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A3759 Populus angustifolia Riparian Forest Alliance

Type Concept Sentence: This alliance consists of riparian woodlands dominated by Populus angustifolia alone or codominated with other deciduous or coniferous trees. It occurs on narrow stream terraces and large floodplains in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. It is also found in the mountains of eastern Oregon, Nevada, California''s Sierra Nevada, and the highlands of Arizona. Elevations range from 1200-2750 m (4000-9000 feet).

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Narrowleaf Cottonwood Riparian Forest Alliance

Colloquial Name: Narrowleaf Cottonwood Riparian Forest

Hierarchy Level:  Alliance

Type Concept: This alliance consists of riparian forests and woodlands dominated by Populus angustifolia alone or codominated with other deciduous or coniferous trees. Due to the broad north to south geographic scope of this alliance, as well as its elevational range from foothill to subalpine, many other tree species may be present within stands. These include Abies lasiocarpa, Acer grandidentatum, Acer negundo, Juniperus scopulorum, Picea engelmannii, Picea pungens, Pinus ponderosa, Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Salix amygdaloides. The shrub layer is dominated by Acer glabrum, Alnus incana, Alnus oblongifolia, Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata, Brickellia californica, Cornus sericea, Crataegus rivularis, Juniperus deppeana, Lonicera involucrata, Quercus gambelii, Rosa woodsii, Salix spp., and/or Symphoricarpos occidentalis. Woody vines may be present, such as Clematis ligusticifolia, Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Vitis arizonica. The herbaceous undergrowth is often dominated by non-native hay grasses and little forb cover. Common forbs that can be abundant include Achillea millefolium, Heracleum maximum, Maianthemum stellatum, Osmorhiza depauperata, and/or Thalictrum fendleri. This alliance occurs in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. It is also found in the mountains of eastern Oregon, Nevada, California''s Sierra Nevada, and the highlands of Arizona. Stands occur on narrow stream terraces and large floodplains. Elevations range from 1200-2750 m (4000-9000 feet). Microtopography is often smooth to gently undulating with slopes between 2 and 5%. Stands generally occur within 1 m vertical distance of flooding high water mark, but can also occur on higher terraces, up to 3 m above the channel. Water tables fluctuate seasonally, subirrigating soils in spring, but often dropping and drying soils by late August. Soils are typically well-drained with large amounts of coarse fragments in the subsurface horizons. The soil textures are fine sandy loams, clay loams, silty clay loams, and silty clay, sometimes with buried thin organic layers. Stands have also been documented on pure sand, where streams bisected sand dunes.

Diagnostic Characteristics: Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of Populus angustifolia in the tree canopy.

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: While the geographic scope is large for this alliance, the constancy of canopy Populus angustifolia and the riparian/ streamside/ alluvial environment maintain a surprisingly consistent set of species composition throughout, even though there are regional expressions, these are variations on a theme. One reviewer suggested geographic separation for these regional expressions. Gwen Kittel developed these 4 alliance groupings, attempting geographic separation: Suballiance 1. Populus angustifolia - Pinus pungens - Salix irrorata Woodland Suballiance (Central - NV, UT, CO, OR); Suballiance 2. Populus angustifolia - Alnus oblongifolia - Acer grandidentatum Woodland Suballiance (Northern - Canada, MT, WY, ID); Suballiance 3. Populus angustifolia - Juniperus deppeana - Forestiera pubescens Woodland Suballiance (Southern - NM, AZ, CA, TX); and Suballiance 4. Populus angustifolia - Pinus ponderosa - Cornus sericea Woodland Suballiance (Throughout).

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: The tree canopy is dominated by broad-leaved deciduous (10-15 m tall) trees. The canopy consists of overlapping crowns generally forming 25-100% cover. The tree subcanopy is minor, dominated by 5- to 10-m tall trees with 10-25% cover. The tall- and short-shrub layers range from sparse to moderate cover (10-70%). The herbaceous layer typically is dominated by perennial forbs.

Floristics: Associations within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous, temporarily flooded woodlands. The tree canopy is typically open and dominated by Populus angustifolia with 20-70% cover. Other trees can include Acer negundo, Juniperus scopulorum, Picea pungens, Pinus ponderosa, Picea engelmannii, and Salix amygdaloides at lower elevation sites within the Rocky Mountains and Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides, or Acer grandidentatum in the northern areas. The shrub layer is can be very dense and diverse with 10-80% cover of Acer glabrum, Alnus incana, Amelanchier utahensis, Cornus sericea, Crataegus rivularis, Lonicera involucrata, Quercus gambelii, Rosa woodsii, Salix spp., or Symphoricarpos occidentalis. The shrub layer in Arizona and New Mexico stands also consists of Juniperus deppeana, Brickellia californica, and Alnus oblongifolia. The forb layer includes 0-50% cover of Achillea millefolium, Heracleum maximum (= Heracleum lanatum), Maianthemum stellatum, and Osmorhiza depauperata. Graminoid cover is insignificant. In New Mexico and Arizona, a significant vine component is present, with cover of 25-60%, consisting mainly of Clematis ligusticifolia, Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides (= Humulus americanus), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (= Parthenocissus inserta), and Vitis arizonica.

Dynamics:  Cottonwood forests grow within an alluvial environment that is continually changing due to the ebb and flow of the river. Riparian vegetation is constantly being "re-set" by flooding disturbance. Cottonwood communities are early-, mid- or late-seral, depending on the age class of the trees and the associated species of the stand. Mature cottonwood stands do not regenerate in place, but regenerate by "moving" up and down a river reach. Over time, a healthy riparian area supports all stages of cottonwood communities. The process of cottonwood regeneration is well-documented. Periodic flooding events can leave sandbars of bare, mineral substrate. Cottonwood seedlings germinate and become established on newly-deposited, moist sandbars. In the absence of large floods in subsequent years, seedlings begin to trap sediment. In time, the sediment accumulates and the sandbar rises. The young forest community is then above the annual flood zone of the river channel.

