exposure or collision risk can be incorporated into the collision risk model to improve the accuracy of, and decrease the uncertainty around the estimates. This project is a collaboration between the USFWS, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and the Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology at New Mexico State University.
Elk demography, movements and habitat selection in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area in Arizona and New Mexico	June 2023	Elk population declines have been observed following wolf reintroduction or recolonization events. These declines were attributed to the combined effects of hunter harvest, predation and interactions with stochastic climatic events resulting lowered adult survival and recruitment. In addition, changes in the predator community composition has led to other non-lethal effects with the potential to influence elk demographic rates. Baseline data on elk survival rates, cause-specific mortality and habitat selection is limited for periods prior to the reintroduction of Mexican wolves in New Mexico and Arizona (e.g., Ballard et al. 2000). Consequently it is unknown whether Mexican wolves are reducing elk population growth or if wolf predation is compensatory, additive, or partially compensatory due to a lack of appropriate data. The lack of data impedes the development of the most informed management plans for elk in the Mexican wolf recovery area. Therefore the goal of this study is to assess variability in survival, cause-specific mortality, movements and habitat selection of elk across the Mexican wolf recovery area in Arizona and New Mexico. Our specific objectives are to: 1) estimate seasonal and annual cause-specific mortality rates for elk neonates and adult female elk; 2) estimate seasonal and annual survival rates for neonates and adult female elk; 3) estimate seasonal kill rates and prey composition of Mexican wolves; 4) assess effects of wolf activity on seasonal habitat selection and movements of elk; and 5) model the likely population trajectories of elk populations subjected to varying cause-specific mortality rates from predators (e.g., Mexican wolves, black bears, mountain lions, coyotes) and other causes of mortality (e.g., harvest, illegal harvest, vehicle collision). This study is a collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Arizona Game and Fish Department, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	Elk population declines have been observed following wolf reintroduction or recolonization events. These declines were attributed to the combined effects of hunter harvest, predation and interactions with stochastic climatic events resulting lowered adult survival and recruitment. In addition, changes in the predator community composition has led to other non-lethal effects with the potential to influence elk demographic rates. Baseline data on elk survival rates, cause-specific mortality and habitat selection is limited for periods prior to the reintroduction of Mexican wolves in New Mexico and Arizona (e.g., Ballard et al. 2000). Consequently it is unknown whether Mexican wolves are reducing elk population growth or if wolf predation is compensatory, additive, or partially compensatory due to a lack of appropriate data. The lack of data impedes the development of the most informed management plans for elk in the Mexican wolf recovery area. Therefore the goal of this study is to assess variability in survival, cause-specific mortality, movements and habitat selection of elk across the Mexican wolf recovery area in Arizona and New Mexico. Our specific objectives are to: 1) estimate seasonal and annual cause-specific mortality rates for elk neonates and adult female elk; 2) estimate seasonal and annual survival rates for neonates and adult female elk; 3) estimate seasonal kill rates and prey composition of Mexican wolves; 4) assess effects of wolf activity on seasonal habitat selection and movements of elk; and 5) model the likely population trajectories of elk populations subjected to varying cause-specific mortality rates from predators (e.g., Mexican wolves, black bears, mountain lions, coyotes) and other causes of mortality (e.g., harvest, illegal harvest, vehicle collision). This study is a collaboration between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Arizona Game and Fish Department, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Susceptibility of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout to Displacement by Non-native Brown Trout: Implications for Future Management and Persistence of the Most Southern Subspecies of Cutthroat Trout in the Face of a Changing Climate	September 2019	Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout (RGCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) is the New Mexico state fish, but habitat loss and non-native trout invasions threaten the persistence of the remaining 12% of the populations throughout its historic range. Understanding the relationship between temperature and non-native fish invasion for this southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout will benefit all cutthroat subspecies as the climate continues to warm. We used a production framework to evaluate how temperature and competition with nonnative Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) impacted the ecological success of RGCT populations. We compared annual changes in production of RGCT populations and related these changes to the diets of RGCT in the presence and absence of Brown Trout across a temperature continuum. The rate at which a population collectively accumulates biomass is critical to population persistence because more biomass translates to increased reproductive capacity, increased competitive ability, and ultimately increased survival. We are working with a consortium of stakeholders that include two state agencies, eight federal agencies, two Tribal nations, three Pueblos, and three private groups. The project was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, National and South Central Climate Adaptation Science Centers. Our results will be used by managers to identify and focus restoration efforts on streams with the greatest potential to support RGCT while maintaining an economical balance with a popular sportfish.	Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout (RGCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) is the New Mexico state fish. Habitat loss and non-native trout invasions threaten the persistence of the remaining 12% of the populations throughout its historic range. Understanding the relationship between temperature and non-native fish invasion for this southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout will benefit all cutthroat subspecies as the climate continues to warm. We used a production framework to evaluate how temperature and competition with nonnative Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) impacted the ecological success of RGCT populations. We compared annual changes in production of RGCT populations and related these changes to the diets of RGCT in the presence and absence of Brown Trout across a temperature continuum. The rate at which a population collectively accumulates biomass is critical to population persistence because more biomass translates to increased reproductive capacity, increased competitive ability, and ultimately increased survival. We are working with a consortium of stakeholders that include two state agencies, eight federal agencies, two Tribal nations, three Pueblos, and three private groups. The project was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, National and South Central Climate Adaptation Science Centers. Our results will be used by managers to identify and focus restoration efforts on streams with the greatest potential to support RGCT while maintaining an economical balance with a popular sportfish.<br><br><br>
YY-Male Brook Trout as an Eradication Tool of Wild Brook Trout Populations in New Mexico	June 2022	Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), native to northeastern North America, share some of the same resource requirements as other salmonids that inhabit cold high elevation streams. The species has invaded the western U.S. and is extirpating native fishes, especially when in sympatry with native trout. In New Mexico, native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout (RGCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) has experienced a decline due to loss of habitat and competition from non-native trout. Viable removal options for non-native trout are currently limited to chemical piscicides and manual removal. Piscicides are effective but costly and non-species specific. Manual removal can be species specific, but with a low success rate. In light of these management needs, recent development of the Trojan male (hereafter, referred to as MYY, a male fish with two Y chromosomes) Brook Trout offers a species specific and cost-effective method of eradicating invasive Brook Trout. MYY can only produce male offspring and will theoretically drive the wild Brook Trout population to 100% males and eventual eradication.<br>The goal of the proposed work will be to shift sex ratios of selected populations of wild Brook Trout toward all male fish and eventual extirpation. These populations of Brook Trout are of interest because they coexist with populations of RGCT, which are of conservation value due to low introgression and protection on public and private lands. In addition, the trout populations inhabit relatively short distances of stream (1-7 km) with few tributaries and barriers to prevent recurring invasion of wild Brook Trout. Beginning in 2018, we introduced fingerling MYY Brook Trout and have conducted seasonal surveys to characterize survival and growth of the MYY Brook Trout. We are working closely with our State cooperator (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish), a private entity (Turner Enterprises), and the Santa Fe National Forest to assess the utility of using MYY as an effective and cost-effective management tool for future conservation efforts of native fishes.	Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are native to northeastern North America and share some of the same resource requirements as other salmonids that inhabit cold high elevation streams. The fish has invaded the western U.S. and is extirpating native fishes. In New Mexico, native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout (RGCT; Oncorhynchus clarkia virginalis) is experiencing a decline due to loss of habitat and competition from non-native trout. Viable removal options for non-native trout are limited to chemical piscicide and manual removal. While piscicide is effective, it eliminates all living organisms and manual removal has a low success rate. In light of these management needs, recent development of the "Trojan male" (hereafter, referred to as MYY, male fish with two Y chromosomes) Brook Trout offers a species specific and cost-effective method of eradicating invasive Brook Trout. MYY can only produce male offspring and will theoretically drive the wild Brook Trout population to 100% males and eventual eradication.<br>The project will shift sex ratios of selected populations of wild Brook Trout toward all male fish and eventual extirpation. These populations of Brook Trout are of interest because they coexist with populations of RGCT, which are of conservation value. We are working closely with our State cooperator (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish), a private entity (Turner Enterprises), and the Santa Fe National Forest to assess the utility of using all male fish populations as non-lethal and efficient management tools for future conservation efforts of native fishes.<br><br>
Asian Tapeworm in an Endangered Southwestern Fish: Assessing Infections Using a Non-lethal Molecular Screening Tool.	July 2017	The federally endangered Humpback chub Gila cypha has experienced declines throughout its range due to loss of habitat and invasive fishes. However, optimal habitat within the Little Colorado River (LCR) represents an important stronghold for the largest remaining population of Humpback chub in the Colorado River basin. Unfortunately, temperatures in the LCR are also optimal for the proliferation of the invasive pathogenic Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi. The current standard for positive identification of infection is necropsy and visual examination of the gut via microscopy, a methodology undesirable for assessing parasitic infection in endangered fishes. A novel species-specific primer targeting the cytochrome oxidase I subunit (COI) mtDNA gene region of Asian fish tapeworm was used in conjunction with swabbing of the anogenital pore as a convenient non-lethal sampling methodology to assess prevalence of infection in LCR Humpback chub. Acceptable primer sensitivity (52%) and specificity (79%) were demonstrated utilizing captive propagated Humpback Chub exposed to Asian fish tapeworm. Despite moderately-low sensitivity, the non-lethality of this methodology may offset decreased sensitivity, especially for monitoring in imperiled fish. Using the validated methodology, wild Humpback chub were screened for infections at two study reaches in the lower LCR spring and fall 2015. The infection prevalence for spring (includes all size classes) across study reaches was 19.5%. Infection prevalence in the fall sample was 6.2%. Infection frequency increased in juveniles and sub-adult fish (75-250 mm). However, infection frequency decreased in adult fish (250-400+ mm). Based on this evidence, juveniles and sub-adult Humpback chub (<200 mm) may be ideal targets for anthelminthic treatment. A combination of behavioral traits, including a predilection for feeding on zooplankton as juveniles and sub-adults and piscivory as larger adults may expose Humpback chub to Asian fish tapeworm infections at all stages in its life history. The molecular tool in conjunction with a swabbing methodology offers a time efficient, non-lethal method to detect infections in large numbers of fish within the hatchery environment and prevent continued transmission of the parasite into wild populations.	The federally endangered Humpback chub Gila cypha has experienced declines throughout its range due to loss of habitat and invasive fishes. However, optimal habitat within the Little Colorado River (LCR) represents an important stronghold for the largest remaining population of Humpback chub in the Colorado River basin. Unfortunately, temperatures in the LCR are also optimal for the proliferation of the invasive pathogenic Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi. The current standard for positive identification of infection is necropsy and visual examination of the gut via microscopy, a methodology undesirable for assessing parasitic infection in endangered fishes. A novel species-specific primer targeting the cytochrome oxidase I subunit (COI) mtDNA gene region of Asian fish tapeworm was used in conjunction with swabbing of the anogenital pore as a convenient non-lethal sampling methodology to assess prevalence of infection in LCR Humpback chub. Acceptable primer sensitivity (52%) and specificity (79%) were demonstrated utilizing captive propagated Humpback Chub exposed to Asian fish tapeworm. Despite moderately-low sensitivity, the non-lethality of this methodology may offset decreased sensitivity, especially for monitoring in imperiled fish. Using the validated methodology, wild Humpback chub were screened for infections at two study reaches in the lower LCR spring and fall 2015. The infection prevalence for spring (includes all size classes) across study reaches was 19.5%. Infection prevalence in the fall sample was 6.2%. Infection frequency increased in juveniles and sub-adult fish (75-250 mm). However, infection frequency decreased in adult fish (250-400+ mm). Based on this evidence, juveniles and sub-adult Humpback chub (<200 mm) may be ideal targets for anthelminthic treatment. A combination of behavioral traits, including a predilection for feeding on zooplankton as juveniles and sub-adults and piscivory as larger adults may expose Humpback chub to Asian fish tapeworm infections at all stages in its life history. The molecular tool in conjunction with a swabbing methodology offers a time efficient, non-lethal method to detect infections in large numbers of fish within the hatchery environment and prevent continued transmission of the parasite into wild populations.
Gila National Forest Stream Temperature and Intermittency Monitoring Network for Species of Special Interest	December 2018	Management of imperiled fishes of greatest conservation need in the arid Southwest requires an understanding of their habitat. The importance of stream temperature is well recognized especially in light of a changing climate where there will be a major shift in temperature and precipitation in the 21st century. To this end, the 2016 WRRI Student Grant funded deployment of a stream temperature and intermittency-monitoring network in Willow Creek, Gila National Forest, New Mexico. Willow Creek is home to a population of Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) that were once extirpated in the 2012 Whitewater-Baldy Wildfire. Preliminary data Willow Creek revealed a maximum seven-day weekly average temperature of 15.6°C. The maximum daily range increased from 11.28°C to 20.87°C. The maximum 2-hour average was 20.85°C. From the literature, the 7-day chronic sub-lethal temperature for Gila trout is 28.25°C. Thus, these temperatures throughout Willow Creek were not an immediate threat to Gila trout persistence in Willow Creek. Temperature data continues to be collected through the summer months when lowest flows occur. The implementation of this monitoring network will allow for further data collection and analysis of Willow Creek as a long-term recovery stream.	Management of imperiled fishes of greatest conservation need in the arid Southwest requires an understanding of their habitat. The importance of stream temperature is well recognized especially in light of a changing climate where there will be a major shift in temperature and precipitation in the 21st century. To this end, the 2016 WRRI Student Grant funded deployment of a stream temperature and intermittency-monitoring network in Willow Creek, Gila National Forest, New Mexico. Willow Creek is home to a population of Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) that were once extirpated in the 2012 Whitewater-Baldy Wildfire. Preliminary data Willow Creek revealed a maximum seven-day weekly average temperature of 15.6°C. The maximum daily range increased from 11.28°C to 20.87°C. The maximum 2-hour average was 20.85°C. From the literature, the 7-day chronic sub-lethal temperature for Gila trout is 28.25°C. Thus, these temperatures throughout Willow Creek were not an immediate threat to Gila trout persistence in Willow Creek. Temperature data continues to be collected through the summer months when lowest flows occur. The implementation of this monitoring network will allow for further data collection and analysis of Willow Creek as a long-term recovery stream.
Impacts of Drought on Southwestern Cutthroat Trout: Influences of Changes in Discharge and Stream Temperature on the Persistence of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Populations	December 2019	We studied the impacts of drought and invasive trout on survival and productivity on Rio Grande cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis</i>, RGCT) populations. Rio Grande cutthroat trout is the southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout and endemic to the Rio Grande, Canadian, and Pecos River basins of Colorado and New Mexico. The subspecies is reduced to less than 11% of its historic range with most populations occupying isolated high elevation headwater streams. One of the greatest threats to its survival is the effect that low stream flow due to drought will have on this coldwater trout living at the edge of its range. Our work provides insight into the current and future threats of RGCT populations under environmental and biological pressures. We investigated the effects of stream temperature, stream flow, and food resources has on reproduction, survival, population growth, and recruitment of young into the population. We developed population models using these effects to better understand the risks to RGCT persistence. Lastly, we explored the consequences of climate on RGCT population productivity through the characterization of the prey base. We found evidence that RGCT reached maturity fastest at sites with warm stream temperatures and low densities. We did not find a strong relationship between discharge and any demographic rate, although apparent survival of mature RGCT decreased as stream temperature increased. Our study suggests plasticity in trait expression may be a life-history characteristic which can assist trailing edge populations like RGCT to persist in a changing climate.	Rio Grande cutthroat trout (RGCT; Oncorhynchus clarkia virginalis) are the southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout and currently occupy less than 12% of their historic range. Loss of habitat due to competition and hybridization with introduced trout and habitat alteration has restricted the remaining 122 populations to small (5.8 km median length) isolated habitat patches. A stream temperature and discharge monitoring program also identified that the majority of occupied habitat patches, while currently thermally suitable for the subspecies, have very low summer baseflows (< 1.0 cfs) which restrict fish movement and increases the risk of population extirpation due to stochastic disturbances (i.e., drought). We used otoliths and multistate capture-mark-recapture data collected along a temperature and stream drying gradient to assess life-history traits and persistence of RGCT. We found evidence that RGCT reached maturity fastest at sites with warm stream temperatures and low densities. We did not find a strong relationship between discharge and any demographic rate, although apparent survival of mature RGCT decreased as stream temperature increased. Our study suggests plasticity in trait expression may be a life-history characteristic which can assist trailing edge populations like RGCT to persist in a changing climate.
Abundance and Habitat-related Use of White Sands Pupfish	November 2019	Small-bodied fishes represent a monitoring challenge when they are locally abundant, short-lived, and alter their reproductive strategy as environmental conditions vary. Use of minnow traps with an index of abundance (i.e., catch-per-unit-effort, CPUE) for White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) can be affected by basic methodological choices such as trap soak time (i.e., effort) as well as the timing and location of trap placement. Movement into and out of minnow traps by the pupfish affected CPUE. White Sands pupfish exited traps at frequencies that were nearly equivalent to the rate of entering, suggesting total catch and thereby CPUE, are strongly influenced by factors that determine the probability of an animal exiting the trap. In addition, CPUE was weakly correlated with a more robust estimate of abundance (Lincoln-Peterson estimator) suggesting CPUE is not a good index for abundance especially when trap soak times are variable.<br><br>Validation of Otolith Deposition in Laboratory and Field-reared White Sands Pupfish - Otolithic organs (earbones in fish) can be used to accurately evaluate the age of a fish. If otolith increments are deposited daily and time of hatch (onset) is known. <br><br>Reproductive Strategies of White Sands Pupfish inhabiting Stable versus Unstable Habitats - White Sands pupfish was used to test the hypothesis that mate choice strategies are influenced by environmental stability. Wild fish were collected from two locations each characterized by either highly variable flows marked by stream drying and extreme temperatures or stable flows with consistent diel patterns of water temperature. Detectable differences were observed between pupfish from stable versus unstable stream environments in both the distribution of eggs. Additionally, reproductive effort was detectably different between fish from stable versus unstable environments. These results suggests that reproductive investment may decrease as habitat stability decreases due to the breakdown of reliable reproductive signals.	Fish sampling in desert cienega systems are logistically challenging. The small size of the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) adds to the monitoring challenge. While these fish are locally abundant, they are short-lived and can alter their reproductive strategy as environmental conditions vary. Use of minnow traps with an index of abundance (i.e., catch-per-unit-effort) for White Sands pupfish can be affected by basic methodological choices such as trap soak time (i.e., effort) as well as the timing and location of trap placement. We tested current sampling techniques to provide alternative methodologies to natural resource managers tasked to monitor the species. We worked with the Environmental Stewardship Branch of the Department of Army, White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Our research provided alternatives to the use of passive capture traps in characterizing White Sands pupfish populations throughout a desert cienega.
Natal Source and the Influence of Environmental Bottlenecks on Largemouth Bass Recruitment in Elephant Butte Reservoir	June 2019	Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is the most sought after sportfish in New Mexico. However, population abundance of largemouth bass in Elephant Butte Reservoir remains well below the statewide target objective of 20-40 fish/h. As such, Largemouth Bass fingerlings have been stocked into the Reservoir to augment the bass population. We were tasked to retrospectively characterize the contribution of stocked versus natal (hatched in the reservoir) Largemouth Bass to assess if stocking practices were successful. We used a non-lethal collection of dorsal spines in conjunction with strontium isotopes in the spines to characterize origin of fish and learned that stocking was successful. In addition, we identified rate of water level change within the reservoir affected spawning of the bass population. We partnered with our State cooperator (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish) to conduct the research. Our results will be used to make informed management decisions on the appropriate timing of stocking fingerling Largemouth Bass. Our results will also be used by water managers to time the delivery of water throughout the middle Rio Grande Basin to increase fish habitat for spawning in Elephant Butte Reservoir.	Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is the most sought after sportfish in New Mexico. However, population abundance of largemouth bass in Elephant Butte Reservoir remains well below the statewide target objective of 20-40 fish/h. As such, Largemouth Bass fingerlings have been stocked into the Reservoir to augment the bass population. We were tasked to retrospectively characterize the contribution of stocked versus natal (hatched in the reservoir) Largemouth Bass to assess if stocking practices were successful. We used a non-lethal collection of dorsal spines in conjunction with strontium isotopes in the spines to characterize origin of fish and learned that stocking was successful. In addition, we identified rate of water level change within the reservoir affected spawning of the bass population. We partnered with our State cooperator (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish) to conduct the research. Our results will be used to make informed management decisions on the appropriate timing of stocking fingerling Largemouth Bass. Our results will also be used by water managers to time the delivery of water throughout the middle Rio Grande Basin to increase fish habitat for spawning in Elephant Butte Reservoir.<br><br>
Influence of stream temperature, intermittency, and nonnative fishes on the current and future distribution of native fishes in the Gila and Mimbres drainages	December 2019	Stream temperature, flow, and the presence of non-native fishes can affect the distribution of native cold- and cool-water fishes. This is especially true for native fishes that have already experienced significant contractions in their historic range. The Gila and Mimbres drainages, located in southwestern New Mexico, support a unique cold- and cool-water native fish fauna adapted to the arid stream systems in which they evolved. These fishes, however, are losing ground to non-native fishes and to loss of habitat due to intermittency from stream drying. We implemented a temperature monitoring network throughout current and historical fish distributions to assess localized temperature effects on the distribution of the native fishes. We are working with the National Forest, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and citizen scientists to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics that air and water temperature have on these arid-land fishes for future water planning needs.	Stream temperature, flow, and the presence of non-native fishes can affect the distribution of native cold- and cool-water fishes. This is especially true for native fishes that have already experienced significant contractions in their historic range. The Gila and Mimbres drainages, located in southwestern New Mexico, support a unique cold- and cool-water native fish fauna adapted to the arid stream systems in which they evolved. These fishes, however, are losing ground to non-native fishes and to loss of habitat due to intermittency from stream drying. We implemented a temperature monitoring network throughout current and historical fish distributions to assess localized temperature effects on the distribution of the native fishes. We are working with the National Forest, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and citizen scientists to provide a comprehensive outlook of the dynamics that air and water temperature have on these arid-land fishes for future water planning needs.<br><br>
Resilience Landscapes: Influence of fire and forest restoration on spatial and temporal distribution of fish and invertebrate communities	June 2020	The Las Conchas Fire began 26 June 2011 and spread at a rate of 26,000 acres per day burning 156,593 acres until fully contained 1 August 2011. At that time, the Las Conchas fire became the largest fire in New Mexico's history. In less than one week, one-third of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) was burned. One month after the wildfire was fully contained, a series of rains resulted in exceptionally high flows and large ash input throughout streams on the Preserve. Fish surveys following the ash-laden flood events revealed a 95% reduction in trout abundance. The severity of the fire within the catchments of these streams resulted in variable flow and elevated sediment that have affected recovery of fish assemblages and the benthic macroinvertebrate community eight years post-fire. While density of adult brown trout have increased from less than 1.0 fish/100 m2 (August 2011) to 8.0-23.8 fish /100 m2 (May 2019), fish densities remain well below pre-burn densities (51-156 fish/100 m2). Recovery of native fish populations and the macroinvertebrate community assemblage on the VCNP are listed as priority needs for the National Park Service. The research will be used by Preserve biologists to make informed management decisions of the forested watershed and riparian areas of the streams.	IN 2011, the Las Conchas Fire became the largest wildfire in New Mexico. In less than one week, one-third of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) was burned. The severity of the fire within the forested watershed of the streams resulted in variable flow and elevated sediment that has continued to affect recovery of fish assemblages and the benthic macroinvertebrate community eight-years post-fire. Recovery of the aquatic community on the VCNP is listed as a priority need by the National Park Service. Eight years post fire, monitoring has revealed continued suppression of the salmonid population compared to pre-fire with little to no fish recruitment in the burned areas. In addition, the aquatic benthic invertebrate community continues to experience variable diversity throughout the fire-affected streams of the VCNP, which suggests ecological recovery is ongoing eight years post-fire. The research will be used by Preserve biologists to make informed management decisions of the forested watershed and riparian areas of the streams.
Kirtland AFB mountain lion study	November 2019	Wildlife management on Department of Defense Lands is often hampered by a lack of data on specific wildlife species. The goal of our study is to provide information on basic life history and ecological attributes of mountain lions occupying Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. Our specific objectives are to: 1) determine mountain lion territory locations, home range and areas and dens sites; 2) identify puma kill sites and determine prey composition; 3) estimate survival and determine cause-specific mortality; and 4) develop resource selection models for mountain lions on Kirtland AFB.	Wildlife management on Department of Defense Lands is often hampered by a lack of data on specific wildlife species. The goal of our study is to provide information on basic life history and ecological attributes of mountain lions occupying Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. We are currently working with the Department of Defense, Kirtland Air Force Base, to study the ecology of mountain lions on base. Our specific objectives are to: 1) determine mountain lion territory locations, home range and areas and dens sites; 2) identify puma kill sites and determine prey composition; 3) estimate survival and determine cause-specific mortality; and 4) develop resource selection models for mountain lions on Kirtland AFB. Data from this study, will allow for more informed management of natural resources, including wildlife on Kirtland AFB.
An assessment of the genetic structure of an urban Cooper's hawk population	September 2019	The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been coordinating a study of the population ecology of an urban population of Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Albuquerque, New Mexico since 2011, in collaboration with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish and New Mexico State University. A major objective of the study is to develop a detailed understanding of the demography and population ecology of a model raptor population to obtain insights into the population ecology of harder to study species of management concern, such as golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We now have rigorous empirical estimates of the number of occupied Cooper’s hawk nesting territories, reproductive success, survival rates, female dispersal, and spatially explicit estimates of prey density for each year of the study. We propose to undertake an analysis of genetic material and stable isotopes of feathers from the Albuquerque Cooper’s hawk study population to gain additional insights into their mating system, behavioral ecology, and population genetic structure. Important questions these analyses may help answer are: (1) what factors are associated with high rates of extra-pair paternity in Cooper’s hawks, and how those factors might affect individual fitness and population growth; (2) what is the frequency and potential source of immigrants into the Albuquerque study population; and (3) what is the phylogeographic relationship of this Cooper’s hawk population to others that have been genetically sampled. In addition, this study presents a valuable opportunity to compare and contrast genetic estimates of population attributes (e.g., estimates of paternity certainty and of effective population size) with direct measures obtained through banding and radio telemetry.	The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been coordinating a study of the population ecology of an urban population of Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Albuquerque, New Mexico since 2011, in collaboration with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish and New Mexico State University. A major objective of the study is to develop a detailed understanding of the demography and population ecology of a model raptor population to obtain insights into the population ecology of harder to study species of management concern, such as golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We now have rigorous empirical estimates of the number of occupied Cooper’s hawk nesting territories, reproductive success, survival rates, female dispersal, and spatially explicit estimates of prey density for each year of the study. We are conducting an analysis of genetic material and stable isotopes of feathers from the Albuquerque Cooper’s hawk study population to gain additional insights into their mating system, behavioral ecology, and population genetic structure. Important questions these analyses may help answer are: (1) what factors are associated with high rates of extra-pair paternity in Cooper’s hawks, and how those factors might affect individual fitness and population growth; (2) what is the frequency and potential source of immigrants into the Albuquerque study population; and (3) what is the phylogeographic relationship of this Cooper’s hawk population to others that have been genetically sampled. In addition, this study presents a valuable opportunity to compare and contrast genetic estimates of population attributes (e.g., estimates of paternity certainty and of effective population size) with direct measures obtained through banding and radio telemetry. This project is a collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology at New Mexico State University.
Estimation of mountain lion density in New Mexico	June 2020	The goal of this study is to provide relevant population and density data for mountain lions in New Mexico that will contribute to the management plans developed by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. The objectives of this study are to: 1) estimate mountain lion abundance and density in replicated survey areas across New Mexico to provide additional data for deriving harvest limits; 2) compare data-derived density estimates to those used in the habitat model currently employed by NMDGF to develop harvest limits; and 3) test a remote camera-based method for estimating mountain lion abundance and density in the absence of marked individuals.	Estimation of large carnivore population size and density at scales most relevant for management is arguably one of the most challenging issues in wildlife management. Despite substantial advances in methodological and analytical approaches for the estimation of common game species, estimation of low density predator populations remains challenging for state and federal management agencies. We are currently estimating the abundance of mountain lions in New Mexico in collaboration with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. This study will provide relevant, precise and unbiased population and density data for mountain lions in New Mexico that will drive harvest plans.
