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A3574 Juniperus monosperma Shrubby Woodland Alliance

Type Concept Sentence: This juniper woodland alliance is characterized by an open to moderately dense, short (<15 m) tree canopy and is strongly dominated by Juniperus monosperma or Juniperus scopulorum at higher elevations with an understory dominated by open to dense layer of shrubs. It occurs on warm, dry mountains and foothills in southern Colorado east of the Continental Divide and in mountains and plateaus of northern and central New Mexico, extending east on breaks in the southeastern Great Plains.

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: One-seed Juniper Shrubby Woodland Alliance

Colloquial Name: One-seed Juniper Shrubby Woodland

Hierarchy Level:  Alliance

Type Concept: This woodland alliance is characterized by diagnostic tree species Juniperus monosperma that forms an open to dense tree layer. At higher elevations and relatively mesic sites, such as along drainages, Juniperus scopulorum may be present and sometimes dominant. In southern transitional areas with ~Madrean Pinyon - Juniper Woodland Group (G200)$$ in central New Mexico, Juniperus deppeana may be present but not dominant. Other conifers, including Pinus edulis, are absent or accidental with very low cover. The understory is characterized by shrubs that typically form an open to moderately dense layer. Characteristic shrubs are many and include Artemisia bigelovii, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Cercocarpus montanus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria nauseosa, Fallugia paradoxa, Forestiera pubescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Holodiscus dumosus, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Quercus gambelii, Quercus x pauciloba, Quercus turbinella, Ribes cereum, Rhus trilobata, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Similar scattered shrubs frequently characterize sparse and rocky understory woodland stands and so those types are included in this alliance. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderate and composed of grasses often with diverse but low cover of forbs. Common species may include Achnatherum hymenoides, Achnatherum nelsonii, Achnatherum scribneri, Andropogon hallii, Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Hesperostipa comata, Hesperostipa neomexicana, Pleuraphis jamesii, and Schizachyrium scoparium. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. These woodlands occur on warm, dry mountains and foothills in southern Colorado east of the Continental Divide and in mountains and plateaus of northern and central New Mexico, extending east on breaks in the southeastern Great Plains. Stands occur on nearly level surfaces to steep, rocky slopes in canyons, on hillsides, and on mesatops, but also occur on stream terraces and on deep sands. Elevations range from 1200-2100 m. Aspect does not seem important except in elevational extremes for a given latitude. Sites are typically dry with shallow, rocky, calcareous, alkaline soils. Soil textures range from sandy loam to clay soils typically derived from limestone, sandstone or shale.

Diagnostic Characteristics: This woodland alliance is found in foothills in southern Colorado east of the Continental Divide and in mountains and plateaus of northern and central New Mexico, extending east on breaks in the southeastern Great Plains. These woodlands are characterized by diagnostic tree species Juniperus monosperma that forms an open to dense tree layer. At higher elevations and relatively mesic sites, Juniperus scopulorum may be present and sometime dominant. In southern transitional areas with ~Madrean Pinyon - Juniper Woodland Group (G200)$$ in central New Mexico, Juniperus deppeana may be present but not dominant. Other conifers, including Pinus edulis,are absent or accidental with very low cover. The understory is characterized by shrubs. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderate and composed of grasses often with diverse but low cover of forbs. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. The lack of understory can be caused by harsh substrates (rockland, shale badland) or a dense tree canopy that shades out the understory.

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: In northwestern New Mexico, the distributional ranges of Juniperus monosperma and Juniperus osteosperma overlap. This alliance does not occur within the range of Juniperus osteosperma in this transition zone from the southern Rocky Mountain juniper woodland and savanna alliances to the Colorado Plateau juniper woodland and savanna alliances. Stands with sparse or rocky understories are included in this alliance because scattered similar shrub species are frequently present and characterize the stand at lower cover.

