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A3896 Typha domingensis - Typha latifolia - Phragmites australis ssp. americanus Western Marsh Alliance

Type Concept Sentence: This native alliance contains freshwater cattail marshes dominated by Typha domingensis, Typha latifolia, and/or Phragmites australis ssp. americanus, which can be monotypic stands or codominated by bulrush species such as Schoenoplectus acutus, Schoenoplectus americanus, or Schoenoplectus pungens. It is found most commonly along lake margins and in shallow basins, and occasionally in river backwaters in the semi-arid western U.S., including the semi-arid western Great Plains, and adjacent Canada, and possibly Mexico.

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Southern Cattail - Broadleaf Cattail - American Common Reed Western Marsh Alliance

Colloquial Name: Western Emergent Cattail - Common Reed Marsh

Hierarchy Level:  Alliance

Type Concept: This alliance contains stands dominated by native species Typha angustifolia, Typha domingensis, and/or Phragmites australis ssp. americanus either alone as monotypic stands or in combination with other tall emergent freshwater marsh species. Associated species vary widely; they include many sedges such as Carex aquatilis, Carex pellita, Carex rostrata, bulrushes such as Schoenoplectus acutus, Schoenoplectus americanus, and Schoenoplectus heterochaetus, and broad-leaved herbs such as Asclepias incarnata, Impatiens capensis, Sagittaria latifolia, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sparganium eurycarpum, and Verbena hastata. It is found most commonly along lake margins and in shallow basins, and occasionally in river backwaters and other deepwater habitats of the semi-arid western U.S., including the semi-arid western Great Plains, and adjacent Canada and possibly Mexico.

Diagnostic Characteristics: Stands of emergent vegetation in shallow water (<2 m) dominated by native Phragmites australis ssp. americanus and/or native Typha domingensis or Typha latifolia.

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: This association is limited to the western U.S. and adjacent Mexico and Canada and is intended to cover the native stands of Typha and/or Phragmites australis ssp. americanus. Compare with similar monotypic stands in central Great Plains and eastern U.S. alliances. Typha angustifolia is considered a non-native in the western U.S. and was removed as a nominal species from this alliance and placed into a ruderal marsh alliance. Disturbed stands may have Typha angustifolia present to codominant; monotypic stands of Typha angustifolia would indicate conversion to a ruderal vegetation type.

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: Tall, emergent graminoid species, with cover usually dense, and averaging over 2 m, but <3 m in height. Shorter graminoids and forbs may be present, but typically are not abundant due to the dense cover of the taller species. When there is standing water during the growing season, floating and submerged aquatic species may be present.

Floristics: This alliance is characterized by the dominance of Phragmites australis ssp. americanus, Typha domingensis, and/or Typha latifolia, either alone or in combination with other tall emergent marsh species. Other graminoids commonly present can include Carex aquatilis, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex rostrata, Cyperus spp., Distichlis spicata, Eleocharis spp., Glyceria spp., Juncus spp., Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus), Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (= Scirpus heterochaetus), Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani), and Setaria magna. Forbs may include Ambrosia psilostachya, Anemopsis californica, Asclepias incarnata, Epilobium ciliatum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Hibiscus moscheutos, Impatiens capensis, Iva axillaris, Mentha arvensis, Polygonum amphibium, Sagittaria latifolia, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sparganium eurycarpum, Thelypteris palustris, Verbena hastata, and many others. Aquatic species such as Bacopa eisenii, Lemna minor, Potamogeton spp., and Sagittaria spp. may be present and dominate the water surface (Anderson 1982, MNNHP 1993, Hansen et al. 1995).

Vegetative diversity and density are highly variable in response to water depth, water chemistry, and natural forces. Vegetation in this alliance may be natural or semi-natural and includes mixed stands of the nominal species, as well as essentially monospecific stands. Typha often occurs in pure stands, and can colonize areas recently exposed by either natural or human causes. These monospecific stands occur especially in artificial wetlands, such as borrow pits or ponds.