Population trajectories and extinction probabilities for populations of large ungulates	December 2018	Understanding the importance of life history parameters is vital to managing wildlife populations. We will evaluate the minimum population size at which a populations are unlikely to go extinct and the population persistence times of various ungulate species across the Southwest in relation to variation in observed demographic rates. The intent is to generate population models using a suite of observed demographic parameters (and their variability), thereby assisting in management of multiple ungulate species across the southwestern United States.	Understanding the importance of life history parameters is vital to managing wildlife populations. In collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, we are evaluating the minimum population size, optimal demographic characteristics (e.g., survival, recruitment), and release strategies (e.g., number of animals and translocation schedules) that balance population growth and persistence for both target and source populations involved in translocation efforts. Furthermore, through our modeling efforts, we are also evaluating the effects of recurring droughts and various predator management strategies on the trajectories of translocated populations. Many translocation efforts fail to achieve management objectives, frequently due to a failure to fully consider demographic, management and climatic contexts in which the translocations are implemented. This work will inform wildlife management agencies on translocation strategies that are most likely to lead to population persistence of both source and target populations involved in these translocation efforts.
Predation rates and use of habitats and wildlife drinkers by mountain lions	July 2020	For decades, State and Federal wildlife management agencies have built and supplied man-made water sources within desert landscapes, making surface water a consistent and stable feature. However, some have speculated that the provision of surface water could be counterproductive for management because it may: 1) lure ungulates from preferable areas (such as escape terrain) thereby increasing their risk of predation; 2) predators may linger near water sources to increase their chances of killing a visiting ungulate; and 3) water sources may make areas previously inhospitable for carnivores hospitable, exacerbating losses in ungulates. Thus by providing surface water to increase ungulate populations, it may attract predators (and prey), thereby increasing kills on ungulate species. The goals of this project are to evaluate the effect that wildlife drinkers have on mountain lion habitat selection and to determine if mountain lion kills are disproportionately located near man-made perennial water sources. The project is a collaborative effort between the New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Armendaris Ranch, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and Arizona Game and Fish Department.	Wildlife management agencies maintain man-made water sources for wildlife in arid environments based on long-held assumptions that it benefits wildlife and does not have adverse consequences. However, some have speculated that these water sources may allow predators to occupy areas that would otherwise be inhospitable and that predators use these water sources to ambush prey, thus increasing predation on species that these water developments are intended to benefit. In collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish and Arizona Game and Fish Department we are determining the effect of man-made water sources on mountain lion habitat and prey selection and if kill sites of ungulates are disproportionately located near man-made water sources (i.e., waters are used as ambush sites). The results of this study could have impacts on wildlife water development programs across the West. Furthermore, this project will greatly expand our knowledge on large carnivore water dependency and the influence of water on predator space use, resource selection and predator-prey dynamics in arid ecosystems.
An estimate of abundance and an assessment of the efficacy of sterilization techniques for the control of wild burro populations	March 2018	Feral burro populations have increased in numbers and are impacting fragile desert plant communities, reducing forage availability for domestic livestock and wildlife as well as seeking forage and water near human habitations, which brings them into conflict with humans. Fort Irwin, California has a relatively large population of burros (~1,000) that enter into the cantonment area, resulting in human-wildlife conflicts. We propose to estimate the size of the burro population, examine patterns of space use and employ non-lethal methods of immunocontraception or sterilization to reduce recruitment into the existing population in an attempt to reduce population size.	Feral burro populations have increased in numbers and are impacting fragile desert plant communities, reducing forage availability for domestic livestock and wildlife (Bastian et al. 1999) as well as seeking forage and water near human habitations, which brings them into conflict with humans. Fort Irwin, California has a relatively large population of burros (~1,000) that enter into the cantonment area, resulting in human-wildlife conflicts. In collaboration with the Department of Defense, we are estimating the size of the burro population, examining patterns of space use and testing the efficacy of using immunocontraception on a large, free-ranging burro population. Our resource selection modeling will provide some of the most detailed analysis to date for feral burro habitat selection and water dependency. Our results will lead to the development of mitigation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflicts by identifying actions to reduce burro use high conflict areas. Finally, our efficacy assessment will provide guidance on immunocontraception strategies to reduce burro numbers over the long-term; including elucidation of the logistical challenges of employing currently available PZP formulations.
The ecological web contributing to a sarcoptic mange epizootic in coyotes of the Mojave Desert, Fort Irwin, California	March 2018	In order to minimize the human-wildlife conflict on Fort Irwin, we intend to explore the ecological web surrounding the sarcoptic mange epizootic in the resident coyote population and thereby develop mitigation strategies to lower disease prevalence and the overall abundance of coyotes. Our objectives will be to estimate the size of the coyote population inhabiting the base, describe the patterns of spatial use by the resident coyotes, explore the potential factors contributing to the maintenance of sarcoptic mange, and examine for other parasites and diseases through fecal, epidermal and blood assays. Through this process, we hope to identify and suggest mitigation strategies that can be adopted by the base administration that will reduce the size of the resident coyote population and enhance its health thereby reducing human wildlife-conflict and the potential for spread of disease to humans and pets.	Coyotes have readily adapted to human-modified environments. One such population, occurs at Fort Irwin, California in the Mojave Desert. In spite of the harsh environmental conditions, a sizeable population of mange-infected coyotes occupies the garrison area of the base. In order to minimize the human-wildlife conflict on Fort Irwin, we are exploring the ecological web surrounding the sarcoptic mange epizootic in cooperation with the Department of Defense. Our objectives will be to estimate the size of the coyote population inhabiting the base, describe the patterns of spatial use by the resident coyotes, explore the potential factors contributing to the maintenance of sarcoptic mange, and examine for other parasites and diseases through fecal, epidermal and blood assays. Through this process, we hope to identify and suggest mitigation strategies that can be adopted by the base administration that will reduce the size of the resident coyote population and enhance its health thereby reducing human wildlife-conflict and the potential for spread of disease to humans and pets.
Evaluating adaptive capacity of desert bighorn sheep to climate change: identifying genetic links to climate adaptations in native and reintroduced populations	December 2017	The predicted increased occurrence of extreme droughts, overall decline in precipitation and increase in temperature due to climate change has the potential to impact a large number of species in the southwestern United States. In spite of their adaptations, both domestic and wild ungulates are not always able to ameliorate the effects of high temperatures and limited water availability using behavioral and physiological mechanisms. The genetic basis for many physiological mechanisms that confer greater abilities on some species, subspecies or populations of wild ungulates to cope with limited water supply and high temperatures remains to be explored. Thus, understanding potential adaptations of desert bighorn sheep in the 3 southwestern desert ecosystems with varying temperature and aridity conditions has the potential to inform vulnerability of populations to potential future changes in climate and other stressors. Specifically, identifying certain genes that may be related to the ecology of the different desert environments can provide valuable insights regarding future adaptation actions (e.g., translocations) as the climate continues to change. Our objectives are to: 1) Assess whether desert bighorn sheep exhibit local adaptations to the different desert ecosystems with corresponding differences in seasonal climatic conditions; and 2) Provide recommendations on how managers can implement adaptation actions to maximize evolutionary potential.	Desert ungulates use a variety of physiological and morphological mechanisms to minimize the impacts of high temperatures and water scarcity on thermoregulation and water balance. However, the genetic basis for physiological mechanisms that confer greater abilities to cope with limited water and high temperatures remains to be explored. In collaboration with Oregon State University and the USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center, we recently completed a project to identify genes related to the physiological ecology of desert bighorn sheep with a suite of single nucleotide polymorphisms using samples collected from populations across their range. The results suggest climate conditions at higher latitudes may have resulted in a distinct ecotype of desert bighorn sheep whose adaptations are still apparent in a few indigenous populations in the Great Basin. We also found two highly supported candidate genes in the genomic region linked to this outlier. Overall, these findings suggest selection from environmental factors may influence genomic variation at the ecosystem-scale in desert bighorn sheep, which extend our understanding of how this subspecies may respond to different environments.
Assessment of nutrition and predation as limiting factors for mule deer in New Mexico	December 2018	The goal of this project is to determine which factors are effectively limiting mule deer in New Mexico. Our specific objectives are to:1) estimate mule deer survival rates and determine cause-specific mortality; 2) determine mule deer pregnancy rates and fawn recruitment; 3) assess the nutritional status of mule deer by determining the quantity (i.e., biomass of available forage) and quality (nutritional content) of forage available to mule deer within the study area; 4) determine diet composition and diet quality for mule deer; 5)estimate prey composition and kill rates for mountain lions; and 6)determine how habitat selection by mule deer is influenced by habitat conditions and predation risk by mountain lions.	Mule deer have declined across New Mexico. Studies in other portions of the range indicate that predation and or nutritional limitations are contributing to declines. In collaboration with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, we are evaluating the relative roles of nutrition and predation on a non-migratory mule deer population. Our goals are to determine factors limiting mule deer in New Mexico. Specifically, we are estimating: 1) survival rates and cause-specific mortality; 2) pregnancy rates and fawn recruitment; 3) forage biomass and nutritional quality; 4) diet composition; 5) prey composition and kill rates for mountain lions; and 6) how habitat selection by mule deer is influenced by habitat conditions and predation risk. This project will enhance our knowledge on limiting factors driving mule deer population dynamics in semi-arid regions, including the independent and interactive effects of climate, forage dynamics and predation.

Research Publications

Research Publications	Publication Date
Zeigler, M.P., S.F. Brinkman, C.A. Caldwell, A.S. Todd, M. S. Recsetar, and S.A. Bonar. 2013. Upper thermal tolerances of Rio Grande cutthroat trout under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 142:1395-1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.811104 \| Abstract	April 2013	Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis are the southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout. Similar to other cutthroat trout, stream temperature regulates growth, reproductive success, distribution, and ultimately survival of the subspecies. Understanding upper thermal tolerance of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout is important for development of water temperature standards and assessment of suitable habitat for reintroduction and management. The thermal requirements of eggs and fry of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout under static and fluctuating temperature regimes were assessed using the acclimated chronic exposure (ACE) method at two different laboratories. Results of experiments from both laboratories were in agreement. Maximum growth of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout occurred at 15.3°C. Fish became lethargic and ceased feeding as temperatures approached the 30-d ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature (UUILT) of approximately 22°C. Survival during fluctuating temperature treatments was dependent upon the daily maximum temperature and the range of daily fluctuations which occurred at 25°C. The upper thermal limits for Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout were lower than some salmonids but similar to other subspecies of cutthroat. Similar to other cutthroat trout subspecies, the low upper thermal limits of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout may increase risk of deleterious effects from climate change, habitat alteration, and non-native salmonids. Results indicate that daily mean water temperatures near 15°C would be suitable for reintroduction of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout. This information will aid in establishing water quality standards to protect habitat where the subspecies currently occurs.
Zeigler, M.P., S.F. Brinkman, C.A. Caldwell, A.S. Todd, M. S. Recsetar, and S.A. Bonar. 2013. Upper thermal tolerances of Rio Grande cutthroat trout under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 142:1395-1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.811104 \| Abstract \| Download	April 2013	Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis are the southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout. Similar to other cutthroat trout, stream temperature regulates growth, reproductive success, distribution, and ultimately survival of the subspecies. Understanding upper thermal tolerance of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout is important for development of water temperature standards and assessment of suitable habitat for reintroduction and management. The thermal requirements of eggs and fry of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout under static and fluctuating temperature regimes were assessed using the acclimated chronic exposure (ACE) method at two different laboratories. Results of experiments from both laboratories were in agreement. Maximum growth of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout occurred at 15.3°C. Fish became lethargic and ceased feeding as temperatures approached the 30-d ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature (UUILT) of approximately 22°C. Survival during fluctuating temperature treatments was dependent upon the daily maximum temperature and the range of daily fluctuations which occurred at 25°C. The upper thermal limits for Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout were lower than some salmonids but similar to other subspecies of cutthroat. Similar to other cutthroat trout subspecies, the low upper thermal limits of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout may increase risk of deleterious effects from climate change, habitat alteration, and non-native salmonids. Results indicate that daily mean water temperatures near 15°C would be suitable for reintroduction of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout. This information will aid in establishing water quality standards to protect habitat where the subspecies currently occurs.
Zeigler, M.P., A.S. Todd, and C.A. Caldwell. 2013. Water temperature and baseflow discharge of Rio Grande cutthroat trout streams in Colorado and New Mexico- 2010 and 2011. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1051, 18 p. +appendices. \| Abstract \| Publisher Website	April 2013	This study characterized the thermal regime in a number of Colorado and New Mexico streams that contain populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout and had no previous record of continual temperature records. When compared to Colorado’s water temperature criteria (Cold Tier 1), a portion of these populations appeared to be at risk from elevated stream temperatures, as indicated by exceedance of both acute (17 - 22 percent) and chronic (2 to 9 percent) water quality metrics. Summer water temperature profiles recorded at sites within current Rio Grande cutthroat trout habitat indicated that although the majority of currently occupied conservation streams have temperatures that fall well below these biologically based acute and chronic thermal thresholds, several sites may be at or approaching water temperatures considered stressful to cutthroat trout. Further, water temperatures should be considered in decisions regarding the current and future thermal suitability of potential Rio Grande cutthroat trout restoration sites. Additionally, baseflow discharge sampling indicated that a majority of the sampled stream segments containing Rio Grande cutthroat trout have flows less than 1.0 cubic feet per second (cfs) in both 2010 (74 percent) and 2011 (77 percent). The relative drought sensitivity of these low baseflow streams containing Rio Grande cutthroat trout could be further evaluated to assess their probable sustainability under possible future drought conditions.
Zeigler, M.P., A.S. Todd, and C.A. Caldwell. 2012. Evidence of recent climate change within the historic range of Rio Grande cutthroat trout: Implications for management and future persistence. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141:1045-1059 \| Abstract	September 2012	Overwhelming evidence of anthropogenically influenced climate change has motivated natural resource managers to incorporate adaptive measures to minimize risks to sensitive and threatened species. Detecting trends in climate variables (i.e., air temperature, hydrology, precipitation) can serve as a valuable tool for managers working to protect vulnerable species by increasing our understanding of localized conditions and trends. The Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis has suffered a severe decline in its historic distribution, with the majority of current populations persisting in isolated headwater streams. To evaluate recent climate change within the subspecies’ historic range, trends in average air temperatures, biologically-important hydrological variables (timing of snowmelt, seasonal flows), and April 1st snow water equivalent over the last 45 years (1963 - 2007) were examined. While rates of change in all three metrics were variable across sites, range-wide patterns were evident. Across the subspecies historic range average annual air temperatures increased (range-wide increase of 0.29°C per decade) and the timing of snowmelt shifted to earlier in the year (range-wide change of 10.6 days earlier). Flows increased during biologically-important periods, such as winter (January 1st - March 31st), pre-spawning (April 1st - May 14th), and spawning periods (May 15th - June 15th), and decreased in the summer (June 16th - September 15th). Evidence of decreasing April 1st snow water equivalent (range-wide decrease of 5.3% per decade) was also observed. While the impacts of these changes at the population level are equivocal, it is likely that negative effects would influence the subspecies by altering its distribution, decreasing available habitat, and altering the timing of important life history components. Continued monitoring and proactive management will be required to increase the resiliency of remaining populations to insure their long term persistence and protection from the negative effects of a climate change.
Zeigler, M.P. and C.A. Caldwell. 2017. Feasibility study: Establishing native fish fauna to McKittrick Creek, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report Series.	February 2017
Young, K.E., L.B. Abbottt, C.A. Caldwell, and T.S. Schrader. 2012. Estimating Suitable Environments for Invasive Plant Species Across Large Landscapes: A Remote Sensing Strategy using Landsat 7 ETM+. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 5:122-134.	April 2013
Whitney, J. E., and 8 coauthors. 2016. Mechanistic basis of climate change impacts on the physiology of North American inland fishes. Fisheries 41:332-345.	July 2016
Wakeling, B. F., and L. C. Bender. 2003. Influence of nutrition on mule deer biology and ecology. Pages 93-116 in J. C. deVos, Jr., M. R. Conover, and N. E. Headrick, editors. Mule deer conservation: Issues and management strategies. Jack H. Berryman Institute, Logan, Utah, USA.	June 2003
Turnbull, T.T., J.W. Cain, III, and G.W. Roemer. 2013. Anthropogenic impacts to the recovery of the Mexican wolf with a focus on trapping-related incidents. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37:311-318. \| Download	February 2013
Turnbull, T.T., J.W. Cain, III, G.W. Roemer. 2011. Evaluating trapping techniques to reduce potential for injury to Mexican wolves. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 2011-1190.	December 2011
Tatman, N.M., S.G. Liley, J.W. Cain III, and J.W. Pitman. 2018. Effects of nutrition and calf predation on elk vital rates in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 82:1417–1428. \| Download	August 2018
Sykes, C.L., C.A. Caldwell, and W.R. Gould. Physiological effects of potassium chloride, formalin and handling stress on bonytail Gila elegans. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 31:291-298. \| Abstract	August 2011	A standard treatment of a 1 h bath in 750 mg/L potassium chloride (KCl) followed by a 2 h bath in formalin has been established for removal of mussel veligers when moving fish from waters positive for zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussels D. bugensis. Quagga mussels have recently been found in waters inhabited by endangered bonytail Gila elegans, making bonytail a candidate species for the KCl and formalin treatment. The chemical treatment, however, also subjects the fish to a series of handling stressors which may increase the susceptibility of bonytail to pathogens and predators upon stocking. We characterized physiological changes of plasma cortisol, glucose, and osmolality over 24 h and at 14 d post-handling after exposing bonytail to KCl with one net stressor, KCl+formalin with two net stressors, and one net stressor and two net stressors without chemicals. Elevated plasma cortisol (322-440 ng/mL) and glucose (254-399 mg/dL) concentrations were observed in all treatments compared to plasma cortisol (56 ng/mL) and glucose (43 mg/dL) concentrations in control fish. While there were no detectable differences in plasma osmolality among the treatments and control fish, a detectable difference was observed between fish that were handled once versus twice. Chemical effects of stress were not observed in any of the physiological responses when the KCl treatment was compared to the one-net stressor or when KCl+formalin treatment was compared to the two-net stressor treatment. Cumulative responses, however, were observed between one net stressor and two net stressors for plasma glucose and osmolality but not for plasma cortisol. Within 24 h post-handling, plasma cortisol and glucose levels remained elevated and anecdotal observations of reduced response to stimuli was noted up to 14 d post-handling, indicating bonytail may not have completely recovered and could be more susceptible to pathogens and predators upon release.
Sutton, R. J., C. A. Caldwell, V. S. Blazer. 2000. Observations of health indices used to monitor a tailwater fishery. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:267-275.	January 2000
Sorensen, G.E., D.W. Kramer, J.W. Cain III, C.A. Taylor, P.S. Gibson, M.C. Wallace, R.D. Cox, and W.B. Ballard. 2020. Mule deer habitat selection following vegetation thinning treatments in New Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 44:122-129. \| Download	March 2020
Smith, K.N., T.J. Conkling, M. L. Morrison, J.W. Cain III, and R.N. Wilkins. 2017. Nest height and vertical vegetation associated with black-capped vireo breeding success in southwest Texas. Southeastern Naturalist 16:567-583. \| Download	December 2017
Smith, K.N., J.W. Cain, III, M.L. Morrison, and R.N. Wilkins. 2012. Nesting ecology of the black-capped vireo in southwest Texas. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124:277-285. \| Download	April 2012
Smith, K.N., J.W. Cain, III, M.L. Morrison, and R.N. Wilkins. 2012. A Novel Songbird Nest Predator: The Greater Arid-land Katydid. American Midland Naturalist 167:210-212. \| Download	January 2012
Smith, J.B., D.P. Walsh, E.J. Goldstein, Z.D. Parsons, R.C. Karsch, J.R. Stiver, J.W. Cain III, K.J. Raedeke, and J.A. Jenks. 2014. Techniques for capturing bighorn sheep lambs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 38:165-174. \| Download	March 2014
Schweiger, B.R., J.K. Frey, and J.W. Cain III. 2021. A case for multiscale habitat selection studies of small mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 102:1249-1265. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab071 \| Download	October 2021
Schmitt, C. J., C. A. Caldwell, B. Olsen, D. Serdar, and M. Coffey. 2002. Inhibition of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in fish from waters affected by lead smelters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 77:99-119.	September 2002
Sanchez, B. C., and C. A. Caldwell. 2008. Assessment of exposure risk of polychlorinated biphenyls to interior least terns (Sterna antillarum). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27:617-622.	March 2008
Rosas-Rosas, O. C., R. Valdez, and L. C. Bender. 2007. Conservacion del jaguar y puma en el norestre de Sonora. Pages 11-18 in G. Ceballos, C. Chavez, R. Listy, and H. Zarza, editors. Conservacion manajo del jaguar en Mexico: estudios de caso perspectives. Conabio-Alianza WWF/Telcel-Universidad National Automona de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.	December 2007
Rosas-Rosas, O. C., R. Valdez, L. C. Bender, and D. Daniel. 2003. Food habits of pumas in northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:528-535.	June 2003
Rosas-Rosas, O. C., L. C. Bender, and R. Valdez. 2008. Jaguar and puma predation on cattle calves in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Rangeland Ecology and Management 61: 554-560.	September 2008
Roerick, T.M., J.W. Cain III, and J.V. Gedir. 2019. Forest restoration, wildfire and habitat selection by female mule deer. Forest Ecology and Management 447:169-179. \| Download	September 2019
Roberts, C.P., J.W. Cain III, and R.D. Cox. 2017. Identifying ecologically-relevant scales of habitat selection: diel habitat selection in elk. Ecosphere 8: art e02013. \| Download	November 2017
Roberts, C.P., J.W. Cain III, and R.D. Cox. 2016. Application of Activity Sensors for Estimating Behavioral Patterns. Wildlife Society Bulletin 40:764-771 \| Download	December 2016
Reddell, C.D., F. Abadi, D.K. Delaney, J.W. Cain III, and G.W. Roemer. 2021. Urbanization’s influence on the distribution of mange in a carnivore revealed with multistate occupancy models. Oecologia 195:105-116. \| Download	February 2021
Recsetar, M. S., M. P. Zeigler, D. L. Ward, S. A. Bonar, and C. A. Caldwell. 2012. Relationship Between Fish Size and Thermal Tolerance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141:1433-1438.	September 2012
Pitman, J.W., J.W. Cain III, S.G. Liley, W.R. Gould, N.T. Quintana, and W. B. Ballard. 2014. Post-parturition habitat selection by elk calves and adult female elk in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 78:1216-1227. \| Download	September 2014
Peterson, D., R.B. Trantham, T.G. Trantham, and C.A. Caldwell. Tagging effects of passive integrated transponder and visual implant elastomer on the small-bodied White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). Journal of Fisheries Research (online publication completed 24 September 2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fisheries.2017.08.019. \| Abstract	September 2017	One of the greatest limiting factors of studies designed to obtain growth, movement, and survival in small-bodied fishes is the selection of a viable tag. The tag must be relatively small with respect to body size as to impart minimal sub-lethal effects on growth and mobility, as well as be retained throughout the life of the fish or duration of the study. Thus, body size of the model species becomes a major limiting factor; yet few studies have obtained empirical evidence of the minimum fish size and related tagging effects. The probability of surviving a tagging event was quantified in White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) across a range of sizes (19-60 mm) to address the hypothesis that body size predicts tagging survival. We compared tagging related mortality, individual taggers, growth, and tag retention in White Sands pupfish implanted with 8-mm passive integrated transponder (PIT), visual implant elastomer (VIE), and control (handled similarly, but no tag implantation) over a 75 d period. Initial body weight was a good predictor of the probability of survival in PIT- and VIE-tagged fish. As weight increased by 1 g, the fish were 4.73 times more likely to survive PIT tag implantation compared to the control fish with an estimated suitable tagging size at 1.1 g (TL: 39.29 ± 0.41 mm). Likewise, VIE-tagged animals were 2.27 times more likely to survive a tagging event compared to the control group for every additional 1 g with an estimated size suitable for tagging of 0.9 g (TL: 36.9 ± 0.36 mm). Growth rates of PIT- and VIE-tagged White Sands pupfish were similar to the control groups. This research validated two popular tagging methodologies in the White Sands pupfish, thus providing a valuable tool for characterizing vital rates in other small-bodied fishes.
Pepper, M.B., L.D. Howery, P.R. Krausman, G.B. Ruyle, J.W. Cain III, and D.W. Schafer. 2013. Adaptive grazing management for cattle and elk forage use in central Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 58:20-27. \| Download	March 2013
O’Shaughnessy, R., J.W. Cain III, N. Owen-Smith. 2014. Comparative diet and habitat selection of puku and lechwe in northern Botswana. Journal of Mammalogy 95:933-942. \| Download	October 2014
Overstreet, M.W., J.W. Cain III, and C.A. Caldwell. 2014. Adult survival, apparent lamb survival, and body condition of desert bighorn sheep in relation to habitat and precipitation on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. USFWS NCTC. 20 pages	August 2014
Mitchell, S. E., C. A. Caldwell, G. Gonzales, W. R. Gould, and R. Arimoto. 2005. Effects of depleted uranium on survival, growth, and metamorphosis in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 68:951-965.	October 2004
Martinez del Rio and S.A. Carleton. 2011. How fast and how faithful- the dynamics of isotopic incorporation into animal tissues. Journal of Mammology 93:353-359 \| Abstract \| Download	July 2012	The interpretation of isotopic data gathered in the field often demands knowing the rate at which isotopes are incorporated into different tissues and species, and the discrimination factor between tissues and diet. These 2 quantities are estimated in laboratory experiments on diet shifts in which results are interpreted using simple mathematical models, which we describe here. The simplest of these models assumes that each tissue can be represented as a well-mixed, single compartment that obeys 1st-order kinetics. Fitting this model to experimental data allows estimating discrimination factors and the instantaneous rate of isotopic incorporation, l (the reciprocal of l, 1/l, equals the average residence time, t, of an atom in the tissue). In 1-compartment models the magnitude of l equals the sum of catabolic turnover and mass-specific growth rate. Examination of available data suggests that the magnitude of l scales with body mass to an exponent equal to approximately 20.25, differs between endotherms and ectotherms, and could be a useful feature in isotopic incorporation studies. We outline suggestions for the design and analysis of isotopic incorporation experiments and suggest that an increased data set of species and tissues can allow field researchers to estimate rates of incorporation from body size and growth rate data.