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse to moderately dense tree canopy that is typically 2-10 m tall. Stands are solely dominated by scale-leaved evergreen trees. Broad-leaved and needle-leaved evergreen trees may be present but have low cover (<5%). An open to moderately dense (10-60% cover) shrub layer (0.5-3 m tall) is present often as a diverse mix of broad-leaved and microphyllous deciduous or evergreen shrubs. Cacti and stem succulents are often present. A sparse to moderate herbaceous layer that is dominated by perennial graminoids is usually present. Perennial forbs may be scattered. Annual forbs and grasses may be seasonally present. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses.

Floristics: These woodlands are characterized by diagnostic tree species Juniperus monosperma that forms an open to dense tree layer. At higher elevations and relatively mesic sites, such as along drainages, Juniperus scopulorum may be present and sometimes dominant. In southern transitional areas with ~Madrean Pinyon - Juniper Woodland Group (G200)$$ in central New Mexico, Juniperus deppeana may be present but not dominant. Other conifers, including Pinus edulis, are absent or accidental with very low cover. The understory is characterized by shrubs that typically form an open to moderately dense layer. Characteristic shrubs are many and include Artemisia bigelovii, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Cercocarpus montanus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria nauseosa, Fallugia paradoxa, Forestiera pubescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Holodiscus dumosus, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Quercus gambelii, Quercus x pauciloba, Quercus turbinella, Ribes cereum, Rhus trilobata, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, and Yucca glauca. Similar scattered shrubs frequently characterize sparse and rocky understory woodland stands and so those types are included in this alliance. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderate and composed of grasses often with diverse but low cover of forbs. Common species may include Achnatherum hymenoides, Achnatherum nelsonii, Achnatherum scribneri, Achnatherum hymenoides, Aristida spp., Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Hesperostipa comata, Hesperostipa neomexicana, Muhlenbergia spp., Piptatheropsis micrantha (= Oryzopsis micrantha), Pleuraphis jamesii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Sporobolus spp. Many forb species can occur, but few have much cover. Commonly present forbs include species of Artemisia, Dalea, Eriogonum, Heterotheca, Hymenoxys, Mirabilis, Penstemon, Phlox, Physalis, Pediomelum (= Psoralea), and Zinnia. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Andropogon hallii occurs with Artemisia filifolia as the understory in rare, deep-sand habitats. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. The lack of understory can be caused by harsh substrates (rockland, shale badland) or a dense tree canopy resulting from the lack of fire that shades out the understory.

Dynamics:  Juniperus monosperma is extremely drought-tolerant. It is also non-sprouting and may be killed by fire (Wright et al. 1979). The effect of fire on a stand is largely dependent on the tree height and density, fine fuel load on the ground, weather conditions, and season (Dwyer and Pieper 1967, Wright et al. 1979). Trees are more vulnerable in open stands where fires frequently occur in the spring, when the relative humidity is low, wind speeds are over 10-20 mph, and there are adequate fine fuels to carry fire (Wright et al. 1979, Fischer and Bradley 1987). Under other conditions, burns tend to be spotty with low tree mortality. Large trees are generally not killed unless fine fuels, such as tumbleweeds, have accumulated beneath the tree to provide ladder fuels for the fire to reach the crown. Closed-canopy stands rarely burn because they typically do not have enough understory or wind to carry a fire. Altered fire regimes, cutting trees for fencing, and improper grazing by livestock have significant impacts on the quality of sites. Grazing by livestock can modify the fire regime by removing the fine fuels that carry fire. Juniperus monosperma invasion into grasslands has occurred in places. Control efforts by chaining and prescribed burning have mixed results. More study is needed to understand and manage these woodlands ecologically.
Environmental Description:  Stands included in this woodland alliance occur from eastern Arizona to western Texas and the Panhandle of Oklahoma and in the foothills in the southern Rocky Mountains. Stands also occur in the mountains, mesas, plateaus, piedmonts, canyons, escarpments, and other geographic breaks in the southern Great Plains. Elevations range from 1200-2100 m. Climate is semi-arid with drought not uncommon. Summers are generally hot, and winters have cold periods and occasional snows with extended periods of freezing temperatures. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 30-48 cm. Stands occur on nearly level surfaces to steep, rocky slopes in canyons, on hillsides, and on mesatops, but also occur on stream terraces and on deep sands. Aspect does not seem important except in elevational extremes for a given latitude. Low-elevation stands are restricted to the more mesic north slopes, whereas high-elevation stands occur on south aspects. Sites are typically dry with shallow, rocky, calcareous, alkaline soils. Soil textures range from sandy loam to clay soils typically derived from limestone, sandstone or shale. Other parent materials include basalt, granite, dolomite, siltstone and mixed alluvium.
Geographic Range: This woodland alliance occurs on warm, dry mountains and foothills in southern Colorado east of the Continental Divide and in mountains and plateaus of northern and central New Mexico, extending east on breaks in the southeastern Great Plains.

