Toby, P. N. Tsang, A. A. Amado De Santis, Gabriela Armas-Quiñonez, Eva Samanta Ávila-Gómez, John S. Ascher, András Báldi, Kimberly Ballare, Mario V. Balzan, Weronika Banaszak-Cibicka, Svenja Bänsch, Yves Basset, Adam Bates, Jessica Baumann, Mariana Beal-Neves, Ashley Bennett, Kristen Birdshire, Betina Blochtein, Riccardo Bommarco, Berry Brosi, Laura A. Burkle, Vergara Carlos, Luísa G. Carvalheiro, Ignacio Castellanos, Marcela Cely-Santos, Hamutahl Cohen, Drissa Coulibaly, Saul A. Cunningham, Sarah Cusser, Isabelle Dajoz, Davi de Lacerda Ramos, Deborah A. Delaney, Ek Del-Val, Monika Egerer, Markus P. Eichhorn, Eunice Enríquez, Martin H. Entling, Natalia Escobedo-Kenefic, Pedro Maria Abreu Ferreira, Gordon Fitch, Jessica R. K. Forrest, Valérie Fournier, Robert Fowler, Breno M. Freitas, Hannah R. Gaines-Day, Benoît Geslin, Jaboury Ghazoul, Paul Glaum, Adrian González-Chaves, Heather Grab, Claudio Gratton, Solène Guenat, Catalina Gutiérrez-Chacón, Mark A. Hall, Mick E. Hanley, Annika Hass, Ernest Ireneusz Hennig, Martin Hermy, Juliana Hipólito, Andrea Holzschuh, Sebastian Hopfenmüller, Keng-Lou James Hung, Kristoffer Hylander, Mary A. Jamieson, Birgit Jauker, Steve Javorek, Shalene Jha, Björn Klatt, David Kleijn, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki, Jochen Krauss, Michael Kuhlmann, Patricia Landaverde-González, Andrew Landsman, Tanya Latty, Misha Leong, Susannah B. Lerman, Yunhui Liu, Ana Carolina Pereira Machado, Anson Main, Rachel Mallinger, Yael Mandelik, Bruno Ferreira Marques, Kevin Matteson, Frédéric McCune, Ling-Zeng Meng, Jean Paul Metzger, Paula María Montoya-Pfeiffer, Carolina Morales, Lora Morandin, Jane Morrison, Sonja Mudri-Stojnić, Pakorn Nalinrachatakan, Olivia Norfolk, Mark Otieno, Stacy M. Philpott, Montserrat Plascencia, Simon Potts, Ellen F. Power, Kit Prendergast, Robyn Quistberg, André Rodrigo Rech, Victoria Reynolds, Miriam Richards, Stuart P. M. Roberts, Malena Sabatino, Ulrika Samnegård, Karina Sánchez-Echeverría, Hillary Sardinas, Fernanda Teixeira Saturni, Jeroen Scheper, Amber R. Sciligo, C. Sheena Sidhu, Brian J. Spiesman, Tuanjit Sritongchuay, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Katharina Stein, Alyssa B. Stewart, Jane C. Stout, Hisatomo Taki, Pornpimon Tangtorwongsakul, Caragh G. Threlfall, Carla Tinoco, Teja Tscharntke, Katherine J. Turo, Chatura Vaidya, Rémy Vandame, Blandina F. Vianaa, Eric Vides-Borrell, Natapot Warrit, Elisabeth Webb, Catrin Westphal, Jennifer Wickens, Neal M. Williams, Nicholas Williams, Caleb J. Wilson, Panlong Wu, Elsa Youngsteadt, Yi Zou, Lauren C. Ponisio, Timothy C. Bonebrake. In review. Land use change reduces the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of bees. Global Change Biology
Abstract
Land use change threatens global biodiversity and compromises ecosystem functions, including pollination and food production. However, we have a limited understanding of how land use affects diversity metrics other than taxonomic α-diversity, including phylogenetic α-diversity and different β-diversity metrics, even though all these metrics represent unique aspects of biodiversity and contribute to ecosystem function. Furthermore, different diversity facets are not necessarily consistent in their responses to environmental changes. Here we analyzed how land use affects facets of diversity in bees, an important taxon of pollinators. Using a dataset of ~3,000 bee assemblages from 150 studies, we found that taxonomic α-diversity was reduced by 19% and 18% in agricultural and urban habitats, respectively. Phylogenetic α-diversity was decreased by 14% and 11%, respectively. Furthermore, in agricultural habitats, taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover between communities was reduced by 19% and 30% relative to natural habitats. We also detected a strong correlation between all phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity metrics, and effects of land use change were minimal once controlling for taxonomic diversity within sites. Our results demonstrate that phylogenetic diversity is sensitive to declines in their taxonomic counterparts driven by land use change. Lower taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover in agricultural habitats also suggests that large-scale species and evolutionary history loss should be higher than α-diversity estimates otherwise indicate, highlighting the threat of agricultural expansion to bee diversity globally through biotic homogenization.