Macandza, V.A., N. Owen-Smith, and J.W. Cain, III. 2012. Habitat and resource partitioning between abundant and relatively rare grazing ungulates. Journal of Zoology 287:175-185. \| Download	June 2012
Macandza, V.A., N. Owen-Smith, and J.W. Cain, III. 2012. Dynamic spatial partitioning and coexistence among tall grass grazers in an African savanna. Oikos 121:891-898. \| Download	June 2012
Lutz, D. W., B. F. Wakeling, L. H. Carpenter, D. Stroud, M. Cox, D. McWhirter, S. Rosenstock, L. C. Bender, and A. F. Reeve. 2003. Impacts and changes to mule deer habitat. Pages 13-62 in J. C. deVos, Jr., M. R. Conover, and N. E. Headrick, editors. Mule deer conservation: Issues and management strategies. Jack H. Berryman Institute, Logan, Utah, USA.	June 2003
Lomas, L. A., and L. C. Bender. 2007. Survival and cause-specific mortality of mule deer fawns in northcentral New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 884-894.	July 2007
Li, H., K. Galbreath, L. C. Bender, K. West, J. Keller, and T. B. Crawford. 2003. Evidence of three new members of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4): 875-880.	November 2003
Lewis, J.D., J.W. Cain III, and R. Denkhaus. 2014. Home range and habitat selection of an inland alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) population at the northwestern edge of the distribution range. Southeastern Naturalist 13:261-279. \| Download	April 2014
Lehmkuhl, J. F., J. Kie, L. C. Bender, G. Servheen, and H. Nyberg. 2001. Evaluating the effects of ecosystem management alternatives on elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer in the interior Columbia River Basin, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 153:89-104.	July 2002
Lawson AJ, Folt B, Tucker AM, Erickson FT, McGowan CP. 2021. Decision context is a necessary component of population viability analysis appraisal. Conservation Biology. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13818 \| Publisher Website	August 2021
Kuhne, W. W., C. A. Caldwell, W. R. Gould, P. R. Fresquez, and S. Finger. 2002. Effects of depleted uranium on the health and survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2198-2203.	October 2002
Krueger, B., L. C. Bender, W. R. Gould, and P. Morrow. 2007. A fixed-wing sightability model for oryx in desert habitats. In review: South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37:133-142.	October 2007
Krausman, P.R., and J.W. Cain, III, editors. 2013. Wildlife Management: Contemporary Principles and Practices. The Wildlife Society and John Hopkins University Press.	October 2013
Kramer, D.W., G.E. Sorensen, C.A. Taylor R.D. Cox, P.S. Gibson, and J.W. Cain III. 2015. Ungulate exclusion, conifer thinning and mule deer forage in northeastern New Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 113:29-34. \| Download	February 2015
Kindschuh, S.R., J.W. Cain III, D. Daniel and M.A. Peyton. 2016. Efficacy of GPS cluster analysis for predicting carnivory sites of a wide-ranging omnivore: the American black bear. Ecosphere 7: art e01513. \| Download	October 2016
Keller, B. K., and L. C. Bender. 2007. Behavioral responses of bighorn sheep to road-related disturbance. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2329-2337.	September 2007
Karsch, R.C., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, and E.J. Goldstein. 2016. Desert bighorn lambing habitat: Parturition, lamb nursery, and predation sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 80:1069-1080. \| Download	July 2016
Kalb, B.W., B.M. Huntsman, C.A. Caldwell, M.A. Bozek. 2018. A mechanistic assessment of seasonal microhabitat selection by drift-feeding rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a southwestern headwater stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes 101:257-273.	August 2018
Kalb, B.W. and C.A. Caldwell. 2014. Restoration of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis to the Mescalero Apache Reservation. Report to Mescalero Apache Tribe. Agreement No. GR3386. 59 pp. \| Abstract \| Download \| Publisher Website	September 2014	Rio Grande Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis (RGCT) represents the most southern subspecies of cutthroat trout, endemic to the Rio Grande, Canadian, and Pecos basins of New Mexico and southern Colorado. The subspecies currently occupies less than 12% of its historic range, and as such, the Mescalero Apache Tribe has partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey-New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to meet mutually shared goals of restoring and maintaining a Pecos strain of RGCT on tribal lands. The goal of this project was to assess the suitability of the Rio Ruidoso within the Mescalero Reservation to support a self-sustaining RGCT population by conducting a systematic and comprehensive survey to characterize water quality, physical habitat (stream size, channel gradient, channel substrate, habitat complexity, riparian vegetation cover and structure, migration barriers), macroinvertebrate assemblages, and fish communities. Seven-100 m reaches throughout three major tributaries of the Rio Ruidoso within the Tribal lands were sampled during baseflow conditions October 2010, May 2011, and June 2012. Despite the onset of severe drought of 2011, water quality, physical habitat, and fish populations revealed that the Rio Ruidoso and its three tributaries would most likely support a self-sustaining RGCT population. Pools were abundant (mean, 8.9 pools/100 m), large amount of instream woody debris was present (range, 3.8-45.6 pieces/100 m), and instream dataloggers revealed daily maximum stream temperatures rarely exceeded the water quality criteria for coldwater fishes, however, the presence of frazil and anchor ice may limit fish distribution in the winter. Aquatic macroinvertebrate samples revealed a community of benthic invertebrates reflective of high quality cool to cold water. Overall densities of brown trout, rainbow trout and brook trout were high (overall mean, 0.23 fish/m2) and were in good condition (mean relative weight range, 84.51-117.89). Should the Mescalero Apache Tribe decide to introduce RGCT, we recommend a barrier be placed below the confluence of Middle and South Fork of the Rio Ruidoso. This would protect against invasion of non-native fishes and create approximately 12 km of perennial flow. We recommend the North Fork of the Rio Ruidoso not be considered for reintroduction due to easy access for the public to reintroduce non-natives into the watershed. Lastly, we recommend implementation of a long term monitoring program of RGCT to ensure no subsequent incursion of non-native fishes.
Justice-Allen, A.E., C.J. Luedtke, M.W. Overstreet, J.W. Cain, III, and T.R. Stephenson. 2011. Prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in desert bighorn sheep in Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 51:1-10. \| Download	April 2011
J. Whitney, R. Al-Chokhachy, D. Bunnell, C. Caldwell, S. Cooke, E. Eliason, M.Rogers, A. J. Lynch, C. Paukert. 2016. Physiological basis of climate change impacts on North American inland fish. Fisheries. 41(7): 332-345. DOI: 10.1080/03632415.2016.1186656	July 2016
Huntsman, B.M., A.J. Lynch, C.A. Caldwell, and F. Abadi. 2021. Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of life-history variability for a southwestern cutthroat trout. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 30:100-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12567 \| Abstract	August 2020	The impacts of climate change on cold water fishes will likely negatively manifest in populations at the trailing edge of their distributions. Rio Grande cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis</i>, RGCT) occupy arid southwestern U.S.A. streams at the southern-most edge of all cutthroat trout distributions, making RGCT particularly vulnerable to the anticipated warming and drying in this region. We hypothesized that RGCT possess a portfolio of life-history traits that aid in their persistence within streams of varying temperature and stream drying conditions. We used otolith and multistate capture-mark-recapture data to determine how these environmental constraints influence life-history trait expression (length- and age-at-maturity) and demography in RGCT populations from northern New Mexico, U.S.A. We found evidence that RGCT reached maturity fastest at sites with warm stream temperatures and low densities. We did not find a strong relationship between discharge and any demographic rate, although apparent survival of mature RGCT decreased as stream temperature increased. Our study suggests plasticity in trait expression may be a life-history characteristic which can assist trailing edge populations like RGCT persist in a changing climate.
Huntsman, B. M., A. J. Lynch, and C.A. Caldwell. 2021. Interacting Effects of Density-dependent and Density-independent Factors on Growth Rates in Southwestern Cutthroat Trout Populations. Transactions of the American Fisheries ISSN: 0002-8487 print / 1548-8659 online https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10319 \| Abstract	September 2021	Density-dependent (DD) and density-independent (DI) effects play an important role in shaping fish growth rates, an attribute that correlates with many life-history traits in fishes. Consequently, understanding the extent to which DD and DI effects influence growth rates is valuable for fisheries assessments because it can inform managers how populations may respond as environmental conditions continue to change (e.g., threats from climate change). We used a Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis</i>, RGCT) capture-mark-recapture data set collected over two years along a temperature and density gradient in northern New Mexico streams to test the extent to which DD and DI effects interact to affect specific growth rates. We found that temperature (DI) and density (DD) interacted with RGCT life stage (i.e., immature or mature) to affect growth rates. We only detected evidence of a negative DD effect on RGCT growth for the immature fraction of a population when exposed to the warmest stream temperatures. Our results suggest that competition most strongly affected the immature portion of RGCT populations, and this effect was only detectable when temperatures were warmest and energetic stress was likely at its highest. The quadratic relationship between temperature and growth rates also demonstrated that stream temperatures were below as well as above optimal growth temperatures for RGCT. Growth rates in our RGCT populations were influenced by complex interactions of DD and DI effects and our results suggest that the negative consequences of warming trends associated with climate change on RGCT populations may be exacerbated by DD effects.
Humagain, K., C. Portillo-Quintero, R.Cox, and J.W. Cain III. 2018. Estimating forest canopy cover dynamics in Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, using LiDAR and Landsat data. Applied Geography 99:120-132. \| Download	August 2018
Humagain, K., C. Portillo-Quintero, R. Cox, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Mapping tree density in forests of the Southwestern USA using Landsat 8 data. Forests 8:287. \| Download	August 2017
Heffelfinger, J. R., L. H. Carpenter, L. C. Bender, G. Erickson, M. D. Kirchoff, E. R. Loft, and W. M. Glasgow. 2003. Ecoregional differences in population dynamics. Pages 63-90 in J. C. deVos, Jr., M. R. Conover, and N. E. Headrick, editors. Mule deer conservation: Issues and management strategies. Jack H. Berryman Institute, Logan, Utah, USA.	June 2003
Hall, P. B., L. C. Bender, and M. Garner. 2005. Mycobacteriosis in a black-tailed deer caused by Mycobacterium kansasii. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36:115-116	September 2005
Gould, M.J., W.R. Gould, J.W. Cain III, and G.W Roemer. 2019. Validating performance of occupancy models for estimating habitat use and predicting the distribution of highly-mobile species: a case study using the American black bear. Biological Conservation 234:28-36. \| Download	March 2019
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2016. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling coupled with spatially explicit capture-recapture methods. Report provided by the Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program under agreement with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperator Science Series FWS/CSS-120-2016, National Conservation Training Center. \| Download	June 2016
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, W.R. Gould, and S. G. Liley. 2018. Density of American black bears in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 82:775-788. \| Download	May 2018
Goljani, R., J.K. Frey, J.W. Cain III, S.W. Breck, D.L. Bergman. 2018. Predicting spatial factors associated with cattle depredations by the Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) with recommendations for depredation risk modeling. Biological Conservation 224:327-335. \| Download	June 2018
Gedir, J.V., and J.W. Cain III. 2018. An individual-based model for predicting dynamics of a newly established Mexican wolf population. USGS Open File Report 2018-1126. \| Download	August 2018
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, T.L. Swetnam, P.R. Krausman, and J.R. Morgart. 2020. Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal. Ecosphere 11(7):e03175. \| Abstract \| Download	July 2020	We examined habitat selection in desert bighorn sheep in Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona, USA, at multiple spatial and temporal scales to gain insight into how desert ungulates respond to variations in climatic conditions. This study highlights the importance of identifying resource selection at both spatial and temporal scales when investigating the interrelationship between species and their environment. It provides insight into the dynamics of resource selection in a desert ungulate, and how they respond to constraints imposed on them by their environment. This work provides an adaptive framework that can serve to inform strategies for managing and conserving species living in arid environments when faced with climate change.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, G.C. Duff, and J.R. Morgart. 2016. Potential foraging decisions by a desert ungulate to balance water and nutrient intake in a water-stressed environment. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148795.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148795 \| Download	February 2016
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and T.T. Turnbull. 2015. Effects of climate change on long-term population growth of pronghorn in an arid environment. Ecosphere 6: art 189. \| Download	October 2015
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, B.C. Lubow, T. Karish, D.K. Delaney, and G.W. Roemer. 2021. Estimating abundance and simulating fertility control in a feral burro population. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1187-1199. \| Download	July 2021
Garrison, K.R., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, and E.J. Goldstein. 2016. Sympatric cattle grazing and desert bighorn sheep foraging. Journal of Wildlife Management 80:197-207. \| Download	February 2016
Galindo, R., W.D. Wilson, and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. Geographic Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Populations of Rio Grande chub Gila pandora. Conservation Genetics 17:1081-1091. DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0845-2 \| Abstract	May 2016	In New Mexico, Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) is a cool-water fish listed as a species of greatest conservation need and state-listed as sensitive due to habitat alterations and competition with non-native fishes. Characterizing the patterns of genetic structure and genetic diversity of populations will assist with conservation efforts by providing a baseline of genetic variation in New Mexico. Genetic relatedness within and among G. pandora populations throughout New Mexico was characterized using a suite of 11 microsatellites loci among 15 populations in three disparate river basins (Rio Grande, Pecos and Canadian). Allelic richness across 11 loci was highest in the Rio Ojo Caliente (northern range of the Rio Grande basin) while the lowest allelic richness was expressed in the Upper Rio Bonito (southern portion of the Pecos basin). Mean observed and expected heterozygosity was relatively high across all populations with low inbreeding coefficient. AMOVA revealed that moderate genetic differentiation existed among the 15 populations of G. pandora and a low genetic variation among populations within respective Rio Grande and Pecos basins. Finally, there was low genetic variation among the three basins. The STRUCTURE analysis and optimal K suggested that the 15 populations clustered into seven genetic clusters with the Upper Rio Bonito displaying the greatest genetic differentiation compared to all populations. Evaluating Q-values, populations within the upper Rio Grande drainage basin were the least structured, while the Pecos drainage populations were the most genetically differentiated. Patterns of genetic diversity among populations of G. pandora revealed that while northern Rio Grande populations contain the bulk of genetic diversity, the southern populations continue to persist despite isolation events. These patterns can be used to ensure genetic diversity is maintained by identifying source populations and improving migration to reduce the chance of local extinctions.
Fritts, MW, AK Fritts, SA Carleton, and R Bringolf. 2012. Shifts in stable isotope signatures of freshwater mussel glochidia during attachment to host fish. In Review Journal of Moluscan Studies. \| Abstract	February 2013	Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionacea) are characterized by complex lifecycles composed of multiple, distinct life-stages, including a larval stage referred to as a glochidium. The parasitic nature of larval freshwater mussels (i.e., the role that the fish hosts play in providing nutritional resources to the developing glochidia) is still uncertain. While previous work provided unique descriptions of developing glochidia while they were transforming on fish hosts, earlier studies have not explicitly documented the flow of nutrition to glochidia as they develop to the juvenile stage. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using stable isotope analysis to quantitatively document the flow of nutrients between fish hosts and mussel glochidia. Glochidia were collected from nine adult plain pocketbook mussels (Lampsilis cardium) and used to inoculate largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (n=27) that produced juvenile mussels for the trial. Adult mussel tissue samples, glochidia, transformed juvenile mussels, and fish gill tissues were analyzed for δ 15N and δ13C ratios. We used a linear mixing model to estimate the fraction of juvenile mussel tissue derived from the host fish’s tissue during attachment. Our analyses indicate a distinct shift in both C and N isotopic ratios from the glochidial stage to the juvenile stage during mussel development. Linear mixing model analysis indicated that 90.0% of the δ13C and 57.4% of the δ 15N in juvenile tissues was obtained from the host fish. This work provides new evidence that larval unionids are true parasites that derive nutrition from a host fish during their metamorphosis into the juvenile stage; however, future studies should investigate the relative nutritional contribution of host fishes to mussels that exhibit different glochidial morphologies and brooding periodicities. Additionally, the effects of diet and food quality on fractionation patterns in individual tissues in mussels and the relative contribution of assimilated DIC on the δC13 values of molluscan tissues should be considered.
Foreyt, W. F., P. B. Hall and L. C. Bender. 2004. Evaluation of ivermectin for the treatment of hair-loss syndrome in Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 434-443.	August 2004
Earl, J.E., S.D. Fuhlendorf, D. Haukos, A.M. Tanner, D. Elmore, and S.A. Carleton. 2016. Characteristics of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) long-distance movements across their distribution. Ecosphere 7(8):e01441. 10.1002/ecs2.1441	August 2016
DuBey, R., and C. A. Caldwell. 2004. Distribution of Tubifex tubifex lineages and Myxobolus cerebralis infection in the tailwater of the San Juan River, New Mexico. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 16:179-185.	September 2004
DuBey, R., C. A. Caldwell, and W. R. Gould. 2007. Relative Susceptibility and Effects on Performance of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout Challenged with Myxobolus cerebralis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 136:1406-1414.	September 2007
DuBey, R., C. A. Caldwell, and W. R. Gould. 2005. Effects of temperature, photoperiod and Myxobolus cerebralis infection on growth, reproduction and survival of Tubifex tubifex lineages. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 17:338-344.	September 2005
Doyle, J.M. T.E. Katzner, G.W. Roemer, J.W. Cain III, B. Millsap, C. McIntyre, S.A. Sonsthagen, N. Fernandez, M. Wheeler, Z. Bulut, P. Bloom, and J.A. DeWoody. 2016. Genetic structure and viability selection in the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), a vagile raptor with a holarctic distribution. Conservation Genetics 17:1307–1322. \| Download	December 2016
Conkling, T.J., T.L. Pope, K.N. Smith, H.A. Mathewson, M.L. Morrison, R.N. Wilkins, and J.W. Cain, III. 2012. Black-capped vireo nest predator assemblage. Journal of Wildlife Management 76:1401-1411. \| Download	December 2011
Collins, D, B Grisham, C Conring , J Knetter , W Conway , SA Carleton , M Boggie. 2015. Evidence of new summer areas and interpopulation mixing of two Greater Sandhill Crane Populations in the Intermountain West. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management	August 2016
Cho, S.J., C.A. Caldwell, W.R. Gould. 2009. Physiological stress reponses of Rio Grande silvery minnow: Effects of individual and multiple physical stressors of handling, confinement, and transport. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.	October 2009
Chase, N., C.A. Caldwell, S.A. Carleton, and W.R. Gould, J.A. Hobbs. 2015. Movement patterns and dispersal potential of Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) revealed using otolith microchemistry. Canadian Journal if Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72:1575-1583. \| Abstract	September 2015	Natal origin and dispersal potential of the federally threatened Pecos bluntnose shiner Notropis simus pecosensis were successfully characterized using otolith microchemistry and swimming performance trials. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) of otoliths within the resident plains killifish Fundulus zebrinus were successfully used as a surrogate to strontium isotope ratios in water and revealed three isotopically distinct reaches throughout 297 km of the Pecos River, New Mexico, USA. Two different life history movement patterns were revealed in Pecos bluntnose shiner. Eggs and fry were either retained in upper river reaches or passively dispersed downriver and followed by upriver movement during the first year of life with some fish achieving a minimum movement of 56 km. Swimming ability of Pecos bluntnose shiner confirmed upper critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as high as 43.8 cm.s-1 and 20.6 body lengths.s-1 in 30 d post-hatch fish. Strong swimming ability early in life supports our observations of upriver movement using otolith microchemistry and confirms movement patterns that were previously unknown for the species. Understanding patterns of dispersal of this and other small-bodied fishes using otolith microchemistry may help redirect conservation and management efforts for Great Plains fishes.
Charles H. Prude and James W. Cain III "Habitat diversity influences puma Puma concolor diet in the Chihuahuan Desert," Wildlife Biology 2021(4), wlb.00875-, (15 October 2021). https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00875 \| Download	October 2021
Carleton SA, CM del Rio, and TJ Robinson. Feather Isotope Analysis Reveals Differential Patterns of Habitat and Resource Use in Populations of White-Winged Doves \| Abstract \| Download	June 2015	The white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica) serves an important ecological role as a diurnal pollinator of the iconic saguaro cactus in the Sonoran desert and an economic role as the second most harvested upland game bird in North America. White-winged doves are intimately linked to anthropogenic changes on the landscape and because of this, have experienced dramatic population fluctuations over the last 75 years. It is unclear whether this variation is due to factors affecting them on their breeding or wintering grounds. As a first step to link breeding and wintering locations for this species, we used stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) in feather (δ2Hf and δ13Cf, respectively) to differentiate among populations of white-winged doves across their breeding range in the United States. δ2Hf and δ13Cf not only differentiated between populations of white-winged doves that breed in the United States, but further differentiated doves that breed in agricultural habitats from those that breed in native desert habitats within a portion of their range. Ecological processes associated with desert resources and anthropogenic influences, specifically irrigated crops, largely determined δ2Hf in some western white-winged dove populations whereas δ2H of precipitation (δ2Hp) determined δ2Hf of eastern populations. This study highlights the usefulness of stable isotope analysis to differentiate populations of animals across the landscape, the insight isotopes can provide into habitat and resource use by migratory animals, and the importance of characterizing breeding ground δ2Hf for bird species that breed in habitats influenced by anthropogenic factors or habitats that do not rely on seasonal precipitation before proceeding with movement studies linking breeding and wintering populations using stable isotopes.
Canavan, C. M., C. A. Caldwell, and N. S. Bloom. 2000. Discharge of methylmercury-enriched hypolimnetic water from a stratified reservoir. The Science of the Total Environment 260:159-170.	October 2000
Campbell, M.C., C.A. Caldwell, T.D. Lewis, W.D. Wilson, and C.C. Gard. 2019. Non-lethal detection of Asian fish tapeworm in the federally-endangered humpback chub using a molecular screening tool. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 148:832-842. DOI# 10.1002/tafs.10177 \| Abstract	July 2019	The historical range of federally endangered Humpback Chub Gila cypha has diminished largely due to habitat loss and invasive species. Optimal spawning habitat exists within the Little Colorado River (LCR), however the temperatures in the LCR are also ideal for proliferation of the invasive pathogenic Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi. The current standard for positive identification of the parasite is necropsy and visual examination of the gut via microscopy, a methodology undesirable for assessing parasitic infection in endangered fishes. A swab taken at the anogenital pore of the fish and analysed using a novel DNA primer targeting the cestode cytochrome oxidase I subunit (COI) mtDNA gene region offers a convenient non-lethal sampling methodology. To validate the non-lethal methodology, primer sensitivity (43%) and specificity (78%) were initially calculated by utilizing captive fish exposed to the parasite and comparing the results with the lethal standard (i.e., visual examination) methodology. Subsequently, we utilized this novel non-lethal methodology to address prevalence of infection and relative infection frequency within most size classes in a wild population of Humpback Chub, as well as address possible spatial patterns and mechanisms of infection. Wild Humpback Chub were screened for infections spring and fall 2015 at two locations in the Little Colorado River. Infection prevalence across study reaches for spring and fall was 19.5% (N = 159) and 6.2% (N = 292), respectively. Relative infection frequency increased in fish measuring 75 – 250 mm, and decreased in fish measuring 250 – 400+ mm. Based on these observations, juveniles and sub-adult Humpback Chub (<200 mm) may be ideal targets for anthelminthic treatment. Elevated levels of infection near the major spawning grounds of Humpback Chub promote parasitic infection, which will continue to persist without treatment or actions to control infections. Anogenital swabs, in conjunction with PCR and primer-specific identification, offers a time efficient non-lethal method to detect parasite infections in endangered fishes.
Caldwell, C.A., H. Falco, W. Knight, M. Ulibarri, and W.R. Gould. 2018. Reproductive potential of captive Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus). North American Journal of Aquaculture.	January 2019
Caldwell, C.A., G.Z. Jacobi, M.C. Anderson, R.R. Parmenter, J. McGann, W.R. Gould, R. DuBey, and M.D. Jacobi. In press. Prescription fire effects on an aquatic community of a southwest montane grasslands system. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 33:1049-1062. \| Abstract \| Download	July 2013	Use of prescription fire has long been recognized as a reliable management tool to suppress vegetative succession processes and to reduce fuel loading to prevent catastrophic wildfires, but very little attention has been paid to the effects on aquatic systems. A late fall prescribed burn was implemented to characterize effects on an aquatic community within a montane grassland system in northcentral New Mexico, USA. The fire treatment was consistent with protocols of a managed burn except that the fire was allowed to burn through the riparian area to the treatment stream to replicate natural fire behavior. In addition to summer and fall pre-burn assessment of the treatment and a reference stream, we characterized immediate post-fire effects (within a week for macroinvertebrates and within 6 months for fish), and seasonal effects over a 2 year period. Responses within the treatment stream were compared to an unburned reference stream adjacent to the prescription burn. During the burn, the diel range in air temperature increased by 5oC while diel range in water temperature did not change. Carbon-nitrogen ratios did not differ between treatment and reference streams, indicating the contribution of ash from the surrounding grassland was negligible. Although total taxa and species richness of aquatic macroinvertebrates were not altered, qualitative indices revealed departure from pre-burn condition due to loss of sensitive taxa (mayflies and stoneflies) and an increase in tolerant taxa (midges) following the burn. Within one year of the burn, these attributes returned to pre-burn conditions. Adult Brown Trout Salmo trutta density and recruitment did not differ between pre- and post-burn collections, nor did fish condition differ. Fire is rarely truly replicated within a given study. Although our study represents one replication, the results will inform managers about the importance in timing (seasonality) of prescription burn and anticipated effects on aquatic communities.
Caldwell, C.A., G. Alvarez, K.G. Boykin. 2014. Toxicity effects of piscicide CFT Legumine (5% rotenone) on Lithobates sp. of New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish – Share with Wildlife (#13-516-0000-00043). 19 pp. \| Abstract \| Download	March 2014	Conservation through restoration of imperiled fishes can result in indirect benefits to amphibian populations through removal of invasive predatory species of fish. However, very limited information is available with regards to the effects of piscicidal applications to the non-target amphibians. Of particular interest in New Mexico is the federally-listed Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis), and the Plains leopard frog (L. blairi) listed in New Mexico as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need. These two species co-occur throughout a watershed slated for native fish restoration using a piscicide. Toxicity trials using CFT Legumine (5% rotenone) were conducted on four larval stages of L. chiricahuensis and a surrogate species for L. blairi, the northern leopard frog (L. pipiens). Larvae of L. chiricahuensis exhibited greater sensitivity than the surrogate (L. pipiens) across all Gosner stages and both species exhibited decreasing sensitivity through tadpole development. The 48 h LC50 of CFT Legumine and its active ingredient (5% rotenone) was lowest (most toxic) in L. chiricahuensis at Gosner stages 21-25 (0.42 mg/L or 21.0 µg/L rotenone). In contrast, the 48 h LC50 for L. pipiens at these earliest Gosner stages was 1.30 mg/L (65.0 µg/L rotenone). In the later Gosner stages (26-30 and 31-36) of L. chiricahuensis, toxicity effects of CFT Legumine decreased to 1.03 mg/L (51.5 µg/L) and 1.30 mg/L (65.0 µg/L rotenone), respectively. In contrast, L. pipiens was less susceptible to the piscicide at the later Gosner stages (1.26-3.06 mg/L). While both species exhibited the least sensitivity after hind limbs were complete, L. chiricahuensis continued to be more sensitive to CFT Legumine (3.40 mg/L or 170 µg/L rotenone) than L. pipiens (3.86 mg/L or 193.0 µg/L rotenone). Late Gosner stage tadpoles (37-40) of both species demonstrated a delay in metamorphosis up to 90 days (total development time) when exposed for 48 hours to sublethal concentrations of CFT Legumine. Additional research is needed to evaluate the sublethal effects of the piscicide on metamorphosis in amphibians.