Dynamics:  Typha species are prolific seed producers, spreading rapidly to become the early colonizers of wet mineral soil and will persist under wet conditions (Hansen et al. 1995). Roots and lower stems are well-adapted to prolonged submergence, but periods of draw-down are required for seed germination to occur (Hansen et al. 1995). Haase (1972) reported that Typha domingensis communities have expanded their distribution in the lower Gila River basin, due to increased irrigation runoff. Typha angustifolia occupies inundated and disturbed ground and can tolerate deeper water and higher alkalinity levels than Typha latifolia (Great Plains Flora Association 1986). These are important wetland communities for many species of birds and waterfowl. Hansen et al. (1995) report that in Montana heavy livestock use may convert stands to Carex nebrascensis-dominated communities.
Environmental Description:  These are palustrine and lacustrine non- tidal cattail marshes. Elevations range from near sea level to around 2000 m. Many have a muck-bottom zone bordering the shoreline, where cattails are rooted in the bottom substrate, and a floating mat zone, where the roots grow suspended in a buoyant peaty mat. This alliance occurs on hydric soils in wetlands, ditches, ponds, lakes, and rivers, as well as on shorelines and streambanks. Inundation is commonly 3-6 dm (1-2 feet) in depth but can be as deep as 1.5 m for a significant part of the growing season. Occurrences may display areas of open water, but emergent vegetation dominates (80% cover). Seasonal flooding during winter and spring or flooding during heavy rains help maintain these marshes by causing water exchange which replenishes freshwater and circulates nutrients and organic debris. Soils which support this community can be mineral or organic but are saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. Sites can be inter-dune ponds, mainland ponds, impoundments and tanks with brackish water from storm flooding, storm tides, or island overwash, adjacent to shallow lakes or ponds (Bundy et al. 1996), in areas of standing water or subirrigation along major stream bottoms (Baker 1982b), or in old oxbows (Haase 1972). Running water is uncommon, except during periods of extensive irrigation runoff or because of high precipitation. Usually if the water table is below the surface, capillary action will keep the soil saturated to the surface. In Nevada, soils were described by Bundy et al. (1996) to be very deep, somewhat poorly drained and composed of fine-grained alluvium. They may be slightly saline, but not strongly so. Typha domingensis is more tolerant of alkaline conditions than Typha latifolia. Soils are characterized by accumulations of organic matter over deposits of fine silt and clay (Hansen et al. 1995), or loams, sandy loams, or coarse sand (Jones and Walford 1995, Bundy et al. 1996). Typha often occurs in pure stands, and can colonize areas recently exposed by either natural or human causes.
Geographic Range: This alliance occurs throughout interior non-tidal marshes of the western U.S., including the semi-arid western Great Plains, and adjacent Canada, and possibly Mexico.

Nations: CA,MX?,US

States/Provinces:  AB, AZ, BC, CA, CO, ID, MT, NE, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY


Confidence Level: Moderate

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNR

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class C02 2
Subclass 2.C Shrub & Herb Wetland Subclass S44 2.C
Formation 2.C.4 Temperate to Polar Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Formation F013 2.C.4
Division 2.C.4.Nb Western North American Temperate Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Division D031 2.C.4.Nb
Macrogroup 2.C.4.Nb.1 Arid West Interior Freshwater Marsh Macrogroup M888 2.C.4.Nb.1
Group 2.C.4.Nb.1.a Clubrush species - Cattail species Interior Freshwater Marsh Group G531 2.C.4.Nb.1.a
Alliance A3896 Southern Cattail - Broadleaf Cattail - American Common Reed Western Marsh Alliance A3896 2.C.4.Nb.1.a
Association CEGL001845 Southern Cattail Western Marsh CEGL001845 2.C.4.Nb.1.a
Association CEGL002010 (Broadleaf Cattail, Narrowleaf Cattail) Western Marsh CEGL002010 2.C.4.Nb.1.a
Association CEGL006866 American Common Reed Native Western Marsh CEGL006866 2.C.4.Nb.1.a
Concept Lineage: A.1392 and A.1436 western portions

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: >< Phragmites australis Herbaceous Alliance and Semi-Natural Stands (Sawyer et al. 2009)
= Phragmites australis Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (Thomas et al. 2004)
= Typha (angustifolia, domingensis, latifolia) (Cattail marshes) Alliance (Sawyer et al. 2009) [52.050.00]
= Typha (angustifolia, domingensis, latifolia) Alliance (Cattail marshes) (Buck-Diaz et al. 2012)
= Typha (angustifolia, domingensis, latifolia) Herbaceous Alliance (Evens et al. 2014)
= Typha (angustifolia, latifolia) - (Scirpus spp.) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance [Provisional] (Keeler-Wolf et al. 2012)
= Typha domingensis - Typha latifolia - Typha angustifolia Western Herbaceous Emergent Alliance (Rodriguez et al. 2017)
? Typha latifolia Habitat Type (Hansen et al. 1995)
= Typha (angustifolia, domingensis, latifolia) Herbaceous Alliance (CNPS 2017) [52.050.00]
>< Bulrush-Cattail Series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995)
>< Cattail Series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995)
>< Cismontane Alkali Marsh (#52310) (Holland 1986b)
>< Coastal Brackish Marsh (#52200) (Holland 1986b)
>< Coastal and Valley Freshwater Marsh (#52410) (Holland 1986b)
>< Montane Freshwater Marsh (#52430) (Holland 1986b)
>< Transmontane Alkali Marsh (#52320) (Holland 1986b)
>< Transmontane Freshwater Marsh (#52420) (Holland 1986b)
Concept Author(s): G. Kittel, in Faber-Langendoen et al. (2013)

Author of Description: G. Kittel, M.S. Reid and K.A. Schulz

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 08-14-17
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