Nations: US

States/Provinces:  AZ, CO, NM, OK, UT, WY


Confidence Level: Low

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNR

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 1 Forest & Woodland Class C01 1
Subclass 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass S15 1.B
Formation 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation F008 1.B.2
Division 1.B.2.Nc Western North American Pinyon - Juniper Woodland & Scrub Division D010 1.B.2.Nc
Macrogroup 1.B.2.Nc.2 Two-needle Pinyon - One-seed Juniper Southern Rocky Mountain Woodland Macrogroup M897 1.B.2.Nc.2
Group 1.B.2.Nc.2.b One-seed Juniper Open Woodland Group G252 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Alliance A3574 One-seed Juniper Shrubby Woodland Alliance A3574 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000705 One-seed Juniper / Bigelow''s Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000705 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000706 One-seed Juniper / Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000706 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000707 One-seed Juniper / Shadscale Saltbush / Indian Ricegrass Woodland CEGL000707 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000712 One-seed Juniper / Winterfat Woodland CEGL000712 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000713 One-seed Juniper / Alderleaf Mountain-mahogany Woodland CEGL000713 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000714 One-seed Juniper / Alderleaf Mountain-mahogany - Wax Currant Woodland CEGL000714 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000715 One-seed Juniper / Rubber Rabbitbrush - Apache Plume Woodland CEGL000715 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000716 One-seed Juniper / Apache Plume Woodland CEGL000716 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000720 One-seed Juniper / Sonoran Scrub Oak Woodland CEGL000720 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000721 One-seed Juniper / Wavyleaf Oak Woodland CEGL000721 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL000795 Two-needle Pinyon / Sparse Understory Forest CEGL000795 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL002121 One-seed Juniper - Skunkbush Sumac / Little Bluestem Woodland CEGL002121 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL005368 One-seed Juniper / Sparse Understory Woodland CEGL005368 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL005369 One-seed Juniper / Rockland Woodland CEGL005369 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Association CEGL005371 One-seed Juniper / Stretchberry Woodland CEGL005371 1.B.2.Nc.2.b
Concept Lineage: This alliance is composed of 13 shrub understory associations from Old Alliance II.A.4.N.a. Juniperus monosperma Woodland Alliance (A.504), one a sparse association from Old Alliance I.A.8.N.b. Pinus edulis Forest Alliance (A.135), and shrub understory Juniperus scopulorum association from Old Alliance II.A.4.N.a. Juniperus scopulorum Woodland Alliance (A.506).

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: < Juniperus monosperma woodland alliance (Hoagland 1998a)
< Oneseed Juniper Series (Dick-Peddie 1993) [includes all the Juniperus monosperma stands]
>< Pinyon - Juniper: 239 (Eyre 1980)
Concept Author(s): K.A. Schulz, in Faber-Langendoen et al. (2013)

Author of Description: K.A. Schulz

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 03-14-14
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