Caldwell, C.A., F.T. Barrows, M. Ulibarri, and W.R. Gould. 2010. Diet optimization of juvenile Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus Cyprinidae). North American Journal of Aquaculture 72:57-64.	February 2010
Caldwell, C.A., 2008. Climate change and fisheries: Winners and losers. Fisheries 33(12) 618.	December 2008
Caldwell, C. A., P. Swartzendruber, E. Prestbo. 2006. Concentration and dry deposition of mercury species in arid south central New Mexico (2001-2002). Environmental Science and Technology. In press.	September 2006
Caldwell, C. A., F. A. Fuller, W. R. Gould, P. Turner, and D. Halford. 2004. Seasonal changes in 17-B estradiol of the Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) in south-central New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 49:311-315.	September 2004
Caldwell, C. A., C. M. Canavan, and N. S. Bloom. 2000. Potential effects of forest fire and storm flow on total mercury and methylmercury in sediments of an arid-lands reservoir. Science of the Total Environment 260:125-133.	January 2000
Caldwell, C. A. 2004. Effects of Pollution on Fish: Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Journal of Environmental Quality 33:1584-1585.	August 2004
Cain, J.W., III, P.R. Krausman, and S.S. Rosenstock. 2013. Water and Other Welfare Factors, Pages 174-194, in P.R. Krausman and J.W. Cain III, Editors. Wildlife Management: Contemporary Principles and Practices. The Wildlife Society and John Hopkins University Press.	October 2013
Cain, J.W., III, N. Owen-Smith, and V.A. Macandza. 2012. The costs of drinking: comparative water dependency of sable antelope and zebra. Journal of Zoology 286:58-67. \| Download	January 2012
Cain, J.W., III, J.V. Gedir, P.R. Krausman, J.P. Marshal, J.D. Allen, G.C. Duff, B.D. Jansen and J.R. Morgart. 2017. Extreme precipitation variability, forage quality and large herbivore diet selection in arid environments. Oikos 126:1459-1471. \| Download	October 2017
Cain, J.W., III, B.D. Jansen, R.S. Felger, and P.R. Krausman. 2010. Scallopleaf sage (Salvia vaseyi, Lamiaceae) discovered in Arizona. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4:755-760.	November 2010
Cain, J.W. III, and M.S. Mitchell. 2018. Evaluation of Key Scientific Issues in the Report, “State of the Mountain Lion: a Call to End Trophy Hunting of America’s Lion”. USGS Open File Report 2018-1128. \| Download	August 2018
Cain, J.W. III, and J.P. Marhsal, editors. 2013. Proceedings of the IVth International Wildlife Management Congress, Durban, South Africa.	July 2013
Cain, J.W. III, R.C. Karsch, E.J. Goldstein, E.M. Rominger, and W.R. Gould. 2019. Survival and cause-specific mortality of desert bighorn sheep lambs. Journal of Wildlife Management 83:251-259 \| Download	February 2019
Cain, J.W. III, J.V. Gedir, C.A. Caldwell, and S. Carleton. 2018. Assessment of drought impacts on selected fish and wildlife species in the southwestern United States. Final Report to the U.S. Geological Survey, National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center. \| Download	February 2018
Cain, J.W. III, J.B. Ashling, and S.G. Liley. 2018. Survival and cause-specific mortality of translocated female mule deer in southern New Mexico, USA. Wildlife Research 45:325-335. \| Download	July 2018
Cain, J.W. 2018. Book Review: And Then There Were None: The Demise of Desert Bighorn Sheep in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness by Paul R. Krausman. Journal of Wildlife Management 82:475-476.	January 2018
Cain III, J.W., M.M. Avery, C.A. Caldwell, L.B. Abbot, and J.L. Holechek. 2017. Diet composition, quality, and overlap of sympatric American pronghorn and gemsbok. Wildlife Biology wlb00296:1-10. DOI:10.2981/wlb.00296 \| Download	March 2017
Burnham, E., L. C. Bender, G. A. Eiceman, K. M. Pierce, and S. Prasad. 2008. Identification of five canid species from volatile chemical chromatography of scats. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:792-797.	April 2008
Buchalski, M.R., C.W. Epps, J.W. Cain III, and L.M. Thompson. 2018. Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links to Climate Adaptations. Final Report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2018
Bender, L. C., and P. B. Hall. 2004. Winter survival in black-tailed deer populations affected by hair-loss syndrome. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40:444-451.	August 2004
Bender, L. C., and M. Weisenberger. 2005. Relations among precipitation, density, and population dynamics of desert bighorn sheep on San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 956-964	September 2005
Bender, L. C., and J. G. Cook. 2005. Nutritional condition of elk in Rocky Mountain National Park. Western North American Naturalist 65:329-334	September 2005
Bender, L. C., W. L. Myers, and W. R. Gould. 2003. A comparison of ground and helicopter counts for determining North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition. Wildlife Biology 9:199-205.	September 2003
Bender, L. C., S. M. Schmitt, E. Carlson, J. B. Haufler, and D. E. Beyer, Jr. 2005. Meningeal worm mortality in Rocky Mountain elk in Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41:134-140.	July 2004
Bender, L. C., P. E. Fowler, J. A. Bernatowicz, J. L. Musser, and L. E. Stream. 2002. Effects of open-entry spike bull, limited-entry branched bull harvesting on elk composition in Washington. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:1078-1084.	December 2002
Bender, L. C., M. Davison, J. G. Cook, P. B. Hall, and R. C. Cook. 2006. Assessing elk population status and potential performance in the Nooksack herd area, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 87: 98-106.	June 2006
Bender, L. C., L. A. Lomas, and T. Kamienski. 2007. Habitat effects on condition of doe mule deer in northcentral New Mexico. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:277-284.	April 2007
Bender, L. C., L. A. Lomas, and J. Browning. 2007. Condition, survival, and cause-specific mortality of mule deer in northcentral New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:1118-1124.	June 2007
Bender, L. C., J. G. Cook, R. C. Cook, and P. B. Hall. 2008. Relations between nutritional condition and survival of elk in the Pacific Northwest. Wildlife Biology 14:70-80	April 2008
Bender, L. C., H. Li, B. Thompson, and R. Valdez. 2003. Infectious disease survey of gemsbok in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4): 772-778.	November 2003
Bender, L. C., G. A. Schirato, R. D. Spencer, K. R. McAllister, and B. L. Murphie. 2004. Survival, cause-specific mortality, and harvesting of male black-tailed deer in Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:870-878.	October 2004
Bender, L. C., E. Carlson, S. M. Schmitt, and J. B. Haufler. 2003. Body mass and antler development patterns of Rocky Mountain elk in Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 150:169-180.	June 2003
Bender, L. C., E. Carlson, S. M. Schmitt, and J. B. Haufler. 2002. Production and survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves in Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 148:163-171.	July 2002
Bender, L. C., D. P. Anderson, and J. C. Lewis. 2004. Population ecology of Columbian black-tailed deer in urban Vancouver, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 85:53-59.	August 2004
Bender, L. C., D. P. Anderson, and J. C. Lewis. 2004. Annual and seasonal habitat use of black-tailed deer in urban Vancouver, Washington. Urban Ecosystems 7:41-53.	February 2004
Bender, L. C. 2008. Age structure and population dynamics. Pages 65-72 in S. E. Jorgensen and B. D. Fath, editors. Encyclopedia of Ecology, 1st Edition, Volume 1. Elsevier B. V., Oxford, England, United Kingdom.	September 2008
Bender, L. C. 2006. Uses of herd composition ratios in ungulate management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:1225-1230.	June 2007
Bender, L. C. 2002. Effects of bull demographics on age classes of harem bulls. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:193-199.	July 2002
Bard, S.M., and J.W. Cain III. 2020. Investigation of bed and den site selection by American black bears (Ursus americanus) in a landscape impacted by forest restoration treatments and wildfires. Forest Ecology and Management 460 Article 117904. \| Download	March 2020
Bard, S.M., and J.W. Cain III. 2019. Pathogen prevalence in American black bears (Ursus americanus amblyceps) of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55:745-754. \| Download	October 2019
Baldwin, R. A., and L. C. Bender. 2008. Distribution, occupancy, and habitat correlates of American martens in Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of Mammalogy 89:419-427.	April 2008
Ayre, K.K., C.A. Caldwell, J. Stinson, and W.G. Landis. Analysis of regional scale risk to whirling disease in populations of Colorado and Rio Grande cutthroat trout using a Bayesian belief network model. Journal of Risk Analysis 34:1589-1605. DOI:10.1111/risa.12189 \| Abstract	March 2014	Introduction and spread of the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, has contributed to the collapse of wild trout populations throughout the intermountain west. Of concern is the risk the disease may have on conservation and recovery of native cutthroat trout. We employed a Bayesian belief network to assess probability of whirling disease in Colorado River and Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus and O. c. virginalis, respectively) within their current ranges in the southwest United States. Available habitat (as defined by gradient and elevation) for intermediate oligochaete worm host, Tubifex tubifex, exerted the greatest influence on the likelihood of infection, yet prevalence of stream barriers also affected the risk outcome. Management areas that had the highest likelihood of infected Colorado River cutthroat trout were in the eastern portion of their range, although the probability of infection was highest for populations in the southern, San Juan sub-basin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout had a relatively low likelihood of infection, with populations in the southernmost Pecos management area predicted to be at greatest risk. The Bayesian risk assessment model predicted the likelihood of whirling disease infection from its principal transmission vector, fish movement, and suggested that barriers may be effective in reducing risk of exposure to native trout populations. Data gaps, especially with regards to location of spawning, highlighted the importance in developing monitoring plans that supports future risk assessments and adaptive management for subspecies of cutthroat trout.
Alvarez, G., C.A. Caldwell, and C. Kruse. 2017. Effects of CFT Legumine (5% ROTENONE) On tadpole survival and metamorphosis of Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis), northern leopard frog (L. pipiens), and American bullfrog (L. catebeinanus). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 146:3 512-522. DOI: 10.1080/00028487.2017.1285355	March 2017

Presentations

Presentations	Presentation Date
Zeigler, M.P., C.A. Caldwell, and A.S. Todd. 2013. Utility of stream temperature and hydrology measurements in evaluating climate related vulnerabilities of Rio Grande cutthroat trout populations, with applicability to other native southwestern salmonids. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and Arizona and New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 7-9 February.	February 2013	Information from the monitoring program is being used to develop decision tools to inform future management of these streams, factoring in the potential climate change effects of increasing stream temperature and altered hydrological regimes. We describe the utility of characterizing the specific environmental conditions of individual populations and how these tools can be easily incorporated into monitoring programs of other native southwestern salmonids to better inform managers of the effects of climate change.
Zeigler, M.P., C.A. Caldwell, and A.S. Todd. 2012. Stream temperatures and discharge within currently occupied Rio Grande cutthroat trout streams: identifying streams at risk from climate change. 45th Joint Annual Meeting Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Phoenix, AZ. 2-4 February 2012.	February 2012
Zeigler, M.P., A. Todd, and C.A. Caldwell. 2013. Utility of stream temperature and hydrology: Implications of climate related vulnerabilities and persistence of Rio Grande cutthroat trout. New Mexico Academy of Sciences/New Mexico EPSCoR Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, New Mexico.	December 2013	This work describes the results of a three year monitoring of stream temperature and summer baseflow in core conservation populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout.
Zeigler, M., C.A. Caldwell, A. Todd. 2011. Evidence of recent climate change within the historical range of Rio Grande cutthroat trout. 44th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 3 February. Pinetop, AZ.	February 2011
Zeigler, M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2009. Recent climate change within the Pecos and Costilla Creek basins. Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Work Group Meeting, Santa Fe, NM. 12 November.	November 2009
Zeigler, M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2009. Assessment of the vulnerability of high-value Rio Grande cutthroat trout populations to climate variables. Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Range-wide Meeting, 8 December. Taos, NM.	December 2009
Young, K.E., B. Graves, K.G. Boykin and C. Caldwell. February 2006. Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy for New Mexico. 39th Annual Meeting of the AZ/ NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2006
Yiu, S.W., N. Owen-Smith, J.W. Cain III, and F. Parrini. 2018. How do lions hunt at night? Savanna Science Network Meeting, Skukuza, South Africa.	March 2018	We investigated (1) when lions hunt by modelling their activity states using Gamma mixture models and Hidden Markov Model, (2) where they hunt by identifying hunting sites and patches using GPS cluster analyses and T-LoCoH, (3) how hunting times and locations relate to the presence of the prey species with different vulnerability to predation, and (4) how vegetation structures, which affect prey distribution and ambushing success, influence these patterns.
Williams, M, J Glessner, SA Carleton, JA Hobbs. 2016. Use of in situ laser ablation MC-ICP-MS to validate and compare strontium isotope micro-chemical analysis of otoliths, spines, scales and fin rays. Annual Meeting Western Division American Fisheries Society. Reno, Nevada.	March 2016	First study to develop a method to get predictable and dependable strontium isotope data from multiple tissues.
White, L., J.W. Cain III, F. A. Gabreselassie, J.S. Lewis, and R. Parmenter. 2021. Effects of wildfire and forest management on large mammal distribution, habitat use, and co-occurrence in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	More than a century of logging and fire suppression has altered the structure and composition of many southwestern US forests beyond recognition and left them vulnerable to disturbance events with undesirable ecological consequences. Prescribed fire and forest thinning are used to cultivate functioning, resilient forests and to reduce the risk of costly megafires, but our understanding of ecological responses to these treatments is limited.
Wescott, B., R. DuBey and C.A. Caldwell. February 2006. Dynamics of grazing impacts on native fish assemblages in the Valles Caldera National Preserve. 39th Annual Meeting of the AZ/ NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2006
Wallin, T.J., and C.A. Caldwell. 2020. Status of an iconic Gila Trout population five years after the Whitewater Baldy Wildfire. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Wildlife Societies. Flagstaff, Arizona.	February 2020	Five years post-wildfire, watersheds have not recovered resulting in high spring/summer mortality of native coldwater fish populations.
Wallin, T.J. and C.A. Caldwell. 2019. Comparison of Critical Thermal Limits of Three Gila Trout Lineages with Temperature Regimes of Recovery Streams in the Gila River drainage. 52nd Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 4 February.	February 2019	We demonstrated elevated thermal tolerance of three relic lineages of an endangered trout. This elevated thermal tolerance coincides with elevated stream temperatures.
Wallin, T. and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. Gila National Forest Stream Temperature and Intermittency Monitoring Network to Assess Effects of a Changing Climate for Native Fishes of Special Interest. Desert Fishes Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 15-19 November.	November 2016	The objective of this work is to establish a stream temperature and intermittency-monitoring network throughout the two drainages in coordination with federal, state, and NGO partners. Temperature data from this network will be used to model current and future distribution of native fishes and co-occurrence of non-native fishes.
Valdez, R., B. Roeder, and l. C. Bender. 2004. Reproductive studies of gemsbok in southcentral New Mexico USA. La Faune Sauvage: Une Ressource Naturelle. 6eme Symposium International sur I'Utilisation Durable de la Faune Savage (6th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium), 6-9 July 2004, Paris, France.	July 2004
Vaisvil, A.V. and C.A. Caldwell. 2019. Strontium Isotope Analysis of Dorsal Spines to Assess Natal Origin of Largemouth Bass in Elephant Butte Reservoir. 52nd Joint Annual Meeting of The New Mexico and Arizona Wildlife Societies and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 4 February, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	February 2019	We demonstrated the use of strontium ratios in spines of Largemouth Bass has the potential as a non-lethal tool to assess natal origin. We present several options to assist with assessing natal origin in these fish.
V.A. Macandza, N. Owen-Smith, and J.W. Cain III. 2011. Habitat and resource partitioning among tall-grass grazers: sable antelope, zebra and buffalo in Kruger National Park, South Africa. 18th Annual Conference of The Wildlife Society, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. (Poster)	November 2011
Threadgill, C.L., W.C. Conway, R.D. Cox, R.D. Bailey, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Pronghorn fawn survival and recruitment in a localized pronghorn population in southeast New Mexico. 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico, USA.	February 2017	We assessed fawn survival in a translocated population of southern New Mexico to determine the efficacy of translocating pronghorn from over-abundant populations in northern New Mexico.
Threadgill, C.L., W.C. Conway, R.D. Cox, R.D. Bailey, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Pronghorn fawn survival and recruitment in a localized pronghorn population in southeast New Mexico. Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, San Antonio, Texas, USA.	February 2017	We assessed fawn survival in a translocated population of southern New Mexico to determine the efficacy of translocating pronghorn from over-abundant populations in northern New Mexico.
Thompson, C.J., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2021. Influence of Mexican wolves on elk resource selection 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop. Online Virtual.	August 2021	Predation is a primary limiting factor for prey and in addition to direct impacts (killing of prey), it establishes risk, which indirectly influences prey resource selection strategies. Our objective was to determine the influence Mexican gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>) have on resource selection and spatio-temporal predator avoidance strategies of elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>).
Thompson, C.J., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Influence of Mexican wolves on elk resource selection. 8th Natural History of the Gila Symposium, Silver City, New Mexico, USA.	February 2020	Predation is a primary limiting factor for prey and in addition to direct impacts (killing of prey), it establishes risk, which indirectly influences prey resource selection strategies. Our objective is to determine the influence Mexican gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>) have on resource selection and spatio-temporal predator avoidance strategies of elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>).
Thompson, C.J., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Influence of Mexican wolves on elk resource selection. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Prescott, Arizona, USA.	February 2020	Predation is a primary limiting factor for prey and in addition to direct impacts (killing of prey), it establishes risk, which indirectly influences prey resource selection strategies. Our objective is to determine the influence Mexican gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>) have on resource selection and spatio-temporal predator avoidance strategies of elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>).
Tatman-Quintana, N., S. Liley, J.W. Cain III, and J.W. Pitman. 2017. Evaluating effects of nutrition and predation on an elk population in New Mexico. 12th Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop, Sun Valley, Idaho, USA.	May 2017	We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico. We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico.
Tatman, N.T., S.G. Liley, J.W. Cain III, and J.W. Pitman. 2018. Effects of calf predation and nutrition on elk vital rates. 13th Western Black Bear Workshop, Grand Junction, Colorado.	May 2018	We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico. We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico.
Tatman N.T., S.G. Liley, J.W. Cain III, and J.W. Pitman. 2018. Effects of calf predation and nutrition on elk vital rates in New Mexico. International Deer Biology Congress, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	August 2018	We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico. We conducted a 4-year study (2009–2012) evaluating the role of predation and nutrition in limiting productivity of an elk population in northern New Mexico.
Sykes, C.L.,C.A. Caldwell, and J.L. Landye. 2003. Effect of diet on survival and growth of larvae Rio Grande silvery minnow. 36th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of the Wildlife Society and Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Gallup, New Mexico.	February 2003
Sykes, C.L., and C.A. Caldwell. February 2002. Necropsy-based fish health assessment: evaluation of use on a wild population. 35th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, Safford, Arizona.	February 2002
Strong, C.R. and S.A. Carleton. 2014. Investigating Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) seasonal habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. AZ/NM TWS Annual Meeting.	February 2014	Tracking declining populations of lesser prairie-chickens in eastern New Mexico
Strong, C, S.A. Carleton, W. Gould, C. Nichols, R. Howard, and G. Beauprez, 2015. Investigating lesser prairie-chicken seasonal habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. Annual Meeting of The Wildlife Society, Winnepeg, Canada.	April 2015	This project has identified shrub encroachment as a major limiting factor for population growth. Data from this study will be used to benefit the conservation and management of this species.
Strong, C, S.A. Carleton, W. Gould, C. Nichols, R. Howard, and G. Beauprez, 2015. Investigating lesser prairie-chicken seasonal habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance	February 2015	This project has identified shrub encroachment as a major limiting factor for population growth. Data from this study will be used to benefit the conservation and management of this species.
Stantial, M.L., A.J. Lawson, A.M.V. Fournier, P. Kappes, C. Kross, M.C. Runge, M. Woodrey, J.E. Lyons. 2021. Qualitative Value of Information Provides a Transparent and Repeatable Method for Identifying Critical Uncertainty Regarding the Use of Prescribed Fire to Benefit Black Rails and Other Marshbirds. The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Virtual, November 1-5.	November 2021	The eastern black rail is a federally threatened species in which population declines are steep and highly uncertain. A new decision analysis tool, qualitative value of information, provided a transparent way to prioritize uncertainties regarding conservation actions for black rails and other marshbirds in the gulf of Mexico.
Stantial, M.L., A.J. Lawson, A.M.V. Fournier, P. Kappes, C. Kross, M.C. Runge, M. Woodrey, J.E. Lyons. 2021. Qualitative Value of Information Provides a Transparent and Repeatable Method for Identifying Critical Uncertainty Regarding the Use of Prescribed Fire to Benefit Black Rails and Other Marshbirds. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, December 13-17.	December 2021	The eastern black rail is a federally threatened species in which population declines are steep and highly uncertain. A new decision analysis tool, qualitative value of information, provided a transparent way to prioritize uncertainties regarding conservation actions for black rails and other marshbirds in the gulf of Mexico.
Sorensen, G.E., W.B. Ballard, P. Gibson, R. Cox, J. Cain, S. Liley, and W. Armacost. 2012. Adult-female mule deer habitat selection and survival following habitat enhancements in north-central New Mexico. 48th Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society.	February 2012
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, and W.C. Conway. 2019. Ungulate Forage Biomass and Quality During 6 Years of Landscape Restoration. 13th Biennial Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop. Marfa, Texas, USA.	May 2019	Due to historical land use and fire suppression, forests in northern New Mexico are at abnormally high risk for catastrophic wildfires. In response, a coalition of agencies under a USDA Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project began restoring 210,000 ha in the Jemez Mountains via forest thinning and prescribed fire. As part of these restoration efforts, we are monitoring responses of radio-collared Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and mule deer (Odocolius hemionus) relative to changes in forage biomass following restoration treatments or wildfire.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, and M.A. Peyton. 2019. Changes in forage biomass for elk and mule deer following 6 years of landscape scale forest restoration and monitoring in the Jemez Mountains, NM. Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	February 2019	Due to historical land use and fire suppression, forests in northern New Mexico are at abnormally high risk for catastrophic wildfires. In response, a coalition of agencies under a USDA Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project began restoring 210,000 ha in the Jemez Mountains via forest thinning and prescribed fire. As part of these restoration efforts, we are monitoring responses of radio-collared Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and mule deer (Odocolius hemionus) relative to changes in their forage biomass following restoration or wildfire.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, and M.A. Peyton. 2019. Changes in forage biomass for elk and mule deer following 6 years of landscape scale forest restoration and monitoring in the Jemez Mountains, NM. Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Montgomery, Texas, USA.	February 2019	Due to historical land use and fire suppression, forests in northern New Mexico are at abnormally high risk for catastrophic wildfires. In response, a coalition of agencies under a USDA Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project began restoring 210,000 ha in the Jemez Mountains via forest thinning and prescribed fire. As part of these restoration efforts, we are monitoring responses of radio-collared Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and mule deer (Odocolius hemionus) relative to changes in their forage biomass following restoration or wildfire.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, M.A. Peyton, and R.R. Parmenter. 2017. Movement, resource use, and reproductive success of elk in response to competition, predation risk, and landscape restoration. Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, San Antonio, Texas, USA.	February 2017	We are currently assessing the impacts of landscape scale forest restoration and wildfires on habitat selection and space use of elk in northern New Mexico.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, M.A. Peyton, and R.R. Parmenter. 2017. Movement, resource use, and reproductive success of elk in response to competition, predation risk, and landscape restoration. 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico, USA.	February 2017	We are currently assessing the impacts of landscape scale forest restoration and wildfires on habitat selection and space use of elk in northern New Mexico.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, M.A. Peyton, and R.R. Parmenter. 2017. Influence of movement and resource use on reproductive success of elk in a restored landscape. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (POSTER)	September 2017	We are currently assessing the impacts of landscape scale forest restoration and wildfires on habitat selection and space use of elk in northern New Mexico.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, M.A. Peyton, and L. Bernal. 2018. Factors influencing calf bed site selection in a landscape changed by wildfire and restoration. Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Dallas, Texas, USA.	February 2018	Due to historical land use and fire suppression, forests in northern New Mexico are at abnormally high risk for catastrophic wildfires. In response, a coalition of agencies under a USDA Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project began restoring 210,000 ha in the Jemez Mountains to the historical fire regime via thinning and prescribed fire. As part of these restoration efforts, we are monitoring the responses of radio-collared Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and their calves to changes in vegetation resources.
Smythe, S.E., J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway, M.A. Peyton, and L. Bernal. 2018. Factors influencing calf bed site selection in a landscape changed by wildfire and restoration. 51st Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.	February 2018	Due to historical land use and fire suppression, forests in northern New Mexico are at abnormally high risk for catastrophic wildfires. In response, a coalition of agencies under a USDA Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project began restoring 210,000 ha in the Jemez Mountains to the historical fire regime via thinning and prescribed fire. As part of these restoration efforts, we are monitoring the responses of radio-collared Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and their calves to changes in vegetation resources.
Smith, K.N., J.W. Cain, III, M.L. Morrison, and R.N. Wilkins. 2010. Habitat and nest outcome of black-capped vireos in the Devil’s River area of Texas. Black-capped Vireo Symposium, Austin, Texas, USA.	October 2010
Smallidge, S., L. C. Bender, and B. C. Thompson. May 2003. Effects of temporospatial dynamics on vulnerability to harvest of an interstate elk population. Fifth Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop, Jackson, WY.	May 2003
Smallidge, S. T., L. C. Bender, and B. C. Thompson. February 2004. Effect of temporospatial dynamics on vulnerability to harvest of an interstate elk herd. 37th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, Safford, Arizona, USA.	February 2004
Schrader, S.T., K.E. Young, G. Roemer, K.G. Boykin and C. Caldwell. February 2006. Modeling invasive plant species in Big Bend National Park. 39th Annual Meeting of the AZ/ NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2006
S.E. Mitchell, C.A. Caldwell, G.J. Gonzales, and W.R. Gould. 2003. Toxicity effects of depleted uranium on amphibian growth and development. 36th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of The Wildlife Society and Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Gallup, New Mexico.	February 2003
Ruhl, C.Q., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, and N.M. Tatman. 2019. Improving desert bighorn population estimates using a hybrid model from aerial survey data. 7th World Mountain Ungulate Conference. Bozeman, Montana, USA	September 2019	Population data gathered during aerial surveys are central to the conservation and management of big game species. Abundance estimates and composition ratios are heavily relied on by state agencies in the development of management objectives, and inform decision-making around threatened or endangered species listing, harvest levels, translocations to reduce or augment populations, and the implementation or degree of predator control. We are currently developing a more robust method for estimation of desert bighorn populations using a hybrid double observer-sightability model.
Rossettie, T., T. Perry, J.W. Cain III, and R. Alonso. 2017. Spatial density estimations of Puma concolor by remote cameras and a novel hair sampling method. 12th Mountain Lion Workshop, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	May 2017	Effective species management rests on a foundation of reliable monitoring of populations, yet monitoring puma (Puma concolor) populations remains logistically complex, expensive, time consuming, and invasive. Our study has two objectives: 1) to determine the efficacy of a novel, cost-effective, and minimally invasive genetic sampling method – a modified Belisle foothold trap, for obtaining hair to generate mark-recapture population estimates, and 2) to test habitat suitability and population density parameters in the model currently used by New Mexico State Department of Game & Fish for puma management.
Ross,T.J., S.A. Carleton, M.C. Quist, J. Dunnigan, and R.Hardy. 2015. Stock Assignment of Fluvial Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Kootenai River, Idaho Using Otolith Microchemistry: Lessons Learned and Future Directions. Idaho Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. Boise, ID	March 2015	We used otolith microchemistry to differentiate tributaries to the Kootenai River for stock assessment and identification of stream origin for adult rainbow from the main stem Kootenai River
Rosas-Rosas, O., A. Martinez-Mendoza, R. Valdez, and L. C. Bender. February 2002. Spatial analysis of jaguar habitat in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. 35th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society, Safford, AZ.	February 2002
Roerick, T.M., and J.W. Cain III. 2020. Habitat selection by female mule deer in relation to prescribed fire, forest thinning and wildfires. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Prescott, Arizona, USA.	February 2020	Decades of fire suppression, logging, and overgrazing have altered the conditions of southwestern forests resulting in reduced biodiversity, impaired habitat quality for many wildlife species and more frequent and severe wildfires. We monitored responses of female mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) to forest restoration treatments and wildfires in northern New Mexico.
Roerick, T.M., and J.W. Cain III. 2018. Forest restoration, wildfire and habitat selection by female mule deer. International Deer Biology Congress, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	August 2018	We monitored responses of female mule deer to forest restoration treatments and wildfires in northern New Mexico. Our specific objectives were to: 1) assess changes in abundance of key forage species; 2) estimate differences in forage quality; and 3) determine habitat selection patterns of mule deer in relation to recent wildfires, forest restoration treatments, including the time since treatments, and other habitat characteristics.
Roeder, B.T., B.C. Thompson, R. Valdez, L.C. Bender, and R. Steiner. February 2002. Reproductive studies of oryx, a South African ungulate in a North American Desert. 35th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society. Safford, Arizona.	February 2002
Robinson, S.G., R.T. Plumb, J.M. Lautenbach, D.A. Haukos, S. Carleton, A. Meyers, and J. Reitz. 2015. Space use by nonbreeding lesser prairie-chickens. Joint meeting of American Ornithologists’ Union and Cooper Ornithological Society, Norman, OK.	July 2015	Nonbreeding ecology of lesser prairie-chicken populations are not well studied. Home range varied among months but not among study sites encompassing all Ecoregions that support lesser prairie-chickens.
Robinson, S., R. Plumb, D. Haukos, S. Carleton, A. Meyers, and J. Reitz. 2015. There is no space like home:space use of nonbreeding lesser prairie-chickens. Annual meeting of the Central Mountains and Plains Section of The Wildlife Society, Manhattan, Kansas.	August 2015	Lesser prairie-chicken space use during the nonbreeding season was estimated using satellite transmitters. Home range size was considerably larger than previously reported and birds remained associated with lek sites.
Roberts, C., R. Cox, and J.W. Cain III. 2016. Fine-scale temporal modeling of elk (Cervus canadensis) habitat selection. 68th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Sacramento, California.	February 2016	Most habitat selection studies explicitly acknowledge issues of spatial scale, but many do not fully consider temporal scale. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for fine temporal scales and behavioral patterns when modeling habitat selection.
Reddell, C.D., G.W. Roemer, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. The Adaptability and Disease Patterns of an Urban Coyote Population in the Mojave Desert. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (POSTER)	September 2017	We trapped, radio-collared, and monitored coyotes (n = 41) at the National Training Center (NTC), Fort Irwin, CA from May 2015 to April 2017. The NTC has a large permanently occupied garrison that has become home to a number of urban coyotes that also use the surrounding Mojave Desert. Our objectives were to assess the mechanisms maintaining an epizootic of sarcoptic mange within this urban population and determine how mange influences survival, movement patterns, and habitat use.
Recsetar, M., Zeigler, M., Bonar, S.A., Ward, D., Caldwell, C. 2009. Testing the thermal tolerance of various life stages of fish using the critical thermal method. 41st Annual Meeting of the Desert Fishes Council November 19‐22, 2009	November 2009
Recsetar, M., M. Zeigler, D. Ward, S. Bonar, and C. Caldwell. Testing the Thermal Tolerance of Various Life Stages of Fish Using the Critical Thermal Method. Annual Meeting of the Western Division of the American Fisheries Society. Albuquerque, New Mexico. May 3-7, 2009.	May 2009
Recsetar, M., M. Zeigler, D. Ward, S. A. Bonar,and C. Caldwell. 2010. Testing the Thermal Tolerance of Various Life Stages of Fish Using the Critical Thermal Method Arizona-New Mexico Chapter American Fisheries Society, 43RD Joint Annual Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, February 4-6, 2010.	February 2010
Recsetar, M. S., S. A. Bonar, O. G. Feuerbacher, and C. A. Caldwell	September 2011
Ramsey, C.L., W.C. Conway, R.D. Cox, R.D. Bradley, J.W Cain III. 2018. Available forage and vegetative structure in the northern Sacramento Mountains, and the potential impact on neonatal pronghorn survival. Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Dallas, Texas, USA.	February 2018	Fawn survival often limits population growth and persistence for native and translocated pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) populations. During May and early June (2016 and 2017), we captured 101 pronghorn fawns aged ≤ 5 days, and marked them with ear tag radio transmitters to monitor survival. Naïve estimates of summer fawn survival for 2016 and 2017 were 23% (13/56 survived) and 20% (9/45) respectively. Fawn survival is likely most strongly influenced by predation pressures in the area, but further analyses will inform potential management strategies to improve fawn cover and habitat structure for long-term persistence.