In this newly elevated position, with an absence of excessive browsing, fire, and agricultural conversion, this cottonwood community can grow into a mature riparian forest. At the same time, the river channel continually erodes streambanks and creates fresh, new surfaces for cottonwood establishment. This results in a dynamic patchwork of different age classes, plant associations and habitats.

As cottonwoods mature, other tree species may become established. If the land surface is subject to reworking by the river, successional processes will start over with erosion and subsequent flooding deposition. If the land surface is not subject to alluvial processes, on for example a high terrace, the cottonwoods will be replaced by upland shrub or tree species from adjacent areas.
Environmental Description:  Vegetation types in this alliance occur on terraces and floodplains immediately adjacent to streams. Elevations range from 1350 m in the southwest to 2400 m in Colorado. Microtopography is often smooth to gently undulating with slopes between 2 and 5%. Stands generally occur within 1 m of the high water mark, but can also occur on higher terraces, up to 3 m above the channel. Water tables are rarely within 50 cm of the soil surface, and stands are as much as 3-4 m above the stream level (Hansen et al. 1995). Soil pH levels range from slightly acidic to moderately alkaline (pH 6.2-8.4). Soils are typically well-drained with large amounts of coarse fragments in the subsurface horizons. The soil textures are fine sandy loams, clay loams, silty clay loams, and silty clay. Soils are frequently reworked by floods and beavers. Peat deposits, if present, are thin.
Geographic Range: This alliance occurs in the Rocky Mountains and broad river plains of mountain valleys of Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. It is also found in the mountains of eastern Oregon, Nevada, California''s Sierra Nevada, and the highlands of Arizona.

Nations: CA,US

States/Provinces:  AB, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY


Confidence Level: Moderate

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNR

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 1 Forest & Woodland Class C01 1
Subclass 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass S15 1.B
Formation 1.B.3 Temperate Flooded & Swamp Forest Formation F026 1.B.3
Division 1.B.3.Nc Rocky Mountain-Great Basin Montane Flooded & Swamp Forest Division D195 1.B.3.Nc
Macrogroup 1.B.3.Nc.1 Engelmann Spruce - Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Red-osier Dogwood Riparian & Swamp Forest Macrogroup M034 1.B.3.Nc.1
Group 1.B.3.Nc.1.a Engelmann Spruce - Blue Spruce - Narrowleaf Cottonwood Riparian & Swamp Forest Group G506 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Alliance A3759 Narrowleaf Cottonwood Riparian Forest Alliance A3759 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000646 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Bigtooth Maple Riparian Forest CEGL000646 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000648 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Water Birch Riparian Woodland CEGL000648 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000650 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Twinberry Honeysuckle Riparian Forest CEGL000650 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000651 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Chokecherry Riparian Woodland CEGL000651 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000652 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Skunkbush Sumac Riparian Woodland CEGL000652 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000653 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Woods'' Rose Riparian Forest CEGL000653 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000654 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Narrowleaf Willow Riparian Woodland CEGL000654 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000655 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Strapleaf Willow - Silver Buffaloberry Riparian Woodland CEGL000655 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000656 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Eastern Cottonwood - Peachleaf Willow Riparian Forest CEGL000656 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000933 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Alligator Juniper / California Brickellbush Riparian Woodland CEGL000933 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000934 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Blue Spruce / Gray Alder Riparian Woodland CEGL000934 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000935 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Ponderosa Pine Riparian Woodland CEGL000935 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL000938 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Arizona Alder Riparian Woodland CEGL000938 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002537 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Mountain Big Sagebrush / Sulphur-flower Buckwheat Dry Outwash Riparian Woodland CEGL002537 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002640 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Rocky Mountain Juniper Riparian Woodland CEGL002640 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002641 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Douglas-fir Riparian Woodland CEGL002641 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002642 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Gray Alder Riparian Woodland CEGL002642 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002643 Narrowleaf Cottonwood Sand Dune Riparian Forest CEGL002643 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002644 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / River Hawthorn Riparian Woodland CEGL002644 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002645 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / (Park Willow, Drummond''s Willow, Shining Willow) Riparian Woodland CEGL002645 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002646 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Drummond''s Willow - Rocky Mountain Maple Riparian Woodland CEGL002646 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002647 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Dewystem Willow Riparian Woodland CEGL002647 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002648 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / (Common Snowberry, Western Snowberry, Mountain Snowberry) Riparian Woodland CEGL002648 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002664 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Red-osier Dogwood Riparian Woodland CEGL002664 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL002804 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Gambel Oak Riparian Woodland CEGL002804 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL005962 Narrowleaf Cottonwood / Stretchberry Riparian Woodland CEGL005962 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Association CEGL005992 Narrowleaf Cottonwood - Box-elder Riparian Woodland CEGL005992 1.B.3.Nc.1.a
Concept Lineage: A.310, in part, & all of A.661

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: >< Cottonwood - Willow: 235 (Eyre 1980)
>< Deciduous Forest Series (Johnston 1987)
>< Montane Riparian Wetlands (Brown 1982a)
Concept Author(s): G. Kittel, in Faber-Langendoen et al. (2013)

Author of Description: G. Kittel

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 09-29-16
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