Ramsey, C.L., W.C. Conway, R.D. Cox, R.D. Bradley, J.W Cain III. 2018. Available forage and vegetative structure in the northern Sacramento Mountains, and the potential impact on neonatal pronghorn survival. 51st Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.	February 2018	Fawn survival often limits population growth and persistence for native and translocated pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) populations. During May and early June (2016 and 2017), we captured 101 pronghorn fawns aged ≤ 5 days, and marked them with ear tag radio transmitters to monitor survival. Naïve estimates of summer fawn survival for 2016 and 2017 were 23% (13/56 survived) and 20% (9/45) respectively. Fawn survival is likely most strongly influenced by predation pressures in the area, but further analyses will inform potential management strategies to improve fawn cover and habitat structure for long-term persistence.
Quintana, N.T., W.B. Ballard, S. Liley, P. Gibson, S. Breck, J. Cain, J. Oakleaf, D.L. Bergman, and J.W. Pitman. 2012. Elk calf mortality patterns in the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area: New Mexico. 48th Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society.	February 2012
Prude, C.H., J.W. Cain III, and G. Harris. 2020. Habitat heterogeneity in the Chihuahuan Desert and puma diet diversity. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Prescott, Arizona, USA.	February 2020	Several studies report on puma diets in the arid regions of the southwestern United States within homogenously xeric locations, overlooking landscape diversity generated by riparian forests. Such habitat heterogeneity and corresponding prey diversity could influence puma habitat use, prey availability and diet composition. We examined puma diet in New Mexico, at sites representing riparian areas adjacent to the Rio Grande and xeric Chihuahuan Desert uplands.
Prude, C.H., J.W. Cain III, and G. Harris. 2017. The influence of anthropogenic water on puma habitat use and prey selection in arid ecosystems. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (POSTER)	September 2017	The ecological effects of constructing man-made water sources in desert environments in largely unknown, in spite of the fact that it is a widespread practice by wildlife management agencies across the west. There are 3 concerns with the construction of water sources in arid systems: 1) water may influence the distribution of ungulates and increase predation risk; 2) water sources may be used as a predation trap by predators who stay near water sources to increase their chances of killing a visiting ungulate; and 3) water requirements have not been determined for most ungulates and carnivores in the western US.
Prude, C.H., J.W. Cain III, and G. Harris. 2017. The influence of anthropogenic water on puma habitat use and prey selection in arid ecosystems. 12th Mountain Lion Workshop, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	May 2017	The ecological effects of constructing man-made water sources in desert environments in largely unknown, in spite of the fact that it is a widespread practice by wildlife management agencies across the west. There are 3 concerns with the construction of water sources in arid systems: 1) water may influence the distribution of ungulates and increase predation risk; 2) water sources may be used as a predation trap by predators who stay near water sources to increase their chances of killing a visiting ungulate; and 3) water requirements have not been determined for most ungulates and carnivores in the western US.
Prude, C.H., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and B. Jansen. 2021. The influence of man-made water sources on puma kill site locations and prey composition. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	Man-made water sources have been developed for wildlife in arid regions since the mid 1900’s. Although wildlife are generally considered to benefit from water development, there is very little known about how the provision of man-made water influences predator-prey dynamics. It is possible that the increased abundance of prey and or the habitat features surrounding man-made water sources increase predation risk by puma (Puma concolor). To examine this, puma diet data was compiled from seven study areas in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts to determine the influence of man-made water sources on puma habitat use and kill site locations.
Prude, C.H., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and B. Jansen. 2021. Do water developments influence the distribution of puma kills? 56th Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, Virtual Online.	April 2021	Man-made water sources have been developed for wildlife in arid regions since the mid 1900’s. Although wildlife are generally considered to benefit from water development, there is very little known about how the provision of man-made water influences predator-prey dynamics. It is possible that the increased abundance of prey and or the habitat features surrounding man-made water sources increase predation risk by puma (Puma concolor). To examine this, puma diet data was compiled from seven study areas in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts to determine the influence of man-made water sources on puma habitat use and kill site locations.
Podolsky, J.S., G. Gonzales, and C.A.Caldwell. February 2000. Risk to the American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) from organochlorine and metal contaminants at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico. 32th Annual Joint Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico chapters of The Wildlife Society and the American Fisheries Society, Sierra Vista, AZ.	February 2000
Pitman, J.W., J.W. Cain, III, S. Liley, W.R. Gould, W. Ballard, and N.T. Quintana. 2012. Cause-specific mortality and microhabitat selection of elk calves in the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area. 45th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.	February 2012
Pitman, J.W., J.W. Cain III, S.G. Liley, W.R. Gould, and N.M. Quintana. 2013. Microhabitat selection and mortality site characteristics of elk calves in areas of differing predator composition in New Mexico. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	February 2013	The objective of this project was to determine patterns of bed site selection by neonatal elk and to determine the differences in selection between surviving and nonsurviving elk calves. Knowledge of these relationships may allow development of management plans that maintain optimal calf rearing habitat and reduce depredation impacts on juvenile recruitment.
Pitman, J.W., J.W. Cain III, S.G. Liley, W.R. Gould, and N.M. Quintana. 2012. Micro-habitat selection and mortality site characteristics of elk calves in the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area of west-central New Mexico. 19th Annual Conference of The Wildlife Society, Portland, Oregon, USA.	October 2012	The objective of this project was to determine patterns of bed site selection by neonatal elk and to determine the differences in selection between surviving and nonsurviving elk calves. Knowledge of these relationships may allow development of management plans that maintain optimal calf rearing habitat and reduce depredation impacts on juvenile recruitment.
Peterson, D.M., T. Trantham, and R. Simpson. 2016. Effects of Tagging with Passive Integrated Transponders versus Visual Elastomer Implants on the Small-bodied White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, Arizona.	February 2016	Documented smallbodied fish greater than or equal to 37 mm can successfully retain a PIT tag. Survival was better in PIT tagged fish than fish implanted with an elastomer.
Peterson, D., T. Trantham, R. Simpson, and C.A. Caldwell. 2015. Effects of passive integrated transponder and visual elastomeric tagging on survival and growth of a small-bodied southwestern pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). 47th Annual Meeting of the Desert Fishes Council. Death Valley National Park, California. 18-22 November.	November 2015	Our data indicated that White Sands pupfish can be effectively tagged using 8-mm PIT tags with minimal tag loss or mortality as small as 37 mm. VIE tagging mortality was greater than PIT related mortality.
Peterson, D. and C.A. Caldwell. 2017. Why Catch-Per-Unit-Effort is Insufficient as an Index of Abundance for the White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico. February 2-4. 2017.	February 2017	The research demonstrates that the current trapping method used by state and federal agencies to assess population abundance in an imperiled species of fish provides inaccurate estimates. The trapping method should be discontinued and replaced with mark recapture methods for more accurate estimates of abundance.
Peterson, D. and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. Why Catch-Per-Unit-Effort is Insufficient as an Index of Abundance for the White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). Desert Fishes Council. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 15-19 November.	November 2016	The research demonstrates that the current trapping method used by state and federal agencies to assess population abundance in an imperiled species of fish provides inaccurate estimates. The trapping method should be discontinued and replaced with mark recapture methods for more accurate estimates of abundance.
Parmenter, RR., R.W. Oertel, T.S.Compton, S. Kindschuh, M. Peyton, W. Meyer, C. Caldwell, J. Jacobi, O. Myers, and M. Zeigler. 2012. Fire and floods in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico: The 2011 Las Conchas Fire impacts on montane species diversity and food webs. 2012 Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR. August 2012.	August 2012
O’Shaugnessy, R., J. French, N. Owen-Smith, L.A. Harveson, J.W. Cain III, and S.S Gray. 2014. Towards a universal method for estimating ruminant diet from feces. 26th Biennial Pronghorn Workshop, Alpine, Texas, USA.	May 2014	The objective of this study was to develop a consistent set of methods for microhistological analysis that would be widely applicable to a range of wild ruminants occupying different landscapes and habitats.
Overstreet, M.W., T.R. Stephenson, and J.W. Cain, III. 2011. Survival and Recruitment of Desert Bighorn Sheep in Relation to Maternal Body Condition Conditions on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Pinetop, Arizona, USA.	February 2011
Oakleaf, J.K., J.W. Cain III, C.M. Gardner, S. Barrett, C.B. Piper. 2017. Survival and dispersal rates of Mexican wolves. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	September 2017	We explored cause-specific mortality (e.g., human-caused versus natural mortality) and removal rates (e.g., boundary violations, nuisance, cattle depredations, and other) from 1998 to 2015 relative to population performance during that time.
Myers, D., S.Cho, and C.A. Caldwell. February 2008. Influence of capture, handling, and transport activities on the stress response and post-salvage survival of Rio Grande silvery minnow. 42nd Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society. 8-9 February, Prescott, AZ.	February 2008
Myers, D., S.Cho, and C.A. Caldwell. April 2008. Influence of capture, handling, and transport activities on the stress response and post-salvage survival of Rio Grande silvery minnow. 2008 Graduate Research and Arts Symposium, New Mexico State University. 3 April, Las Cruces, NM.	April 2008
Murphy, S.M., J.W. Cain III, D. Wilckens, G. Roemer, R. Lonsinger, and M. Peyton. 2017. Developing novel spatial capture-recapture survey designs for estimating management-scale cougar density in New Mexico, USA. 12th Mountain Lion Workshop, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	May 2017	One of the main tasks of state wildlife management agencies is to set sustainable harvest levels for game species that provide ample hunting opportunities for the public while simultaneously managing for the long-term persistence of populations. We are currently assessing several methods to estimate mountain lion abundance at scales relevant to management in New Mexico.
Munro, K.M., J.W. Cain III, and G.W. Roemer. 2013. Movements and habitat/space use of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) from southern New Mexico. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA	February 2013	We are currently monitoring habitat use, resource selection, movements of migratory and resident golden eagles in southern New Mexico in an area with a high potential for wind energy development. These data should assist land management agencies with decisions regarding the placement of wind energy facilities to minimize risk to golden eagles.
Mitchell, S.E., C. A. Caldwell, G.J. Gonzales, and W.R. Gould. September 2001. Toxicity effects of depleted uranium on amphibian growth and development. Poster, 8th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society. Reno/Tahoe, Nevada.	September 2001
Meyers, AM, SA Carleton, WR Gould, C Nichols, D Haukos, and C Hagen. 2016. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) habitat by lesser prairie-chicken in eastern New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico Joint Annual Meeting of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2016	This study investigated the affect of CRP grasslands on seasonal space use in lesser prairie-chickens.
Meyers, AM, SA Carleton, WR Gould, C Nichols, D Haukos, and C Hagen. 2016. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) habitat by lesser prairie-chicken in eastern New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico Joint Annual Meeting of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2016	Evaluation of the use of CRP by lesser prairie-chickens in New Mexico.
Menefee, A.R., S.E. Smythe, J.W. Cain III, W.C. Conway. 2017. Stem densities of Populus tremuloides in aspen managed wildfire plots and not treated plots in northern New Mexico. Annual Meeting of the Texas Section of the Society for Range Management. San Angelo, Texas, USA.	September 2017	We determined that aspen plots treated with managed wildfire burns exhibit greater stem densities of aspen than plots left untreated. However, long-term survival of aspen in these stands remains unknown, but may be influenced by weather conditions and ungulate herbivory.
M.P. Zeigler, C.A. Caldwell, and R.R. Parmenter. 2013. Effects of the 2011 Las Conchas Fire on fish populations and habitat in meadow streams of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of The Wildlife Society and Arizona and New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Albuquerque, New Mexico. 7-9 February.	February 2013	The research documents recovery of fish populations post-wildfire. The study highlights the difficulty in determining recvoery from wildfire when pre-fire data is limiting.
Lyons, J.E., A.J. Lawson, M.L. Stantial, A. Weldon. 2021. Ecology and conservation of Eastern black rail: Road to recovery through management The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Virtual, November 1–5 2021.	November 2021	This talk synthesizes recent habitat management efforts to increase federally threatened eastern black rail populations. Causes of black rail decline are highly uncertain and habitat management offers a promising approach for population recovery.
Lujan, D., and C.A. Caldwell. 2015. Carbon Availability within a Montaine Grassland Stream Subjected to Prescribed Burn and a Severe Wildfire. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Wildlife Societies and the Arizona/New Mexico American Fisheries Society. Las Cruces, New Mexico. 5-7 February.	February 2015	We characterized delayed recovery of a stream subjected to severe fire when compared to an prescribed fire 6 years earlier from the same stream.
Lujan, D., M.P. Zeigler, C.A. Caldwell, and R. Parmenter. 2015. Effects of Prescribed-fire and the Las Conchas Wildfire on the Resistance and Resilience of a Montane Grassland Stream on the Valles Caldera National Preserve. 145th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. Portland, Oregon.	August 2015	Documented effects of prescription versus wildfire on an upper montane stream system.
Luedtke,C.J., M. Overstreet, J.W. Cain III, T. Stephenson, A.E. Justice-Allen. 2011. Prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in 6 geographically distinct populations of desert bighorn sheep in Arizona. 51st Desert Bighorn Council, Laughlin, Nevada, USA.	April 2011
Lewis, J.D., J.W. Cain, III, and R. Denkhaus. 2011. Habitat selection of an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) population at the edge of their distribution range. Urban Wildlife Management and Planning Conference, Austin, Texas, USA.	May 2011
Lewis, J.D., J.W. Cain, III, and R. Denkhaus. 2011. Habitat selection of an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) population at the edge of their distribution range. 47th Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, San Antonio, Texas, USA	February 2011
Lewis, J.D., J. Cain, III, and R. Denkhaus. 2012. Habitat selestion of an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) population at the edge of the their distribution range. 48th Annual Meeting of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society	February 2012
Lawson, A.J., M.L. Stantial, M.D. Correll, M. Hartley, K. Kalasz, M.C. Runge, A. Schwarzer, C. Watson, A. Weldon, and J.E. Lyons. 2021. Reducing uncertainties in eastern black rail conservation: qualitative value of information to identify field experiments in a resilience-experimentalist adaptive management framework. The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Virtual, November 1–5 2021.	November 2021	This research describes a new approach, qualitative value of information, that prioritizes the most pressing uncertainties for management decision making when time and resources preclude the development of quantitative predictive models. We demonstrate the method with a case study focused on the development of field experiments to accelerate learning in an adaptive management framework for the federally threatened eastern black rail.
Lawson, A.J., M.L. Stantial, A.D. Smith, and J.E. Lyons. 2021. Best-case scenario planning: evaluating tradeoffs among abundance and occupancy monitoring frameworks to detect eastern black rail population trends in optimal habitat. The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Virtual, November 1–5 2021.	November 2021	We obtained demographic parameter estimates for a federally threatened species, the eastern black rail. Then we used those estimates to conduct a power analysis focused on the most effective survey design and analytical framework to detect population declines, to inform future management or classification decisions by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Lawrence, A.J. and S.A. Carleton. 2014. Impacts of Energy Development on Lesser Prairie-chicken Ecology in Eastern New Mexico. AZ/NM TWS Annual Meeting.	February 2014	Tracking the impacts of energy development on lesser prairie-chickens in eastern New Mexico
Landis, W., K. Kolb Ayre, P.T. Bryant, L.A. Kaminski, J. Stinson, and C. A. Caldwell. 2009. An ecological risk assessment of the impact of whirling disease on populations of Rio Grande and Colorado River cutthroat trout in the southwestern United States. Western Division Annual Meeting, May 3-7, 2009, Albuquerque, NM.	May 2009
Kuhne, W.W., C.A. Caldwell, W.R. Gould, and P.R. Fresquez. November 1999. Effects of depleted uranium on the survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyallela azteca. 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Philadelphia, PA.	November 1999
Kuhne, W.W., C.A. Caldwell, W.R. Gould, and P.R. Fresquez. February 2000. Effects pf depleted uranium on the survival and health of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyallela azteca. 32th Annual Joint Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico chapters of The Wildlife Society and the American Fisheries Society, Sierra Vista, AZ.	February 2000
Kuhne, W.W., C.A. Caldwell, W.R. Gould, and P.R. Fresquez. April 2000. Effects of depleted uranium on the survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyallela azteca. New Mexico State University, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Sciences, Seminar Series, Las Cruces, NM.	April 2000
Krysten M. Zummo and Scott A. Carleton. 2015. Effects of habitat restoration and climate change on scaled quail in south central New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society Annual Meeting. Roswell, NM.	April 2015	This study looks at use of areas treated to remove shrubs by scaled quail.
Krysten M. Zummo and Scott A. Carleton. 2015. Effects of habitat restoration and climate change on scaled quail in south central New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico TWS Joint Annual Meeting. Las Cruces, NM.	February 2015	This study looks at use of areas treated to remove shrubs by scaled quail.
Krueger, B., L. C. Bender, W. R. Gould, and R. Valdez. February 2004. Sightability modeling of gemsbok on White Sands Missile Range. 37th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, Safford, Arizona, USA.	February 2004
Kramer, D. C. Taylor, G. Sorenson, R. Cox, P. Gipson, and J. Cain. 2013. The effects of thinning and ungulate exlcusion on conifer understory vegetation and key mule deer forage species in northeastern New Mexico, USA. 98th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota.	August 2013	The large-scale expansion in conifer species into areas of semi-arid grasslands has altered habitat conditions for many wildlife species and created problems for wildlife managers because the resulting landscapes often offer limited palatable forage and have reduced grass and forb communities. We studied the responses of vegetation, specifically mule deer forage species, to mechanical thinning of conifers and ungulate exclusion.
Kindschuh, S.R., and J.W. Cain III. 2015. Modeling black bear predation and scavenging using GPS cluster analysis. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico Mexico, USA.	February 2015	GPS cluster analysis has been used to estimate predation rates and to describe prey composition of many large carnivores but has not yet been tested for American black bears (Ursus americanus). We are evaluating the use GPS cluster analysis in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico to locate sites of black bear predation and scavenging of ungulates.
Kindschuh, S.R., and J.W. Cain III. 2015. Black bear carnivory of ungulates: global positioning system cluster analysis as a tool for estimation. 12th Western Black Bear Workshop, Canmore, Alberta, Canada.	May 2015	GPS cluster analysis has been used to estimate predation rates and to describe prey composition of many large carnivores but has not yet been tested for American black bears (Ursus americanus). We are evaluating the use GPS cluster analysis in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico to locate sites of black bear predation and scavenging of ungulates.
Kindschuh, S.R., J.W. Cain III, and M.A. Peyton. 2013. Evaluating the use of GPS cluster analysis to locate black bear predation and scavenging sites. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Pinetop, Arizona, USA.	February 2014	GPS cluster analysis has been used to identify predation rates and prey composition of many large carnivores but has not been tested for American black bears (Ursus americanus). We are using GPS cluster analysis in the Jemez Mountains to monitor black bear predation or scavenging of ungulates.
Kindschuh, S.R., J.W. Cain III, and M.A. Peyton. 2013. Evaluating the use of GPS cluster analysis to locate black bear predation and scavenging sites. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA	February 2013	We are testing the feasibility to use GPS cluster analysis to identify black bear predation sites involving ungulates. This new technique could provide future researchers with a more efficient method of monitoring the impacts black bears have on ungulate populations.
Keller, B. J., and L. C. Bender. February 2004. Influence of road-related disturbance on bighorn sheep use of the Sheep Lakes mineral site, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. 37th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, Safford, Arizona, USA.	February 2004
Keller, B. J., and L. C. Bender. April 2004. Influence of road-related disturbance on bighorn sheep use of the Sheep Lakes mineral site, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Rocky Mountain National Park Research Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	April 2004
Kay, J.H., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. New insight into utilizing bone marrow to assess ungulate health. 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico, USA.	February 2017	Bone marrow fat content has commonly been utilized as a metric to assess ungulate body condition. We examined how bone marrow fat content is affected by time post mortem and other factors by collecting multiple bones from individual elk and deer at different time intervals. We found that marrow fat content can change significantly over time. Our top model that explained this change included time between samples, initial fat content and sex of the species.
Kay, J.H., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. New insight into utilizing bone marrow to assess ungulate health. 12th Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop, Sun Valley, Idaho, USA.	May 2017	Bone marrow fat content has commonly been utilized as a metric to assess ungulate body condition. We examined how bone marrow fat content is affected by time post mortem and other factors by collecting multiple bones from individual elk and deer at different time intervals. We found that marrow fat content can change significantly over time. Our top model that explained this change included time between samples, initial fat content and sex of the species.
Kay, J.H., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. New insight into utilizing bone marrow to assess the health of mountain lion prey . 12th Mountain Lion Workshop, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	May 2017	Bone marrow fat content has commonly been utilized as a metric to assess ungulate body condition. We examined how bone marrow fat content is affected by time post mortem and other factors by collecting multiple bones from individual elk and deer at different time intervals. We found that marrow fat content can change significantly over time. Our top model that explained this change included time between samples, initial fat content and sex of the species.
Kay, J.H., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Effects of sampling time on bone marrow fat estimates. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	September 2017	Bone marrow fat content has commonly been utilized as a metric to assess ungulate body condition. We examined how bone marrow fat content is affected by time post mortem and other factors by collecting multiple bones from individual elk and deer at different time intervals. We found that marrow fat content can change significantly over time. Our top model that explained this change included time between samples, initial fat content and sex of the species.
Kay, J.H., J.W. Cain III, and S.G. Liley. 2018. Tradeoffs between forage and predation risk in central New Mexico. International Deer Biology Congress, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	August 2018	This tradeoff between ideal forage and predation risk can be an important life strategy with major effects on body condition of individuals, and subsequently population vital rates. We determined if this tradeoff existed in a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) population in central New Mexico.
Kay, J. H., and J. W. Cain III. 2016. Top-Down and bottom-up forces on central New Mexico mule deer. 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.	February 2016	Predation and nutrition are two major ecological mechanisms identified as potential limiting factors in western deer populations. We will investigate the effects of top-down (predation) and bottom-up (nutrition) forcing on mule deer productivity by conducting forage biomass surveys, estimates of nutritional content of key forage species, estimates of diet quality via fecal indices, determining mountain lion predation rates and utilizing deer survival, pregnancy rates, juvenile recruitment and habitat selection data.
Karsch, R.C., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, E.J. Goldstein. 2015. Parturient desert bighorn sheep survival strategies: environmental characteristics at female parturition sites and lamb nursery and predation sites. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	February 2015	Surviving the first few days of life are critical to overall lamb survival, and habitat characteristics at parturition sites may play an influential role, yet little is known about bighorn parturition sites because pregnant females isolate themselves from the herd prior to parturition in order to give birth in seclusion, making them difficult to find. The main purpose of this study was to examine habitat characteristics at parturition sites, and lamb nursery group and predation sites.
Karsch, R.C., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, E.J. Goldstein. 2015. Desert bighorn lambing habitat revisited: environmental characteristics at female parturition sites, and lamb nursery and predation sites. 2015 Biennial Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, Borrego Springs, California, USA.	April 2015	Surviving the first few days of life are critical to overall lamb survival, and habitat characteristics at parturition sites may play an influential role, yet little is known about bighorn parturition sites because pregnant females isolate themselves from the herd prior to parturition in order to give birth in seclusion, making them difficult to find. The main purpose of this study was to examine habitat characteristics at parturition sites, and lamb nursery group and predation sites.
Karsch, R., J.W. Cain III, E.M. Rominger, and E.J. Goldstein. 2013. Desert bighorn sheep lamb survival and cause-specific mortality in the Peloncillo Moutains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Council Meeting, April 17-20,2013 Las Cruces, NM	April 2013	We are studying survival and cause-specific mortality of desert bighorn sheep lambs in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico. The results from this study will assist in the development of management plans for desert bighorn sheep in New Mexico.
Karsch, R., J.W. Cain III, E. Goldstein, and R. Rominger. 2014. Desert bighorn sheep lamb survival and cause-specific mortality in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Pinetop, Arizona, New Mexico, USA.	February 2014	We are studying survival and cause-specific mortality of desert bighorn sheep lambs in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico. The results from this study will assist in the development of management plans for desert bighorn sheep in New Mexico.
Karish, T., G.W. Roemer, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Resource selection and movements of feral burros on the Fort Irwin National Training Center. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (POSTER)	September 2017	The feral burro population on the Fort Irwin National Training Center (NTC) in California is interfering with training operations and contributing to vehicle collisions. The NTC plans on implementing an immunocontraceptive program to reduce the population size of the burros and requires ecological information on their patterns of resource use to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Our objectives were to examine space use and describe patterns of resource selection by feral burros.
Kalb, B. and C.A. Caldwell. 2014. Evidence of seasonal behavioral thermoregulation of resident rainbow trout in a small headwater stream. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM American Fisheries Society and the AZ and NM Wildlife Societies. Pinetop, AZ. 6-8 February.	February 2014	Rainbow trout seek and find thermal refugia during summer and winter.
K Zummo and SA Carleton. 2016. Effects of Climate on Scaled Quail Reproduction and Survival. Annual Meeting, Society for Range Ecology and Management. Corpus Christi, Texas	February 2016	This study investigates the response of scaled quail to climate and vegetation treatments to restore Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Health.
Huntsman, B.M., Caldwell, C.A., Lynch, A.J., and Abadi, F. 2018. Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout population dynamics and persistence along a temperature and precipitation gradient. American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 20-24, 2018.	August 2018	Our results indicate winter precipitation is likely an important factor responsible for RGCT persistence, especially in streams with snowmelt driven hydrology. Future analysis, however, must consider these mechanisms in concert with other threats (e.g., non-native fish) to determine the greatest risks to RGCT persistence.
Humagain, K. C. Portillo, R. Cox, and J.W. Cain III. 2016. Mapping structural diversity of trees in the southwest Jemez Mountains of New Mexico using Landsat-8 data. 68th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Sacramento, California.	February 2016	Tree density has been increasing due to the exclusion of fires over years in the American Southwest and ecological restoration treatments are aimed to reduce such increasing fuel for extreme fire events and to increase understory biodiversity. This study provides an overview of remote sensing techniques to estimate tree density in the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project (CFLRP) area of Jemez Mountains, New Mexico.
Hennig, J. D., K. A. Schoenecker, J. W. Cain III, and G. W. Roemer. 2021. A double-observer sightability model for estimating feral burro abundance. 28th Annual Conference of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	November 2021	Feral burros (<i>Equus asinus</i>) and horses (<i>E. ferus caballus</i>) inhabiting public land in the western United States are supposed to be managed at population levels set to promote a thriving, natural ecological balance. However, many herds are estimated to be well above appropriate management levels. Like many large ungulate populations, management agencies employ aerial surveys to obtain estimates of horse and burro abundances. We used aerial survey data from 3 burro populations in the southwestern United States to compare results between standard DOS models and those including residual heterogeneity (DOS+).
Haukos, D., C. Boal, S. Carleton, and B. Grisham. 2015. Roles of Cooperative Research Units in contemporary conservation of natural resources. North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference, Omaha, NE.	March 2015	As part of a Special Session at the North American Conference, we presented a case study of Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units. We demonstrated that the Unit Model remains relevant in contemporary natural resource research.
Guy, R., C.Caldwell, J. Wick, M. Mata, K.Boykin, A. Ernst, and T. Rogers. 2012. Status and trends of White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) throughout its range on two DoD installations. 45th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of AFS. Phoenix, Arizona. February 2-4, 2012.	February 2012
Guerrero, A.L., A. V. Vaisvil, and C.A. Caldwell. 2019. Environmental Conditions that Affect Timing of Hatch of Largemouth Bass in a Southwest Irrigation Reservoir. 52nd Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of The Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 4 February.	February 2019	We demonstrated timing of hatch for Largemouth Bass was tied to temperature and increasing water levels.
Griffin, D., S.A. Carleton, and D. Collins. 2014. Estimating Survival and Movements of Band-tailed Pigeons in New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society.	April 2014	Describing ecology of band-tailed pigeons
Griffin, D., S.A. Carleton, and D. Collins. 2014. Estimating Survival and Movements of Band-tailed Pigeons in New Mexico. History of the Gila Symposium.	February 2014	Describing the life history of band-tailed pigeons
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2015. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling-based capture-recapture methods. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	February 2015	One of the main challenges for a resource agency in charge of managing game species is to set harvest levels that ensure the long-term persistence of populations. Our objectives were to estimate the abundance and density of black bears >1year of age in suitable bear habitat within 6 of the 14 bear management zones (BMZs) located in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2015. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling-based capture-recapture methods. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	February 2014	One of the main challenges for a resource agency in charge of managing game species is to set harvest levels that ensure the long-term persistence of populations. . Our objectives were to estimate the abundance and density of black bears >1year of age in suitable bear habitat within 6 of the 14 bear management zones (BMZs) located in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, W.R. Gould, and S.G. Liley. 2015. Estimating density of American black bears in New Mexico, United States of America. 5th International Wildlife Management Congress, Sapporo, Japan.	July 2015	One of the main challenges for a resource agency in charge of managing game species is to set harvest levels that ensure the long-term persistence of populations. Our objectives were to estimate the abundance and density of black bears >1year of age in suitable bear habitat within 6 of the 14 bear management zones (BMZs) located in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, W.R. Gould, and S.G. Liley. 2014. Estimating the abundance and density of black bears in New Mexico using non-invasive genetic analysis. The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Pittsburg, PA.	October 2014	Management agencies often lack relevant estimates of vital rates for all populations or subpopulations for which they must set harvest quotas. We will use non-invasive hair traps and bear rubs along with genetic samples collected from management, research, and hunter-harvested bears in mark-recapture models to estimate the abundance and density of black bears in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico.
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, W.R. Gould, and S.G. Liley. 2014. Estimating the abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using non-invasive genetic analysis. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Pinetop, Arizona, New Mexico, USA.	February 2014	Management agencies often lack relevant estimates of vital rates for all populations or subpopulations for which they must set harvest quotas. We will use non-invasive hair traps and bear rubs along with genetic samples collected from management, research, and hunter-harvested bears in mark-recapture models to estimate the abundance and density of black bears in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico.
Gould, M. J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, W.R. Gould, and S.G. Liley. 2013. Estimating the abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus Americanus) in New Mexico using non-invasive genetic analysis. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	February 2013	Management agencies often lack relevant estimates of vital rates for all populations or subpopulations for which they must set harvest quotas. We will use non-invasive hair traps and bear rubs along with genetic samples collected from management, research, and hunter-harvested bears in mark-recapture models to estimate the abundance and density of black bears in the Sacramento and Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico.
Goljani, R., J.K. Frey, D.L. Bergman, S.W. Breck, J.W. Cain III, J. Oakleaf, J.B. Smith. 2017. Predicting spatial factors associated with livestock depredations by the Mexican wolf in Arizona and New Mexico. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.	September 2017	The objective of this study was to develop a spatial risk model of cattle depredation by Mexican wolf in Arizona and New Mexico. Results indicated an increase the risk of livestock depredation by Mexican wolves in areas with high elk abundance, more diverse canopy cover, more grasslands, more herb canopy cover type, lower slope, and located further from developed areas.
Glessner, JG, JA Hobbs, JB Wimipenny, and SA Carleton. 2014. Monitoring the life histories of animafalia using LA-MC_ICP-MS measurements of 87Sr/86Sr in otoliths, bones, fin rays, and teeth. Goldschmidt Conference UC-Davis, Davis, CA	June 2014	Currently laser ablation analysis of strontium is only applicable to calcium carbonate material (otoliths). Forging new frontiers in aquatic and terrestrial ecology requires the development of new methodologies to ablate calcium phosphate rich materials. Our work is the first to perform this work and apply it to ecological systems.
Gilbert, E., R.K. Dudley, T. Pilger, T. Turner, Y Paroz, C Kruse, J. Hatt, B Bakevich, M. Cooper, C. Caldwell, B. Huntsman, and T. Frey. 2017. Native fish conservation and management in the Rio Grande, Canadian and Pecos rivers and Tularosa and Guzman basins, New Mexico during 2017. 49th Annual Meeting of the Desert Fishes Council.	November 2017	The poster represents an Area Report for native fish research conducted in New Mexico for 2017.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, T.L. Swetnam, P.R. Krausman, and J.R. Morgart 2019. Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert ungulate. 99th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists. Washington DC, USA	June 2019	Studies of wildlife-habitat relationships that focus on the influence of resources, but ignore constraints on resource use frequently fail to identify underlying mechanisms. We investigated habitat selection in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) across periods of highly variable climatic conditions and at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, T.L. Swetnam, P.R. Krausman, and J.R. Morgart 2019. Extreme drought and adaptive habitat selection by desert bighorn sheep. 7th World Mountain Ungulate Conference. Bozeman, Montana, USA	September 2019	Studies of wildlife-habitat relationships that focus on the influence of resources, but ignore constraints on resource use frequently fail to identify underlying mechanisms. We investigated habitat selection in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) across periods of highly variable climatic conditions and at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, T.L. Swetnam, P.R. Krausman, and J.R. Morgart 2019. Extreme drought and adaptive habitat selection by desert bighorn sheep. 55th Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council. Mesquite, Nevada, USA	April 2019	Studies of wildlife-habitat relationships that focus on the influence of resources, but ignore constraints on resource use frequently fail to identify underlying mechanisms. We investigated habitat selection in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) across periods of highly variable climatic conditions and at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, G.C. Duff, and J.R. Morgart. 2016. Potential foraging decisions by desert bighorn sheep to balance water and nutrient intake in a water-stressed environment. 23rd Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA	October 2016	To better understand the relationship between desert ungulates and water availability, we examined desert bighorn sheep diet in response to removal of supplemental water sources. Without surface water, ungulates may be forced to rely solely on forage to gain a positive water balance, and thus, they must make resourceful foraging decisions to survive. We found that desert bighorn sheep were not able to maintain a water and nutrient balance in some seasons under drought conditions without drinking; however, they could potentially meet their daily requirements by shifting their diet from lower to higher moisture or nutrient forage species.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and T.T. Turnbull. 2016. Predicting long-term pronghorn population dynamics in the Southwest in response to climate change. Pronghorn Workshop, Anaconda, Montana, USA.	August 2016	We modeled the relationships between climatic factors and pronghorn population growth using historic climate and survey data. We then incorporated these relationships and downscaled climate projection to forecast pronghorn population trends to 2090.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and T.T Turnbull. 2015. Predicting long-term pronghorn population dynamics in the southwest U.S.A. in response to climate change. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	February 2015	We adopted an information-theoretic approach in a Bayesian framework to analyze long-term data from 17 pronghorn populations in Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, to determine climatic factors that predict annual rate of population change. Our models predict that about half of the pronghorn populations in the Southwest will be extirpated or approaching extirpation by the end of the century. Findings will contribute to the development of conservation and management plans for pronghorn populations across the Southwest.
Gedir, J.V., J.W. Cain III, G. Harris, and T.T Turnbull. 2015. Predicting long-term population dynamics of an ungulate in an arid environment in response to climate change. 5th International Wildlife Management Congress, Sapporo, Japan.	July 2015	We modeled the relationships between climatic factors and pronghorn population growth using historic climate and survey data. We then incorporated these relationships and downscaled climate projection to forecast pronghorn population trends to 2090.
Gedir, J.V., *J.W. Cain III, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, G.C. Duff, and J.R. Morgart. 2017. Potential foraging decisions by desert bighorn sheep to balance water and nutrient intake. 2017 Biennial Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, St. George, Utah, USA.	April 2017	To better understand the relationship between desert ungulates and water availability, we examined desert bighorn sheep diet in response to removal of supplemental water sources. Without surface water, ungulates may be forced to rely solely on forage to gain a positive water balance, and thus, they must make resourceful foraging decisions to survive. We found that desert bighorn sheep were not able to maintain a water and nutrient balance in some seasons under drought conditions without drinking; however, they could potentially meet their daily requirements by shifting their diet from lower to higher moisture or nutrient forage species.
Garrison, K.R., J.W. Cain, III, E.M. Rominger, and E.J. Goldstein. 2013. Influence of livestock grazing on forage biomass, activity budgets and foraging efficiency of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in southern New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Council Meeting, April 17-20,2013 Las Cruces, NM	April 2013	This study examines the influence of long-term cattle grazing on the forage resources and foraging efficiency of desert bighorn sheep. The results from this study will assist in the development of management plans for desert bighorn sheep in New Mexico.
Garrison, K.R., J.W. Cain III, E.R. Rominger, and E. Goldstein. 2013. Influence of livestock grazing on forage biomass, activity budgets and foraging efficiency of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in southern New Mexico. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA	February 2013	This study is assessing the influence of cattle grazing on forage resources and foraging ecology of desert bighorn sheep in the San Andres (ungrazed) and Caballo (grazed) mountains in south-central New Mexico.
Garrison, K., J.W. Cain III, E. Goldstein, and R. Rominger. 2014. Influence of sympatric livestock grazing on desert bighorn sheep forage resources and foraging behavior. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Pinetop, Arizona, New Mexico, USA.	February 2014	This study is assessing the influence of cattle grazing on forage resources and foraging ecology of desert bighorn sheep in the San Andres (ungrazed) and Caballo (grazed) mountains in south-central New Mexico.
Galindo, R., S.Cho, and C.A. Caldwell. February 2008. Physiological responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow: Effects of altered salt concentrations to transport stress. 42ndJoint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society. 8-9 February, Prescott, AZ.	February 2008
Galindo, R., S.Cho, and C.A. Caldwell. April 2008. Physiological responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow: Effects of altered salt concentrations to transport stress. 2008 Graduate Research and Arts Symposium, New Mexico State University. 3 April, Las Cruces, NM.	April 2008
Fuller, A., C.A. Caldwell, P. Turner, and D. Halford. February 2000. Reproductive biology of Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) in a southcentral New Mexico stream. 32th Annual Joint Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico chapters of The Wildlife Society and the American Fisheries Society, Sierra Vista, AZ.	February 2000
Fritts, M., A. Fritts, S. Carleton, and R. Bringolf. 2013. Shifts in stable isotope signatures confirm parasitic relationship of freshwater mussel glochidia attached to host fish. Invited paper presented at the 2013 meeting of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee. 19-21 March 2013. Collinsville, IL.	March 2013	First study to show that glochidia of mussels are parasitic on their fish hosts
Fritts, M., A. Fritts, S. Carleton, and R. Bringolf. Shifts in stable isotopes confirm freshwater mussel parasitism. Presented at the Illinois Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Rend Lake, IL. March 5-7, 2013.	March 2013	First study to show that glochidia of mussels are parasitic on their fish hosts
Fritts, A.K., M. Fritts, S. Carleton, R. Bringolf. Shifts in stable isotope signatures confirm parasitic relationship of freshwater mussel glochidia attached to host fish. Presented at the 2013 annual meeting of the Georgia Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Jekyll Island, GA. Jan. 21-23, 2013. Awarded 1st place for Best Student Presentation.	January 2013	First study to show that mussel glochidia are parasitic on their fish hosts
Fritts, A., M. Fritts, S. Carleton, and R. Bringolf. Shifts in stable isotopes confirm freshwater mussel parasitism. Presented at the Warnell School Graduate Student Symposium. Athens, GA. Feb. 13-15, 2013. Platform Presentation. Awarded 1st place for Best Student Presentation.	February 2013	First study to show that mussel glochidia are parasitic on their fish hosts
Fritts, A., M. Fritts, S. Carleton, and R. Bringolf. Shifts in stable isotopes confirm freshwater mussel parasitism. Presented at the 2013 Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium. Guntersville, AL. March 10-14, 2013.	March 2013	First study to show that glochidia of mussels are parasitic on their fish hosts
Foreman, N. and J.W. Cain III. 2019. Overcoming Challenges of Furbearer Research in the Southwestern United States. 2019 Joint Annual Conference of the American Fisheries Society and the Wildlife Society, Reno, Nevada, USA.	September 2019	Despite advances in methods to monitor cryptic species through non-invasive sampling, furbearer population dynamics are often under studied due to logistic restraints and competing priorities of management agencies. We assessed data collected through incidental ‘captures’ of furbearer species that occurred while conducting non-invasive scat collection and remote camera surveys of mountain lion (Puma concolor) populations in New Mexico to determine the feasibility of incorporating such data into a furbearer monitoring program.
Flynn, L.M., B.M. Huntsman, C.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Lynch. 2019. Impacts of Temperature and Non-Native Brown Trout on Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Production. 2019 Joint Annual Meeting of AFS and TWS, Reno, Nevada. 29 September-3 October.	October 2019	Allopatric populations of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout had consistently higher abundance, biomass, and secondary production rates (g/m2.yr-1) than sympatric with Brown Trout populations, indicating that sympatric RGCT populations have a low capacity to withstand invasion.
Flynn, L.M., B.M. Huntsman, C.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Lynch. 2018. Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the specific growth rates of Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis. Western Division of the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. Anchorage, Alaska.	May 2018	We used mark-recapture data from four sympatric and four allopatric Rio Grande cutthroat trout and Brown trout populations in northern New Mexico to test the effects of brown trout presence, mean daily temperature, and total trout biomass (g) on mass specific growth rates of small (<120mm, n= 129) and large (>120mm, n=233) RGCT. We learned that 1) temperature do not play a role in changes of biomass of cutthroat trout, 2) presence of brown trout negatively affected growth of small and large cutthroat trout, and 3) small cutthroat trout grew faster in the presence of brown trout than larger cutthroat trout.
Flynn, L.M., B. M. Huntsman, C.A. Caldwell, and A.J. Lynch. 2019. Impacts of Temperature and Non-Native Brown Trout on Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Production. 52nd Annual Meeting of The New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 4 February, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	February 2019	Allopatric (separate) populations of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout exhibited higher abundance, biomass, and production than sympatric (two species co-exist) populations of Cutthroat Trout and Brown trout. We were not not able to demonstrate clear evidence of the role that temperature plays in Cutthroat Trout production, especially in streams where both species co-exist.
Flynn, L., C.A. Caldwell, B. Huntsman, A. Lynch. 2019. Investigating mechanisms of Rio Grande cutthroat trout persistence and decline. Rio Grande Research Team and C3CRio Combined Webinar. South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center. November 2019.	November 2019	Lauren presented an overview of her research to a regional audience via webinar hosted by the South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center. Lauren described the deleterious effects that Brown Trout were having on Rio Grande cutthroat trout in sympatric populations versus allopatric populations.
Flynn, L. and C.A. Caldwell. 2020. Is coexistence futile? Brown trout suppress cutthroat trout production regardless of temperature. RGCT Conservation Team Range Wide Meeting. January 27, 2020.	January 2020	Jane presented preliminary results of her M.S. thesis research on the effects of temperature and Brown Trout presence on RGCT production and prey selection. Results suggest that Brown Trout presence is deleterious to RGCT in populations where they are sympatric. It appears unlikely that RGCT will persist with Brown Trout over time because of direct and indirect competition.
Field, K. and C.A. Caldwell. 2021. Habitat suitability for the endangered Gila chub (Gila intermedia) in the San Francisco drainage, New Mexico. Annual Rio Grande Chub and Sucker Conservation Team Meeting. Virtual.	January 2021	Caldwell is leading a multi-cooperator endeavor to assess the suitability of translocating an endangered fish into its extirpated range in New Mexico.
Farley, Z., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2021.Assessing the impacts of the recovering Mexican wolf population on elk behavior. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	Predators change prey behavior, demographics, and movements. These changes have the potential to decrease the fitness of prey through a reduction in foraging time, increased stress levels, and use of lower quality habitat. Although the magnitude of these indirect effects are still debated, if strong enough, they can reduce birth rates and decrease neonate survival. Prey have the ability to reduce the indirect effects of predators through behavioral changes, such as increased vigilance. This study aims to quantify the effects of the Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupis baileyi) reintroduction to Arizona and New Mexico on elk (Cervus canadensis) behavior.
Farley, Z., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2021. Assessing the impacts of the recovering Mexican wolf population on elk behavior. 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop. Online Virtual.	August 2021	Predators change prey behavior, demographics, and movements. These changes have the potential to decrease the fitness of prey through a reduction in foraging time, increased stress levels, and use of lower quality habitat. Although the magnitude of these indirect effects are still debated, if strong enough, they can reduce birth rates and decrease neonate survival. Prey have the ability to reduce the indirect effects of predators through behavioral changes, such as increased vigilance. This study aims to quantify the effects of the Mexican gray wolf (<i>Canis lupis baileyi</i>) reintroduction to Arizona and New Mexico on elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) behavior.
Farley, Z., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Assessing the impacts of a recovering predator population on prey behavior. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Prescott, Arizona, USA.	February 2020	Predators change prey behavior, demographics, and movements. These changes have the potential to decrease the overall fitness of prey through a reduction in foraging time, increased stress levels, and use of lower quality habitat. This study aims to quantify the effects of the Mexican gray wolf (<i>Canis lupis baileyi</i>) reintroduction to Arizona and New Mexico on elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) behavior.
Farley, Z., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Assessing the impacts of a recovering predator on prey vigilance. 8th Natural History of the Gila Symposium, Silver City, New Mexico, USA.	February 2020	Predators change prey behavior, demographics, and movements. These changes can potentially decrease prey fitness through a reduction in foraging time, increased stress levels, and use of lower quality habitat. This study aims to quantify the effects of the Mexican gray wolf (<i>Canis lupis baileyi</i>) reintroduction to Arizona and New Mexico on elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) behavior.
Falco, H., D. Lujan, C.A. Caldwell, W. Knight, and M. Ulibarri. 2015. Reproductive Potential of Wild Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus). 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Societies and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Las Cruces, New Mexico. 5-7 February.	January 2015	Demonstrated egg fedundity in an endangered fish.
Falco, H., C.A. Caldwell, W. Knight, and M. Ulibarri. 2017. Reproductive potential of Rio Grande silvery minnow (HYbognathus amarus). 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the NM and AZ Chapters of the Wildlife Society. Farmington, NM.	February 2017	The research documents total fecundity in an endangered southwestern minnow. The majority of fecundity is expended in the first spawning event.
Falco, H., C.A. Caldwell, W. Knight, and M. Ulibarri. 2016. Reproductive Potential of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus). Desert Fishes Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 15-19 November.	November 2016	The research documents total fecundity in an endangered southwestern minnow. The majority of fecundity is expended in the first spawning event.
Falco, H., C.A. Caldwell, D. Lujan, L. McCord, W. Knight, and M. Ulibarri. 2016. Reproductive Potential of Wild Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus). 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Flagstaff, Arizona.	February 2016	Documented fecundity in an endangered fish.
Falco, H., C.A. Caldwell, D. Lujan, L. McCord, W. Knight, and M. Ulibarri. 2015. Reproductive Potential of Wild Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus). 145th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Portland, Oregon.	August 2015	Documented fecundity in an endangered fish.
Everett, E., and C. Caldwell. January 2002. Habitat characterization and environmental influences of the Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus). Jemez Mountains Biological Symposium. Santa Fe, New Mexico.	February 2002
Everett, E., and C. Caldwell. January 2002. Habitat characterization and environmental influences of the Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus). 35th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, Safford, Arizona.	February 2002
Evans, A.D., J.W. Cain III, B. Banulis, N. Perry, and C. Anderson. 2021. Effects of wildland recreational disturbance on desert bighorn sheep in western Colorado. 56th Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, Virtual Online.	April 2021	In recent decades, outdoor recreation in the United States has increased dramatically, with continued increases in both the number of outdoor recreation participants and the amount of time spent recreating projected in coming years. Our goal is to determine the impacts of human recreation in the Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area on bighorn sheep.
Evans, A.D., J.W. Cain III, B. Banulis, N. Perry, and C. Anderson. 2021. Effects of human recreation on desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) in western Colorado. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	In recent decades, outdoor recreation in the United States has increased dramatically, with continued increases in both the number of outdoor recreation participants and the amount of time spent recreating projected in coming years. Our goal is to determine the impacts of human recreation in the Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area on bighorn sheep.
Etchart, J. L., C. E. Gonzalez, L. A. Harveson, and J.W. Cain III. Evaluating water use of desert bighorn sheep and aoudad in the Sierra Vieja Mountains, Texas. 56^th Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, Virtual Online.	April 2021	The distribution and size of aoudad (<i>Ammotragus lervia</i>) populations are increasing in west Texas and could impede restoration efforts for desert bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis </i>ssp.). Using camera traps, we monitored the use of wildlife water developments by desert bighorn sheep and aoudad between March 2014 and February 2017.
Ennis, J.R, J.W. Cain III, N. Tatman, O. Duvuvuei, and A. Opatz. 2021. Elk, mule deer, and pronghorn migration in a high-elevation monsoonal landscape. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	There is a lack of knowledge related to location and characteristics of migration routes and stopovers, and cross-species comparison of dietary constraints and life history characteristics, and how they are related to migration characteristics in southwestern landscapes. Our specific objectives are to identify and map migration routes, stopovers, and seasonal ranges for migratory elk, mule deer, and pronghorn in northcentral New Mexico. In addition, we will evaluate the use of multi-scale (i.e., satellite and handheld sensors) NDVI data and forage conditions along migration routes.
Effects of Climate on Scaled Quail Reproduction and Survival Krysten Zummo, New Mexico State University, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Scott A. Carleton, U. S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003 The Wildlife Society 2014	October 2014	impacts of climate change on scaled quail
DuBey, R., and C. A Caldwell, 2003. Ecological differentiation of Tubifex tubifex Infested with Myxobolus cerebralis in the San Juan River Tailwater Blue Ribbon Trout Fishery presentation to the 9th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium, Seattle Washington, February 2003.	February 2003
DuBey, R., S. Schrader, C.A. Caldwell, D.L. Winkleman, P. Budy, and S. Bonar. February 2008. Southwest regional risk assessment for whirling disease in native salmonids: data assembly and conceptual model development. 14th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium. 4-5 February, Denver, CO.	February 2008
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, and W.R. Gould. 2005. Susceptibility of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) to experimentally inducted infection with Myxobolous cerebralis. 46th Western Fish Disease Workshop American Fisheries Society Fish Health Section. June 27-29, Boise, ID.	June 2005
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, and W.R. Gould. February 2007. Relative susceptibility and effects on performance of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) challenged with Myxobolus cerebralis). 40th Annual Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ and NM Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 7 February,Albuquerque, NM.	February 2007
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, and W.R. Gould. February 2006. Susceptibility of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) to experimentally induced infection with Myxobolus Cerebralis. 39th Annual Meeting of the AZ/ NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2006
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, and W.R. Gould. February 2006. Relative susceptibility of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) to experimentally induced infection with Myxobolus Cerebralis. Whirling Disease Symposium 12th Annual Meeting. Denver, CO.	February 2006
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, W.R. Gould. 2005. Susceptibility of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis) to experimentally induced infection with Myxobolus cerebralis. 38th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society. 3-5 February, Gallup, NM.	February 2005
DuBey, R. and C.A. Caldwell. 2004. Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and Myxobolus cerebrals infection on the fitness of Tubifex tubifex lineages. 37th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society. 5-7 February, Safford, AZ.	February 2004
DuBey, R. and C.A. Caldwell. 2004. Ecological differentiation of Tubifex tubifex infested with Myxobolus cerebralis in the San Juan River, New Mexico tailwater blue-ribbon trout fishery. 37th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of the American Fisheries Society. 5-7 February, Safford, AZ.	February 2004
DuBey, R. and C.A. Caldwell. September 2006. Dynamics of whirling disease within a hypoliminion release tailwater of an arid lands reservoir. American Fisheries Society 136th Annual Meeting. Lake Placid, NY.	September 2006
Dean, Q., B. M. Huntsman, C. A. Caldwell, A. J. Lynch, and B. J. E. Myers. Effects of nonnative brown trout, Salmo trutta, on the foraging ecology of Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Onchorhynchus clarkii virginalis. May 2017. Western Division American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. Missoula, Montana.	May 2017	characterizes foraging competition between cutthroat trout and brown trout. Shows that brown trout affect cutthroat forage ability.
Davis J.L., S. A. Carleton and S.R. Chipps. 2016. Sources of unauthorized introductions within the Black Hills of South Dakota. Oral Presentation, 2016 Annual Meeting, Dakota Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Spearfish, South Dakota.	February 2016	This study used stable isotope analysis to identify the source of illegally introduced Pike and Walleye in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Coxen, CL, SA Carleton, and D Collins. 2016. Evaluating the use of PIT tags and Satellite PTTs to model the survival and movements of Band-tailed Pigeons in New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico Joint Annual Meeting of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, AZ	February 2016	First ever study to estimate survival of birds using pit tags
Coxen, CL, SA Carleton, and D Collins. 2015. Evaluating the use of PIT tags and Satellite PTTs to model the survival and movements of Band-tailed Pigeons in New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico Joint Annual Meeting of The Wildlife	February 2015	This study is the first to use PIT tags to estimate survival in a wild bird population.
Coxen, CL, SA Carleton, and D Collins. 2015. Evaluating the use of PIT tags and Satellite PTTs to model the survival and movements of Band-tailed Pigeons in New Mexico. Annual meeting of the New Mexico Ornithological Society. Roswell, New Mexico	April 2015	This study is the first to estimate survival in a wild bird population using PIT tags.
Correll, M.D., A.J. Lawson, M. Hartley, M.L. Stantial, C. Watson, A. Weldon, and J.E. Lyons. 2021. Reducing uncertainties in eastern black rail conservation: identifying species and management needs for a rare and highly cryptic marsh bird. The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, Virtual, November 1–5 2021.	November 2021	This presentation discusses the challenges of conserving a highly cryptic species, the federally threatened eastern black rail. We then present the motivation for a recently initiated adaptive management framework, illustrating that modern, effective, science-based management methods are feasible for conserving data-deficient species.
Conard, J. M., P. S. Gipson, and L. C. Bender. December 2004. Elk in tallgrass prairie: home range size, habitat selection, and movement patterns. 65th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, 12-15 December 2004, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.	December 2004
Collins, DP, JM Knetter, CM Conring, BA Grisham, WC Conway, SA Carleton, MA Boggie. 2016. EVIDENCE OF MIXING OF TWO GREATER SANDHILL CRANE POPULATIONS . New Mexico Ornithological Society Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	April 2016	Tracking annual variability and population mixing in the migration of Sandhill Cranes
Coleman, S.M., C.A. Caldwell and J.E. Brooks. August 2006. Wildfire effects on a Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) stream. 21st Annual Conference of the Southwest Region of the Native American Fish and Wildlife Society. Mescalero, NM.	August 2006
Coleman, S.M, C.A. Caldwell and J.E. Brooks. November 2006. Wildfire effects on a Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) Stream. Oral presentation. 2nd International Fire Ecology Conference. San Diego, California.	November 2006
Coleman, S.M, C.A. Caldwell and J.E. Brooks. February 2006. Wildfire effects on Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) streams. 39th Annual Meeting of the AZ/ NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, AZ.	February 2006
Co, S. and C.A. Caldwell. Feb 2007. Physiological stress responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) to handling, confinement, and transport associated with restoration effects of captive propogation, augmentation and rescue. 40th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ and NM Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, 8 February. Albuquerque, NM.	February 2007
Cho, S., C.A. Caldwell and W.R. Gould. February 2008. Physiological responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow: Cumulative effects of stress to handling, confinement, and transport. 42nd Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society. 8-9 February, Prescott, AZ.	February 2008
Cho, S. and C.A. Caldwell. Feb 2007. Physiological stress responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hyognathus amarus) to handling, confinement, and transport associated with restoration effects of captive propagation, augmentation and rescue. World Aquaculture Conference, 28 February. San Antonoio, TX.	February 2007
Chase, N., C.A. Caldwell, S. Carleton, W.R. Gould. 2014. Using otolith microchemistry to track movements of prairie stream fishes in the Pecos River, New Mexico. 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM American Fisheries Society and the AZ and NM Wildlife Societies. Pinetop, AZ. 6-8 February.	February 2014	We documented a minimum movement of 56 km in an imperiled shiner species.
Carleton, SA. 2015. Stable Isotopes in Fish and Wildlife Ecology, Management, and Conservation. Arizona/New Mexico Wildlife Society Regional Meeting. Las Cruces, NM.	February 2015	Application of Isotopes to Fish and Wildlife Ecology
Carleton, SA. 2015. Lesser Prairie-chickens: Past, Present, Future. Society for Range Management, State Chapter Meeting. Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge.	January 2015	This talk was a summary of population and landscape changes that have occurred leading up to a listing by the USFWS
Carleton, SA. 2015. Lesser Prairie-Chickens Past, Present, Future. Society for Range Management, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. State Chapter Meeting	January 2015	Summary and History of Listing Decision
Carleton, SA, J. Hobbs, J. Glessner, J. Burckhardt, C. Johnson, and B. Johnson. 2014. Determining the source, timing, and reproductive status of walleye illegally introduced into a Western reservoir	February 2014	We used isotopes to determine the source and timing of an illegal walleye introduction.
Carleton, SA and P Gerrity. 2012. Use of strontium stable isotopes to differentiate populations of burbot in the Wind River Drainage, Wyoming	March 2012
Carleton, S. and C. Stricker. 2014. Spatial and temporal patterns of resource use partitioning in white-winged and mourning doves in the Sonoran Desert. AZ/NM TWS.	February 2014	Isotopes reveal partitioning of resources in sympatric dove species
Campbell, M.C., T.D. Lewis, and C.A. Caldwell. 2015. Detection of Asian Tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Utilizing a Non-lethal Molecular Screening Tool. 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, Arizona.	February 2016	research will replace gold standard of lethal testing for presence of the tapeworm with a molecular tool.
Campbell, M.C., T.D. Lewis, and C.A. Caldwell. 2015. Detection of Asian Tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Utilizing a Non-lethal Molecular Screening Tool. 145th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. Portland, Oregon.	August 2015	Developed a molecular tool for positively identifying the presence of Asian fish tapeworm in endangered fishes. The molecular tool will prevent having to kill the endangered fish to determine prevalence of infection.
Campbell, M.C., C.A. Caldwell, W. Wilson, and T.D. Lewis. 2016. Asian Tapeworm in an Endangered Southwestern Fish: Assessing Infections Using a Non-lethal Molecular Screening Tool. Desert Fishes Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 15-19 November.	November 2016	The research demonstrates the efficacy of a new molecular tool to identify fish Asian tapeworm. This methodology replaces the current gold standard of killing the fish to identify the presence of the parasite.
Campbell, M., T.D. Lewis, and C.A. Caldwell. 2015.Detection of Fish Asian Tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Utilizing a Non-lethal Molecular Screening Tool. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Wildlife Societies and the Arizona/New Mexico American Fisheries Society. Las Cruces, New Mexico. 5-7 February.	February 2015	Development of a molecular tool that is non-lethal or non-invasive to identify a tapeworm harmful to endangered fishes.
Caldwell, C.A., S.J. Cho, and W.R. Gould. 2009. Physiological effects of confinement and transport-induced stress in Rio Grande silvery minnow: Insight into practical management tools. Western Division Annual Meeting, May 3-7, 2009, Albuquerque, NM.	May 2009
Caldwell, C.A., S.E. Mitchell, G. Gonzales, W.R. Gould, and R. Arimoto. 2004. Toxicity effects of depleted uranium on the survival, growth, and development of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). 1st Annual Meeting of the Desert Southwest Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25-26 June, El Paso, TX.	June 2004
Caldwell, C.A., S.E. Mitchell, G. Gonzales, W.R. Gould, and R. Arimoto. 2004. Effects of depleted uranium on the health and survival of aquatic invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca) and an amphibian (Xenopus laevis). Conference of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 26-30 April, Cincinnati, OH.	April 2004
Caldwell, C.A., P. Swartzendrubber, and E. Prestbo. February 2007. Deposition of mercury in arid south-central New Mexico. 2nd Annual Meeting of the Southwest Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 9 February, Soccoro, NM.	February 2007
Caldwell, C.A., M. Zeigler, and A. Todd. 2011. Potential influences of climate change on persistence of Rio Grande cutthroat trout. Forest Service Climate Change Adaptation Conference and Workshop, 24 January 2011, Abiquiu, NM.	January 2011
Caldwell, C.A., M. Peyton, and R. Parmenter. 2016. Monitoring: Fish and stream habitats on the Valles Caldera National Preserve. All Hands Meeting, Southwest Jemez Mountains Resilient Landscapes and Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project. Santa Fe Community College.	April 2016	Colleen summarized the results of her long term monitoring of fish and benthic invertebrate communities since the 2011 Las Conchas wildfire on the Valles Caldera National Preserve.
Caldwell, C.A., L. Kremer, B. HUntsman, M. Peyton, and R. Parmenter. Longterm monitoring of the Fisheries Community within the CFLR Project Area (2003-2018). Annual Cooperators Meeting of the Jemez CFLRP.	April 2019	I am responsible for summarizing and disseminating 15 years of fisheries population monitoring on the NPS Valles Caldera National Preserve.
Caldwell, C.A., F.T. Barrows, M. Ulibarri, and W.R. Gould. 2011. Rio Grande silvery minnow propagation initiative: Diet development. Symposium Hatchery Nutrition: Feeding Fish for Tomorrow’s Changing World. 141st Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Seattle, WA. 6 September .	September 2011
Caldwell, C.A., E.M. Prestbo, P. Swartzendruber, R. Arimoto, and C. Sykes. October 2001. Atmospheric deposition of mercury in southcentral New Mexico, USA. 6th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Minimata, Japan.	October 2001
Caldwell, C.A., E.M. Prestbo, P. Swartzendruber, R. Arimoto, and C. Sykes. August 2002. Atmospheric deposition of mercury in southcentral New Mexico, USA. Poster New Mexico Water Research Symposium. Socorro, New Mexico.	August 2002
Caldwell, C.A. and W. Landis. February 2009. Southwest regional risk assessment for whirling disease in native salmonids. 15th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium. 4-5 February, Denver, CO.	February 2009
Caldwell, C.A. and R. Parmenter. 2017. Monitoring: Fish populations and stream habitats. All-hands Meeting, Southwest Jemez Mountains Resilient Landscapes and Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project. Santa Fe Community College.	April 2017	Colleen presented an update of the long term monitoring of fish and aquatic communities response post-wildfire.
Caldwell, C.A. and J. Remshardt. April 2007. Influence of capture, handling, and transport activities on the recovery and survial of Rio Grande silvery minnow. 2nd Annual Meeting of the Middle Rio Grande Endangered Species Collaborative Program. 13 April, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	April 2007
Caldwell, C.A. and C. Sykes. 2003. Hybridization potential and spawning behavior of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and plains minnow (Hybognathus placitus). 36th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of the Wildlife Society and Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Gallup New Mexico.	February 2003
Caldwell, C.A. November 1999. Atmospheric deposition of mercury in southcentral New Mexico. 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Philadelphia, PA. Poster Presentation.	November 1999
Caldwell, C.A. May 2000. San Juan River winter flow test: October 1996-March 1997. San Juan River Fly Fishermans Association. Farmington, NM.	May 2000
Caldwell, C.A. M.P. Zeigler, and A. Todd. 2011. Potential influences of climate change on persistence of Rio Grande cutthroat trout. Forest Service Climate Change Adapatation Conference and Workshop, Abiquiu, NM. 24 January.	January 2011
Caldwell, C.A. August 2008. American Fisheries Society status of policy regarding Climate Change in North American fisheries. Presented at the to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2 and 8, Workshop titled ?Effects of Climate Change on Fish, Wildlife and Habitats in the Arid and Semiarid Southwestern United States?. 19 August, Tucson, AZ.	August 2008
Caldwell, C.A. 2017. Potential restoration of Rio Grande cutthroat trout to Mescalero Tribal Lands. 31st Annual Native American Fish and Wildlife Society. Southwest Regional Conference. Inn of the Mountain gods Resort and Casino. Mescalero Apache Reservation.	August 2017	Colleen presented research conducted on the Mescalero Tribal Lands where she assessed the potential for the long term persistence of native cutthroat trout.
Caldwell, C.A. 2009. Grazing and the aquatic communities on the Valles Caldera National Preserve. Valles Caldera National Trust Board Meeting. 28 September, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	September 2009
Caldwell, C.A. 2005. Captive propagation of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow: Is recovery of the species achievable? New Mexico Branch of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences. 5 August, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.	August 2005
Caldwell, C.A. 2011. Climate change and fisheries habitat conservation: Observations and recommendations from the American Fisheries Society. Symposium National Fish Habitat Action Plan, 141st Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Seattle, WA. 5 September .	September 2011
Caldwell, C. 2011. Effects of climate change in aquatic systems throughout arid-lands systems. 1st Annual Conference of the New Mexico Chapter of the Wildlife Society. Albuquerque, NM. 18 October 2011. Participated as a panel speaker within the plenary session of the conference.	October 2011
Calamusso B., C.A. Caldwell, J.N. Rinne, R.N. Schmal, and D. M. Finch. June2001. Native fish conservation in the Upper Rio Grande Basin. Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society: Practical approaches for conserving native fishes of the west. Missoula, Montana.	June 2001
Calamusso B., C.A. Caldwell, J.N. Rinne, R.N. Schmal, and D. M. Finch. February 2001. Native fish conservation in the Upper Rio Grande Basin. 34th Joint Annual meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Gallup, New Mexico.	February 2001
Cain, J.W., III. 2018. Working towards more informed landscape-scale forest restoration in the Southwest: responses of mule deer, elk and black bears to treatments and wildfires. Keynote address: Annual Meeting of the Rio Grande Water Fund, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	April 2018	Degraded forest conditions and increased frequency of stand replacing wildfires have increased the need for forest restoration projects to mitigate wildfire risk. We assessed the influence of wildfires and forest restoration treatments on black bears, elk and mule deer in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico.
Cain, J.W., III. 2017. Coping with water and heat stress: Behavioral and physiological adaptations of desert ungulates. 42nd Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council, Las Vegas Nevada.	February 2017	The goal of this presentation will be to review some the scientific literature on morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations used by desert ungulates to cope with heat and water stress.
Cain, J.W., III. 2016. Habitat Selection by Desert Bighorn Sheep: Past, Present and Future Directions. 41st Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council, Las Vegas Nevada.	February 2016	The goal of this presentation will be to review some of the earlier habitat selection modeling efforts, discuss how more recent efforts have built on the foundation of these earlier studies, and to provide suggestions for future habitat selection modeling efforts.
Cain, J.W., III, R. Parmenter, S.R. Kindschuh, and M.A. Peyton. 2013. Wildfire, Forest Restoration, and Mammal Monitoring in the Southwest Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA	February 2013	We are currently monitoring responses of mammals to large-scale forest restoration treatments in the southwest Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. These will allow more informed plans for future restoration projects and the development of species-specific vegetation treatments (e.g., thinning and burning treatments designed to enhance habitat quality for mule deer and elk).
Cain, J.W., III, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, and G.C. Duff. 2013. Climatic variability and nutritional content of desert bighorn sheep forage in southwestern Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Meeting, April 17-20,2013 Las Cruces, NM	April 2013	Forage nutritional content can influence virtually all aspects of the life history and ecology of large herbivores, however most studies of forage nutritional content are of relatively short duration. This study documents changes in nutritional quality of forage for desert bighorn sheep across widely varying climatic conditions from periods of severe drought to periods of abnormally high rainfall.
Cain, J.W., III, J. V. Gedir, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, and G.C. Duff. 2014. Extreme precipitation variability, forage quality and large herbivore diet selection in arid environments. 5th International Wildlife Management Congress, Sapporo, Japan.	July 2015	Forage nutritional content can influence virtually all aspects of the life history and ecology of large herbivores, however most studies of forage nutritional content are of relatively short duration. This study documents changes in nutritional quality of forage and diet selection of desert bighorn sheep across widely varying climatic conditions from periods of severe drought to periods of abnormally high rainfall.
Cain, J.W., III and J.V. Gedir. 2018. Foraging decisions and populations dynamics: ungulates under a warmer climate. Webinar - National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center and National Conservation Training Center.	February 2018	Cain, J.W., III and J.V. Gedir. 2018. Foraging decisions and populations dynamics: ungulates under a warmer climate. Webinar - National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center and National Conservation Training Center.
Cain, J.W. III, J.V Gedir, P.R. Krausman, J.D. Allen, and G.C. Duff. 2014. Forage nutritional content and diet selection by desert bighorn sheep across widely varying climatic conditions. 21st Annual Conference of The Wildlife Society, Pittsburg, PA.	October 2014	Forage nutritional content can influence virtually all aspects of the life history and ecology of large herbivores, however most studies of forage nutritional content are of relatively short duration. This study documents changes in nutritional quality of forage and diet selection of desert bighorn sheep across widely varying climatic conditions from periods of severe drought to periods of abnormally high rainfall.
Buchalski, M., C. Epps, W. Boyce, M. Matocq, R. Crowhurst, B. Holton, L. Thompson, E. Rubin, and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Environmental adaptation in desert bighorn sheep throughout their North American range. 2017 Biennial Meeting of the Desert Bighorn Council, St. George, Utah, USA.	April 2017	We present a preliminary study using partial redundancy analysis (RDA) to identify correlations between 8,806 SNP loci and a suite of environmental variables in 35 populations of desert bighorn sheep (274 total individuals) distributed throughout much of its North American range. Our results indicate that between 10.8 and 54.4% of adaptive genomic variation can be accounted for by environmental factors.
Boyle, S.T., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2021.Elk mortality risk in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area. 54th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Online.	February 2021	In New Mexico and Arizona, Mexican gray wolf (<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>) population has increased since their 1998 reintroduction. Specifically, within the last year the minimum population size has increased 24% to 163 wolves (minimum count) in the wild. The population is expected to continue to grow, both in size and distribution under the current recovery plan. Since their reintroduction, there has been limited information on how wolves influence elk vital rates, therefore it is important to understand what influences the recovery of the Mexican gray wolf population is having on elk populations.
Boyle, S.T., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Cause-specific Mortality and Survival of Elk in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area in New Mexico and Arizona. 8th Natural History of the Gila Symposium, Silver City, New Mexico, USA.	February 2020	Scat analysis studies have revealed that elk comprised greater than 70% of the Mexican wolf diet, but the population-level impact of wolf recovery on elk is unknown. Further, the Mexican wolf population has more than doubled from an estimated 42 individuals in 2009 to a minimum of 131 individuals in 2019. Given the recent increase in Mexican wolf population and the expectation of future growth in both size and distribution under the current recovery plan, it is important to understand if Mexican wolf predation is an additive, compensatory, or partially compensatory source of mortality for elk.
Boyle, S.T., J.W. Cain III, N.M. Tatman, S.G. Liley, J.C deVos, and J. Avey. 2020. Cause-specific Mortality and Survival of Elk in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area in New Mexico and Arizona. 53rd Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Prescott, Arizona, USA.	February 2020	Scat analysis studies have revealed that elk comprised greater than 70% of the Mexican wolf diet, but the population-level impact of wolf recovery on elk is unknown. Further, the Mexican wolf population has more than doubled from an estimated 42 individuals in 2009 to a minimum of 131 individuals in 2019. Given the recent increase in Mexican wolf population and the expectation of future growth in both size and distribution under the current recovery plan, it is important to understand if Mexican wolf predation is an additive, compensatory, or partially compensatory source of mortality for elk.
Bernknopf, R., C.D. Broadbent, J.W. Cain III, F. Casey, D. Goodrich, O. Olofinsao, B. Peterson, T. Smith, and V.C. Tidwell. 2021. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Values and Risks to Forest Ecosystems, Services and Hazards with Natural Science, Earth Observation and Economics in Wildfire Management Decisions. AGU, New Orleans, Louisiana.	December 2021	Wildfire alters forest land use and land cover. Wildfires also impact growth rates, cause natural hazards locally and remotely, and affect species habitat suitability. We apply a spatiotemporal decision framework to target specific areas of societal concern.
Bender, L.C., J. Lewis, and D. Anderson. August 2001. Ecology of urban/suburban deer in greater Vancouver, Washington. 2001 Western States and Provinces Deer & Elk Workshop, Wilsonville, Oregon.	August 2001
Bender, L.C., J. Boren and S. Cox. September 2006. Corona mule deer, pronghorn, and livestock co-management project. Annual Meeting, Joe Skeen Institute for Rangeland Restoration, Cloudcroft, NM.	September 2006
Bender, L.C., G. Schirato, R. Spencer, K. McAllister, and B. Murphie. August 2001. Survival and cause-specific mortality of buck black-tailed deer in western Washington. 2001 Western States and Provinces Deer & Elk Workshop, Wilsonville, Oregon.	August 2001
Bender, L. C., and B. J. Keller. February 2005. Behavioral implications of bighorn sheep use of Sheep Lakes, Rocky Mountain National Park. Professional/Interpretive Staff Seminar, Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	February 2005
Bender, L. C. May 2003. Distribution of black-tailed deer with respect to ecological land-use cover types in urban Vancouver, Washington. Fifth Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop, Jackson, WY (presented).	May 2003
Bender, L. C. May 2001. Integrating species life history information into management: Elk. Annual Meeting, Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Moses Lake, Washington.	May 2001
Bender, L. C. February 2003. Integrating natural history into species management: An example using elk. Wildlife Seminar Series, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.	February 2003
Bender, L. C. February 2003. Aerial sightability models for estimating population size of elk: does 1 size fit all? 36th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society, Gallup, NM.	February 2003
Bender, L. C. November 2003. Condition, productivity, and health of large herbivores: causes, implications, & changing landscapes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Regional Seminar Series, Albuquerque, NM.	November 2003
Bender, L. C. May 2007. Condition and productivity relationships of mule deer. Dona Ana County Sportsmans Association, 14 May 2007, Las Cruces, NM.	May 2007
Bender, L. C. May 2005. Use of ratio and composition data in elk management. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Elk Workshop, 9 May 2005, Socorro, NM.	May 2005
Bender, L. C. May 2005. Aerial sight-bias models for estimating elk population size. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Elk Workshop, 9 May 2005, Socorro, NM.	May 2005
Bender, L. C. March 2004. Foraging constraints, diet quality, and condition/productivity of wild large herbivores: quality limited foragers in a quantity driven management paradigm. New Mexico State University Department of Animal and Range Sciences Seminar Series, 3 March 2004.	March 2004
Bender, L. C. February 2004. Limiting factors of desert bighorn sheep and mule deer populations. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Upper/Middle Rio Grande Ecosystem Team Meeting, 19 February 2004, Las Cruces, NM.	February 2004
Bender, L. C. February 2003. Integrating natural history into species management: An example using elk. Wildlife Seminar Series, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.	February 2003
Bender, L. C. April 2004. Mule deer habitat trends in the Southwest. Annual Meeting, New Mexico Wildlife Federation, Los Lunas, NM.	April 2004
Bard. S.M. and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances on Multi-Scale Black Bear Habitat Selection. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (POSTER)	September 2017	The combined effects of long-term fire suppression, logging, and overgrazing have negatively impacted the condition of many southwestern forests, resulting in decreased habitat quality for wildlife and more frequent and severe wildfires. Degraded forest conditions have resulted in calls for restoration of the historic forest structure and fire regimes. Our research objectives included investigating local and landscape scale habitat selection of black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Jemez Mountains of north central New Mexico to assess the effects of landscape scale restoration and wildfires. We specifically aimed to 1) address changes in abundance of key forage species for black bears in response to forest restoration treatments and recent wildfires, 2) determine landscape-level habitat selection and space use patterns of black bears in relation to currently completed forest restoration treatments and wildfires occurring over the past 20 years, and 3) assess habitat characteristics at bed and den sites of black bears to determine whether wildfire and restoration treatments influenced selection on a microscale.
Bard, S.M., and J.W. Cain III. 2016. Influence of natural and anthropogenic disturbance on multi-scale black bear habitat selection. 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.	February 2016	Degraded forest conditions have resulted in calls for restoration of the historic forest structure and fire regimes. However, there is currently little information on the effects of wildfires or forest restoration treatments on black bears in the semi-arid forests of the southwestern United States.
Baldwin, R.A. and L.C. Bender. June 2006. The bear essentials: Insight into the charismatic black bear. Science Behind the Scenery Public Education Series, Rocky Mountain National Park, 29 June. Estes Park, CO.	June 2006
Baldwin, R.A. and L.C. Bender. August 2006. The bear essentials: insight into the charismatic black bear. Science Behind the Scenery Public Education Series, Rocky Mountain National Park, 3 August. Estes Park, CO.	August 2006
Baldwin, R.A. and L.C. Bender. April 2006. An assessment of Rocky Mountain National Park's bear population. Bi-annual Research Conference, Rocky Mountain National Park, 4 April. Estes Park, CO.	April 2006
Baldwin, R. A., and L. C. Bender. April 2004. Habitat utilization and body condition of black bears at Rocky Mountain National Park. Rocky Mountain National Park Research Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, USA.	April 2004
Baca, A., D. Peterson, and C.A. Caldwell. 2017. Reproductive Strategies of White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) Inhabiting Stable and Stochastic Habitats. Western Division American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. Missoula, Montana.	May 2017	Research demonstrates reproductive behavior of the pupfish is varies according to stable versus stochastic environments.
Baca, A., D. Peterson, and C.A. Caldwell. 2017. Reproductive Strategies of White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) Inhabiting Stable and Stochastic Habitats. 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico. February 2-4. 2017.	February 2017	The work documents breeding behavior differences in two populations of pupfish that inhabit stable versus variable environmental conditions.
Baca, A., D. Peterson, and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. Reproductive Strategies of White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) Inhabiting Stable and Stochastic Habitats. Desert Fishes Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico. November 15-19.	November 2016	The work documents reproductive bet hedging in a small-bodied southwestern native fish. Reproductive investment decreases as habitat stability decreases.
B.M. Huntsman, C. A. Caldwell, A. J. Lynch, B. J. E. Myers, and Q. Dean. Foraging ecology and production of Rio Grande cutthroat trout in the face of mounting ecological pressures. May 2017. Western Division American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting, Missoula, Montana.	May 2017	Research shows productivity of RGCT is negatively affected by Brown trout.
Avery, M.M., C.A. Caldwell, and L. Abbott. 2011. Nutritional factors influencing pronghorn in the Chihuahuan Desert of White Sands Missile Range, South-central New Mexico. 44th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 3 February. Pinetop, AZ.	February 2011
Avery, M.M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2010. Factors influencing pronghorn in the Chihuahuan Desert of White Sands Missile Range, South-central New Mexico. 2010 Western States and Provinces 24th Biennial Pronghorn Workshop, Laramie, WY. 18-21 May.	May 2010
Avery, M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2013. Seasonal impacts of forage quantity, quality and dietary composition of pronghorn in a semi-arid environment. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of The Wildlife Society and Arizona and New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Albuquerque, New Mexico. 7-9 February.	February 2013	Despite extreme drought, pronghorn and gemsbok exhibit moderate diet overlap. Dietary quality of pronghorn is reduced during drought with a shift in composition from forbs to shrubs.
Avery, M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2013. Seasonal impacts of forage quantity, quality and dietary composition of pronghorn in a semi-arid environment. 46th Joint Annual Meeting of the New Mexico and Arizona Chapters of The Wildlife Society and Arizona and New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Albuquerque, New Mexico. 7-9 Februaru.	February 2013	Despite extreme drought, pronghorn and gemsbok exhibit moderate diet overlap. Dietary quality of pronghorn is reduced during drought with a shift in composition from forbs to shrubs.
Avery, M. and C.A. Caldwell. 2012. Seasonal effects of forage quality and dietary composition on pronghorn in a desert environment. 2012 Western States and Provinces 25th Biennial Pronghorn Workshop. Santa Ana Pueblo, NM. 10-13 December.	December 2012	Analysis of diet composition revealed pronhorn consume a large number of species of plants with forbs as the major constiuent in the diet. While a non-native ungulate (gemsbok) share the same habitat of the pronhorn, dietary overlap was low (during normal precipitation) and moderate (during extreme drought).
Ashling, J.B., J.W. Cain III, S.G. Liley. 2015. Survival, cause-specific mortality, and habitat selection of mule deer in southern New Mexico. 48th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	February 2015	A translocation program has been initiated with a simultaneous effort to reduce the high density problem populations and augment low density populations. Our goals are to assess the success of translocations by monitoring survival and habitat selection of translocated mule deer.
Armstrong, B.W., and C.A. Caldwell. 2019. Trojan (YY Male) Brook Trout as an Eradication Tool of Wild Brook Trout Populations in New Mexico. 52nd Joint Annual Meeting of The New Mexico and Arizona Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 4 February, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	February 2019	This research initiates the first reported application of an all male Brook Trout population in New Mexico with the goal to extirpate non-native Brook Trout populations sympatric with native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout populations.
Armstrong, B.W., C. A. Caldwell, and M. Ruhl. 2021. Use of M_YY Brook Trout as a Conservation Tool for Restoring Native Fishes in New Mexico. 55thJoint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Virtual Meeting.	February 2021	Our results offer the first empirical assessment of M<sub>YY</sub> (super-male or Trojan) Brook Trout in eradicating wild non-native Brook Trout.
Armstrong, B., C.A. Caldwell, and M. Ruhl. 2021. Use of YY Brook Trout as a Conservation Tool for Restoring Native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout in New Mexico. Annual Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Conservation Team Meeting. Virtual	January 2021	Three years of research have culminated in the successful use the Trojan Y Chromosome Approach to eradicate non-native fish species.
Armstrong, B., C.A. Caldwell, and M. Ruhl. 2020. Use of YY Brook Trout as a Conservation Tool for Restoring Native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout in New Mexico. Annual YY Tech Team Meeting. Virtual.	December 2021	The Trojan Y Chromosome approach shows promise in eradicating non-native species of fish in New Mexico.
Armstrong, B. and C.A. Caldwell. 2020. Trojan YY-Male Brook Trout as an eradication tool of wild Brook Trout populations in New Mexico. RGCT Conservation Team Range Wide Meeting. January 27, 2020.	January 2020	Ben presented preliminary results of his M.S. thesis research and ongoing field testing of YY-male Brook Trout introductions to eradicate nonnative Brook Trout in selected streams throughout New Mexico. Results suggest that YY-male Brook Trout are surviving well and maturing quickly in their recipient streams.
Andrew R. Meyers and Scott A. Carleton. 2015. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Habitat by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in Eastern New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society Meeting. Las Cruces, NM.	April 2015	Understanding the role of CRP in lesser prairie-chicken life history
Andrew R. Meyers and Scott A. Carleton. 2015. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Habitat by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in Eastern New Mexico. Arizona/New Mexico Joint Annual TWS Meeting. Las Cruces, NM.	February 2015	This work shows for the first time how important CRP lands in New Mexico are to lesser prairie-chickens.
Anderson, M., R. DuBey, and C.A. Caldwell. Feb 2007. Impacts of grazing on aquatic and riparian systems within the Valles Caldera National Preserve. 40th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ and NM Chapters of the Wildlife Society and the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 7 February, Albuquerque, NM.	February 2007
Anderson, M., C.A. Caldwell, and R. DuBey. October 2007. Growth rates and movements of brown trout on the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. Wild Trout IX Symposium. 9-12 October, West Yellowstone, MT.	October 2007
Anderson, M., C.A. Caldwell, and R. DuBey. March 2008. Growth rates and movements of brown trout on the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. 2008 Jemez Mountains Science Symposium. 28 March, Santa Fe, NM.	March 2008
Anderson, M., C.A. Caldwell, and R. DuBey. February 2008. Effects of riparian grazing on growth rate and movement of brown trout in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. 42nd Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM Chapter of the American Fisheries Society and the Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Soceity. 8-9 February, Prescott, AZ.	February 2008
Anderson, M., C.A. Caldwell, R. DuBey, and R. Parmenter. March 2008. Fish assemblage and water quality response to prescribed fire on the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. 2008 Jemez Mountains Science Symposium. 28 March, Santa Fe, NM.	March 2008
Anaya, A.J., J.W. Cain III, J.R. Biggs, and M. Peyton. 2017. Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) Resource Selection, Kill Rates and Competition with Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico . 50th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapters of The Wildlife Society, Farmington, New Mexico, USA	February 2017	The objective of this study is to assess mountain lion resource use and behavioral patterns in the presence of a large-scale forest restoration effort. More specifically, we will 1) determine kill rates and prey composition for lions, 2) use mountain lion GPS data to develop a predation risk map based on lion habitat use patterns, then use kill site data to validate the predation risk model and, 3) determine rates of kleptoparasitism by black bears on mountain lion kills.
Anaya, A.J., J.W. Cain III, J.R. Biggs, and M. Peyton. 2017. Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) Kill Rates and Competition with Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico. 24th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. (Poster)	September 2017	Determining the effects of kleptoparasitism is important in understanding resource use between both dominate (black bears) and subordinate (lions) competitors. Despite the recent interest in kleptoparasitism, few studies exist on the impacts it has on mountain lion behavior. Our objectives were to 1) determine kill rates and prey composition across all study lions and 2) determine rates of kleptoparasitism by black bears on mountain lion kills. Rates of kleptoparasitism will be compared between areas of low (Fra Christobal), moderate (Gallina), and high (Jemez) bear density using data collected from the Jemez, Gallina, and Fra Cristobal mountains.
Alvarez, G. and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. CFT Legumine™ (5% rotenone) Effects on Tadpole Survival and Metamorphosis of Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis), Northern Leopard Frog (L. pipiens), and American Bullfrog (L. catesbeianus). 49th Joint Annual Meeting of the Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Flagstaff, Arizona. Received Best Fisheries Student Paper Award.	February 2016	Documented effects of rotenone in larval amphibians. Demonstrated delayed metamorphosis in amphibian larvae that survive sublethal exposures.
Alvarez, G. and C.A. Caldwell. 2015. Acute and Sublethal Toxicity Effects of Piscicide CFT Legumine™ (5% Rotenone) on Tadpoles of the Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis). 48th Joint Annual Meeting, Arizona and New Mexico The Wildlife Societies and Arizona/New Mexico American Fisheries Society. Las Cruces, 5-7 February.	February 2015	The research describes the sublethal long term effects of toxicity effects of a piscicide in an endangered amphibian.
Alvarez, G. and C.A. Caldwell. 2014. Toxicity effects of piscicide rotenone (CFT Legumine 5% rotenone) on larval northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) and Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis). 47th Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM American Fisheries Society and the AZ and NM Wildlife Societies. Pinetop, AZ. 6-8 February.	February 2014	Rotenone was acutely toxic in early through late amphibian larvae.

Theses and Dissertations

Theses and Dissertations	Publication Date
Zummo, K.M. 2018. Effects of habitat and climate on scaled quail survival and reproduction. Master of Science, New Mexico State University.	January 2018
Zeigler, M.P. 2011. The effects of climate change on the future persistence of Rio Grande cutthroat trout: An assessment of recent climate change, thermal limits, and current and future stream temperature trends. Master of Science. New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico.	April 2011
Wallin, T. Parameters affecting success of Gila trout recovery streams: An in depth analysis of habitat and and community factors on the productivity of Gila trout populations. Master of Science, New Mexico State University.	November 2019
Vaisvil, A. Natal source and influence of environmental stressors on the timing and persistence of Largemouth Bass in Elephant Butte Reservoir, New Mexico. Master of Science, New Mexico State University.	June 2019
Smith, K.N. 2011. Nesting ecology and multi-scale habitat use of the black-capped vireo. M.S. Thesis. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Texas A&M University-Commerce. 80 pp.	March 2011
Sanchez, B. December 2005. Transport and fate of PCBs in a wetland food web: Implications of biomagnification and associated risk. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	January 2005
Rossettie, T.S. 2019. Monitoring mountain lions in the desert southwest: Spatial density estimation and results of a novel hair sampling technique. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 75pp	November 2019
Roerick, T.M., 2017. Effects of Forest restoration on habitat selection of female mule deer in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 143 pp.	August 2017
Roberts, C. 2015. Seasonal and diel elk habitat selection in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. M.S. Thesis. Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. 133 pp.	July 2015
Reddell, C.D. 2018. Anthropogenic resource use and disease dynamics in a desert coyote population. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.	November 2018
Prude, C.H. 2020. Influence of habitat heterogeneity and water sources on kill site locations and puma prey composition. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 96 pp.	July 2020
Pitman, J.W. 2013. Microhabitat selection and mortality site characteristics of elk (Cervus canadensis) calves and adult elk calf-rearing habitat selection in areas of differing predation influences in southern and northern New Mexico. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University . 160 pp	April 2013
Overstreet, M.W. 2014. Body condition and survival of desert bighorn sheep in relation to habitat and precipitation on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University. 69 pp.	February 2014
O'Shaughnessy, R. 2010. Comparative diet and habitat selection of puku (Kobus vardonii) and lechwe (Kobus leche) on the Chobe River Floodplain, Botswana. M.Sc. Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	October 2010
Mitchell, S.E. 2003. The effects of depleted uranium on the health and development of Xenopus laevis.	July 2003
Lusk, D. 2017. Winter Ecology of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in eastern New Mexico. Masters Thesis. New Mexico State University	December 2016
Lewis, J.D. 2012. Population status and habitat selection of a inland alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) population at the Fort Worth Nature Center and Refuge. M.S. Thesis. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce.	April 2012
Kunkel, A. 2020. Breeding season survival of lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) and fire ecology in the shinnery oak prairie of eastern New Mexico. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 95pp pages	July 2020
Kremer, L. 2019. Thermal limits and resilience of Hydropsyche oslari (Trichoptera) in fire affected upper montane grassland streams. Master of Science, New Mexico State University.	June 2019
Kindschuh, S.R. 2015. Efficacy of GPS cluster analysis for predicting black bear carnivory sites. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces. 73 pp.	August 2015
Kay, J.H. 2018. Top-down and bottom up influences on mule deer in central New Mexico. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 186 pp.	November 2018
Karsch, R.C. 2014. Desert bighorn sheep adult female and lamb survival, cause-specific mortality, and parturient female habitat selection in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico, USA. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 121 pp.	August 2014
Karish, T. 2020. Habitat selection by feral burros in the Mojave Desert. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 86 pp	July 2020
Kalb, B. 2013. A bioenergetic assessment of seasonal habitat selection and behavioral thermoregulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a southwestern headwater stream. Masters of Science, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico.	September 2013
Humagain, K. 2016. Ecological variation among vegetation cover types and forest stand dynamics in the south-west Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock.	August 2016
Halbritter, H. 2008. Demographics, habitat use, and foraging of sympatric elk and cattle on Lincoln National Forest. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	April 2008
Gould, M.J.2019. Using genetic based methods to monitor American black bear populations in the American southwest. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.	May 2019
Garrison, K.R. 2014. Influence of livestock grazing on desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) forage resources and foraging behavior. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces. 83 pp.	August 2014
Galindo, R. 2012. Patterns of genetic diversity in populations of Rio Grande chub Gila pandora in New Mexico. Master of Science. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	September 2012
Flynn, L. Susceptibility of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout to Displacement by Non-native Brown Trout. Master of Science Thesis, New Mexico State University.	April 2020
Everett, E.M. 2003. Habitat characterization and environmental influences of the Jemez Mountains Salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus).	May 2003
DuBey, R. May 2006. Ecology of whirling disease in arid lands with an emphasis on Tubifex tubifex. Dissertation. Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.	January 2006
Coleman, S. 2008. Post-wildfire effects in a Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) trout stream. Master of Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	May 2007
Cho, S. J. 2008. Physiological stress responses of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus): Effects of individual and multiple physical stressors of handling, confinement, and transport. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	June 2008
Chase, N. 2014. Causative factors limiting Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) in the Pecos River, New Mexico. Masters of Science, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, New Mexico.	March 2014
Campbell, M.C. 2016. Non-lethal detection of Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi infection in humpback chub Gila cypha using a novel molecular screening method. Master of Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.	December 2016
Bard, S.M. 2018. Microhabitat selection and pathogen prevalence of black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. M.S. Thesis Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA.	July 2018
Baldwin, R. A. 2008. Population demographics, habitat utilization, critical habitats, and condition of black bears in Rocky Mountain National Park. Dissertation, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	February 2008
Avery, M. M. 2012. Seasonal effects of forage quantity, quality and dietary composition of pronghorn in semi-arid environment. Master of Science. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	December 2012
Ashling, J.B. 2015. Survival, cause-specific mortality, and habitat selection of translocated mule deer in southern New Mexico. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. 134 pp.	December 2015
Armstrong, B. Use of Trojan Male Brook Trout as a Conservation Tool for Restoring Native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout in New Mexico. Master of Science, New Mexico State University	October 2021
Anderson, M.C. 2009. Livestock and elk grazing effects on stream morphology, brown trout population dynamics, movement, and growth rate, Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. Master of Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.	December 2009
Anaya, A.J. 2019. Mountain lion (Puma concolor) kill rates and prey composition in north-central New Mexico. Department of Natural Resources Management, New Mexico Highlands University.	May 2019
Alvarez, G. 2015. CFT Legumin™ (5% Rotenone) Effects on Tadpole Survival and Metamorphosis of Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis), Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens), and American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Masters of Science Degree. New Mexico State University.	November 2015

Technical Publications

Technical Publications	Publication Date
Zeigler, M.P., A.S. Todd, and C.A. Caldwell. 2013. Water temperature and baseflow discharge of Rio Grande cutthroat trout streams in Colorado and New Mexico- 2010 and 2011. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1051, 18 pp. +appendices. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1051/	April 2013
Zeigler, M.P. and C.A. Caldwell. 2016. Feasibility study: Establishing native fish fauna to McKittrick Creek, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report Series	May 2016
Zeigler, M.P. and C.A. Caldwell. 2010. Evidence of climate change within the current range of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis): Comanche and upper Pecos River watersheds of New Mexico. Final Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 38 pp.	July 2010
Zeigler, M.P. and C.A. Caldwell. 2010. Evidence of climate change within the current range of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis): Comanche and upper Pecos River watersheds of New Mexico. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Office, Albuquerque, NM. 38 p.	October 2010
Young, K.E., T.S. Schrader, K.G. Boykin, C. Caldwell, and G.W. Roemer. 2007. Early Detection of Invasive Species in Big Bend National Park: Remote Sensing and GIS Strategies. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Las Cruces, New Mexico. 103 pp + appendices.	August 2007
Young, K.E., C.Caldwell, and L.B. Abbott. 2009. Early detection of invasive plant species on Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. Final Report. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Technical Assistance, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 89 pp.	August 2009
Vaisvil, A. and C.A. Caldwell. 2017. Effects of reservoir management and environmental variables on reproduction and habitat of largemouth bass in Elephant Butte Reservoir, New Mexico	January 2018
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Rio Grande silvery minnow: Genetics management and propagation plan. Rio Grande silvery minnow Genetics and Propagation Workgroup, Albuquerque, NM. 20pp.	September 2007
Turnbull, T.T., J.W. Cain, III, G.W. Roemer. 2011. Evaluating trapping techniques to reduce potential for injury to Mexican wolves. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 2011-1190.	August 2011
Trujillo, J., and C.A. Caldwell. 2020. Differential survival of two size classes of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the predatory impact of Northern Pike Esox lucius in a high elevation New Mexico reservoir. Interim Agency Report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 8 pp.	June 2020
Trujillo, J. and C.A. Caldwell. 2021. Differential Survival of Two Size Classes of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Predatory Impact of Northern Pike Esox lucius in a High Elevation New Mexico Reservoir. Interim Agency Report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 5 pp.	September 2021
Todd, A. S., B. N. McGee, M. P. Zeigler, and C. A. Caldwell. 2016, Water and air temperature throughout the range of Rio Grande cutthroat trout in Colorado and New Mexico; 2010-2015: U.S. Geological Survey data release: ScienceBase: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/56d08559e4b015c306ee98c7	March 2016
Sykes, C. and C.A. Caldwell. 2001. San Juan River trout fishery monitoring plan: Fish health assessment. Final Report to the U.S. Bureau ofReclamation, Upper Colorado Region, Western Colorado Area Office. Cooperative Agreement No 4-FC-40-15970.	November 2001
Smith, K.N., M.L. Morrison, T. McFarland, and J.W. Cain, III. 2010. Black-capped vireo monitoring at Dolan Falls Preserve: Methods and Results. Annual Report to The Nature Conservancy.	October 2010
Smith, K.N., M.L. Morrison, T. McFarland, and J.W. Cain, III. 2010. Black-capped vireo monitoring at Devils River State Natural Area: Methods and Results. Annual Report to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.	October 2010
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2018. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population. Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	December 2018
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2018. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of an urban Cooper’s hawk population. Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	July 2018
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population. Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	December 2017
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of an urban Cooper’s hawk population. Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	July 2017
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2016. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population. Annual Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	December 2016
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2016. An assessment of the genetic structure of an urban Cooper’s hawk population. Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	July 2016
Roemer, G.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2015. An assessment of the landscape genetic structure of the western continental golden eagle population. Annual Project Status Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	December 2015
Roemer, G.W., J.W. Cain III, C.D. Reddell, T. Karish, J. Gedir. 2018. Investigations into the control of invasive feral burro and coyote populations on the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California. Report to the U.S. Army Construction and Engineering Research Laboratory.	January 2018
Reddell, C.D., T.K. Karish, G.W. Roemer, and J.W. Cain III. 2016. Investigations into the control of coyote and feral burro populations on the National Training Center Fort Irwin, California. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Army Construction and Engineering Research Laboratory and Fort Irwin National Training Center.	July 2016
Overstreet, M.W., and J.W. Cain III. 2012. Survival, recruitment, and body condition of desert bighorn sheep in relation to forage conditions and precipitation on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Preliminary Project Report to USFWS-Kofa National Wildlife Refuge.	May 2012
Overstreet, M.W., J.W. Cain III, and C.A. Caldwell. 2014. Adult survival, apparent lamb survival, and body condition of desert bighorn sheep in relation to habitat and precipitation on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Final Project Report to USFWS-Kofa National Wildlife Refuge.	August 2014
Munro, K.J., J.W. Cain III, and G.W. Roemer, and. 2013. Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Areas with High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico. Project Status Report to Bureau of Land Management.	October 2013
Keller, B. J., and L. C. Bender. 2005. Behavioral implications of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)use of the Sheep Lakes mineral site, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Final Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	March 2005
Guy, R.K., K.G. Boykin, C. Caldwell, K.E. Young, and A.E. Ernst, 2012. Natural resource geographic changes HAFB Review: Influences of invasive plants and shifting dunes on White Sands pupfish and burrowing owl on Holloman Air Force Base, South central New Mexico. Technical Assistance Report. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Las Cruces, New Mexico, 89 pp.	May 2012
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2016. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling coupled with spatially explicit capture-recapture methods. Report provided by the Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperator Science Series FWS/CSS-120-2016, National Conservation Training Center.	June 2016
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2015. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling-based capture-recapture methods: Report on 2013 data collection and analysis for the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains and an updated analysis for the northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Annual project report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.	October 2015
Gould, M.J., J.W. Cain III, G.W. Roemer, and W.R. Gould. 2014. Estimating abundance and density of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in New Mexico using noninvasive genetic sampling-based capture-recapture methods: Report on 2012 data collection in the northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Annual project report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.	August 2014
Gedir, J.V., and J.W. Cain III. 2017. Population trajectories and extinction probabilities for populations of large ungulates. Annual Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	December 2017
Dubey, R., R. Calamuso, and C. A. Caldwell, 2003. Distribution and status of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout and Native Species in the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station - Technical Completion Report, Project 00-JV-11221606-163. New Mexico Cooperative Research Unit, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.	May 2003
DuBey, R., C.A. Caldwell, and R. Calamusso. 2003. Distribution and status of Rio Grande cutthroat trout and native species in the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests. Final Report to U.S. Forest Service, Region III, Cost Share Agreement No. 00-CS-11031600-023.	September 2003
DuBey, R. and C.A. Caldwell. 2006. Relative susceptibility of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Onchorhynchus clarki virginalis) to experimentally induced infection with Myxobolus cerebralis. Final Report to Whirling Disease Initiative, Montana Water Center, Montana State University. 21p.	January 2006
DuBey, R. and C. A. Caldwell, 2002. Ecological Differentiation and Survivability of Tubifex tubifex Infested with Myxobolus cerebralis in the San Juan River, New Mexico Tailwater Blue-ribbon Trout Fishery - Whirling Disease Initiative Final Technical Report - 2001-2002. New Mexico Cooperative Research Unit, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.	December 2002
Coleman, S. and C.A. Caldwell. 2008. Post-wildfire effects on Gila trout in New Mexico. Final Report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. 25 pages.	August 2008
Carleton, SA and C Martinez del Rio. 2008-2011. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Webless Migratory Game Bird Program. A Genetic and Isotopic Characterization of Eastern and Western White-winged Dove Breeding Populations to Determine Wintering Ground Distribution and Population Genetic Structure. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/reports/reports.html	December 2011
Caldwell, C.A., T. Bigford, D. Fluharty, R.E. Gresswell, K. Hyatt, D. Inkley, D. MacDonald, Mullan, A. Todd, C. Deacon Williams, A. Rosenberger, and R. Valley. 2010. Background paper and American Fisheries Society Policy Statement on Climate Change and Fisheries. 43 p. http://www.fisheries.org/afs/docs/policy_change.pdf	October 2010
Caldwell, C.A., T. Bigford, D. Fluharty, R.E. Gresswell, K. Hyatt, D. Inkley, D. MacDonald, M. Mullan, A. Todd, C. Deacon Williams, A. Rosenberger, and R. Valley. 2010. Background paper and American Fisheries Society Policy Statement on Climate Change and Fisheries. 43 pp. http://fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_33f.pdf	August 2010
Caldwell, C.A., SJ. Cho, and W.J. Remshardt. 2010. Effects of propagation, augmentation, and rescue activities on recovery and survival of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). 97 pp.	July 2010
Caldwell, C.A., S.J. Cho, and J. Remshardt. 2009. Effects of propagation, augmentation, and salvage activities on recovery and survival of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 78 pp.	August 2009
Caldwell, C.A., R.A. Arimoto, P. Swartzendruber, and E.M. Prestbo. 2003. Air deposition of mercury and other airborne pollutants in the arid southwest. Southwest Center for Environmental Research and Policy. Final Report. Project Number A-00-1.	May 2003
Caldwell, C.A., R. DuBey, W. Landis, K.K. Ayre, P.T. Bryant, L.A. Kaminski, and J.M. Stinson. 2009. An ecological risk assessment for the infection of whirling disease in populations of cutthroat trout in the Southwestern United States. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 63 pp.	September 2009
Caldwell, C.A., M. Ulibarri, R.T. Barrows, G.A. Kindschi. June 2005. Effects of diet on growth, survival, and performance of Rio Grande silvery minnow: Larvae through juvenile and subadult stages. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leaflet. Bozeman National Fish Technology Center, 55p.	June 2005
Caldwell, C.A., B. Huntsman, and L. Kremer. 2018. Effects of Large Scale Wildfire on the Spatial and Temporal Response of Fish and Benthic Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. National Park Service, Valles Caldera National Preserve. Agreement Number P14AC00921.	June 2018
Caldwell, C.A., B. Huntsman, A. Lynch, and B. Myers. 2017. Influences of Changes in Discharge and Stream Temperature on the Persistence across a Sub-set of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Populations. Interim Report to U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center. Contract G15AC00263.	November 2017
Caldwell, C.A., B. Huntsman, A. Lynch, and B. Myers. 2016. Impacts of Drought on Southwestern Cutthroat Trout: Influences of Changes in Discharge and Stream Temperature on the Persistence across a Sub-set of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Populations. Interim Report to U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center G15AC00263.	November 2016
Caldwell, C.A. and W.G. Landis. 2009. Southwest regional risk assessment for whirling disease in native salmonids. National Partnership on the Management of Wild and Native Coldwater Fishes. Montan State University, Bozeman, MT. 66 p.	July 2009
Caldwell, C.A. and D. Peterson. 2017. White Sands pupfish populations throughout their range on two military installations in South Central New Mexico. Interim Progress Report. Environmental Stewardship Branch, Department of Army. White Sands Missile Range. 54 pages.	May 2017
Caldwell, C.A. 2008. Otter prey study: Contaminant assessment of their potential prey base in the upper Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico. Submitted to the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 6 pages.	May 2008
Caldwell, C.A. 2005. Atmospheric deposition of mercury in southcentral New Mexico. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, El Paso Field Division. Cooperative Agreement Number 1425-98-FC-40-21830. 63 pages.	August 2005
Caldwell, C.A. 2004. Effects of diet on growth, survival, and performance of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow: Larvae through juvenile and subadult stages. Research Completion Report from U. S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Field Office, Fishery Resources Office, and the Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center. 55 pp.	December 2004
Caldwell, C.A. 2003. Hybridization potential and spawning behavior of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and plains minnow (Hybognathus placitus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Office, Albuquerque, New Mexico.	May 2003
Caldwell, C. A. 2000. Atmospheric deposition of mercury in southcentral New Mexico, USA. Technical Report. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, El Paso, TX.	January 2000
Cain, J.W., III, G.W. Roemer, and K.J. Munro. 2012. Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Areas with High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico. Project Status Report to Bureau of Land Management.	September 2012
Cain, J.W., III, G.W. Roemer, and J.G. Barnes. 2011. Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Areas with High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico. Project Status Report to Bureau of Land Management.	August 2011
Cain, J.W., III, G.W. Roemer, and C. Britt. 2015. Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Areas with High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico. Project Status Report to Bureau of Land Management.	November 2015
Cain, J.W., III, G.W. Roemer, and C. Britt. 2014. Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Areas with High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico. Project Status Report to Bureau of Land Management.	September 2014
Cain, J.W. III, T. Roerick, and C. Roberts. 2015. Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project: Summary of work 2012-2015 for the Large Mammal Monitoring Program. Progress report to the U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service.	September 2015
Cain, J.W. III, S. Smythe, W. Conway and G. Roemer. 2017. Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project: Large Mammal Responses to Wildfire and Landscape-Scale Forest Restoration in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, Annual Progress Report to the U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service.	December 2017
Cain, J.W. III, S. Smythe, M. Peyton, W. Conway, J. Biggs, and G. Roemer. 2018. Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Project: Large Mammal Responses to Wildfire and Landscape-Scale Forest Restoration in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, Annual Progress Report to the U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service.	December 2018
Cain III, J.W., C.W. Epps, M.R. Buchalski, and L.M. Thompson. 2015. Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links to Climate Adaptations in Native and Reintroduced Populations. Annual progress report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2015
Cain III, J.W., C.A. Caldwell, and S.A. Carleton. 2015. Assessment of drought impacts on selected fish and wildlife species in the southwestern U.S. 2014 Annual Progress Report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center	November 2015
Cain III, J.W., C.A. Caldwell, and S.A. Carleton. 2014. Assessment of Drought Impacts on Selected Fish and Wildlife Species in the Southwestern U.S. 2014 Annual Progress Report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2014
Cain III, J.W., C.A. Caldwell, and S. Carleton. 2013. Assessment of Drought Impacts on Selected Fish and Wildlife Species in the Southwestern U.S. 2013 Annual Progress Report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2013
C Strong, WG Gould, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2015. Investigating lesser prairie-chicken breeding season habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. Annual Progress Report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.	July 2015
Buchalski, M.R., J.W. Cain III, C.W. Epps, and L.M. Thompson. 2016. Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links to Climate Adaptations in Native and Reintroduced Populations. Annual progress report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2016
Buchalski, M.R., C.W. Epps, J.W. Cain III, and L.M. Thompson. 2017. Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links to Climate Adaptations in Native and Reintroduced Populations. Annual progress report to USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.	November 2017
Bender, L. C., editor. 2005. Population demographics, dynamics, and movements of South African oryx (Oryx gazella gazella) in southcentral New Mexico. Final Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	September 2005
Bender, L. C., and R. A. Baldwin. 2005. Population demographics, habitat utilization, critical habitats, and condition of black bears in Rocky Mountain National Park. Annual Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	June 2005
Bender, L. C., and J. R. Piasecke. 2004. Growth, health, and impacts of a pioneering elk herd on and adjacent to Chaco Culture National Historic Park, New Mexico. Annual Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	December 2004
Bender, L. C. 2005. Identification of factors limiting mule deer populations in the greater San Andres Mountains with emphasis on effects of chronic wasting disease and risks associated with chronic wasting disease. Annual Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	June 2005
Bender, L. C. 2005. Demographics, habitat use, and foraging of sympatric elk and cattle on Lincoln National Forest. Annual Report, U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA	June 2005
Armstrong, Benjamin, and C. A. Caldwell. 2020. Trojan YY-Male Brook Trout as an Eradication Tool of Wild Brook Trout Populations in New Mexico. Interim Report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 8 pp.	June 2020
Armstrong, B., and C.A. Caldwell. 2021. Trojan YY-Male Brook Trout as an Eradication Tool of Wild Brook Trout Populations in New Mexico. Interim Agency Report to the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 39 pp.	June 2021
Armstrong, B., and C.A. Caldwell. 2019. Trojan YY-Male Brook Trout as an Eradication Tool of Wild Brook Trout Populations in New Mexico. Interim Annual Report to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 7 pp.	June 2019
Anderson, M.C., C. A. Caldwell, and R. DuBey. 2010. Grazing effects by cattle and elk on stream morphology, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities, water quality, and fish populations Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. Final Report to the Valles Caldera National Trust. 154 pp.	August 2010
9. Carleton, SA, C Strong, WG Gould, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2013. Investigating Lesser Prairie-chicken breeding season habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. Annual Progress Report to Candidate Conservation Agreement – Center for Excellence in Hazardous Materials Management.	August 2013
8. Carleton, SA and D Griffin. 2013. Development of a mark-resight survival model using passive integrated transponder tags on populations of band-tailed pigeons. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2013
7. Carleton, SA. 2013. Identifying the timing, origins, and reproductive status of illegally introduced walleye in a Wyoming Reservoir. Annual Progress Report to Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.	June 2013
5. Carleton, SA. 2012. Using biomarkers to determine natal origins of shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri), and kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Final Report to Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.	June 2012
4. Carleton, SA and M Kauffman. 2012. Linking landscape geomorphology and strontium stable isotopes to delineate seasonal range use of Wyoming ungulates. Annual Progress Report to Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.	June 2012
28. Carleton, SA, A Meyers, C Hagen, D Haukos, and C Nichols. 2015. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) habitat by lesser prairie-chickens in eastern New Mexico. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2015
27. Carleton, SA, MC Quist, J Dunnigan, TJ Ross, and R Hardy. 2015. Stock assignment of fluvial rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Kootenai River, Idaho Using Otolith Microchemistry. Final Report to U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Research Units.	August 2015
26. Carleton, SA, MC Quist, J Dunnigan, TJ Ross, and R Hardy. 2015. Stock assignment of fluvial rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Kootenai River, Idaho Using Otolith Microchemistry. Final Report to Idaho Game and Fish Department and Montana Fish Parks and Wildlife.	June 2015
25. Carleton, SA, C Strong, WG Gould, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2015. Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens to Mesquite Removal and Prescribed Fire. Annual Progress Report to Play Lakes Joint Venture.	June 2015
24. Carleton, SA, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2015. Monitoring response of lesser prairie-chickens to landscape management programs on Prairie Chicken Areas to inform and guide habitat management conservation practices. Annual Progress Report to New Mexico Game and Fish Department.	June 2015
22. Carleton, SA. 2015. Identifying the source of illegal pike introductions in Wyoming and South Dakota using otolith microchemistry. Annual Progress Report to Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.	July 2015
21. Carleton, SA, AJ Lawrence, and C Nichols. 2015. Impacts of energy development on lesser prairie-chicken ecology in eastern New Mexico. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	June 2015
20. Carleton, SA. 2015. History and success of the peregrine falcon recovery program in New Mexico. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Forest Service.	June 2015
19. Carleton, SA, R Howard, C Nichols. 2015. Effects of fire and mesquite removal on spatial movement patterns of lesser prairie-chickens. Annual Progress Report to Playa Lakes Joint Venture.	June 2015
18. Carleton, SA, MC Quist, J Dunnigan, TJ Ross, and R Hardy. 2014. Stock assignment of fluvial rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Kootenai River, Idaho Using Otolith Microchemistry. Annual Progress Report to Idaho Game and Fish Department and Montana Fish Parks and Wildlife.	June 2014
17. Carleton, SA, AJ Lawrence, and C Nichols. 2014. Impacts of energy development on lesser prairie-chicken ecology in Eastern New Mexico. AZ/NM TWS Annual Meeting. Pinetop, AZ. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2014
16. Carleton, SA, C Strong, WG Gould, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2014. Investigating lesser prairie-chicken breeding season habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. Annual Progress Report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.	September 2014
15. Carleton, SA, A Meyers, C Hagen, D Haukos, and C Nichols. 2014. Use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) habitat by lesser prairie-chickens in eastern New Mexico. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2014
14. Carleton, SA, C Strong, WG Gould, R Howard, C Nichols, and G Beauprez. 2014. Investigating Lesser Prairie-chicken breeding season habitat use, reproduction, and survival to understand patterns of declining lek attendance. Annual Progress Report to Candidate Conservation Agreement – Center for Excellence in Hazardous Materials Management.	August 2014
13. Carleton, SA and C Coxen. 2014. Development of a mark-resight survival model using passive integrated transponder tags on populations of band-tailed pigeons. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2014
12. Carleton, SA and K Zummo. 2014. Measuring scaled quail demography and seasonal habitat use in response to a shrub reduction treatment in southwestern New Mexico and effect of climate on nest and brood success. Annual Progress Report to Bureau of Land Management.	September 2014
11. Carleton, SA and M Boggie. 2014. Demography, space use, bioenergetics, and carrying capacity of wintering sandhill cranes in southern New Mexico and Arizona. Annual Progress Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	September 2014

Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program: New Mexico Education, Research and Technical Assistance for Managing Our Natural Resources

New Mexico Research Activities

Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program: New Mexico
Education, Research and Technical Assistance for Managing Our Natural Resources