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A2108 Pinus monophylla - Juniperus osteosperma Shrubby Woodland Alliance

Type Concept Sentence: This woodland alliance is characterized by diagnostic tree species Pinus monophylla that forms an open to dense tree layer often with Juniperus osteosperma or, less frequently, Juniperus californica in southern California, with an understory that is characterized by shrubs that typically form an open to moderately dense layer. It is found on dry mountain slopes, foothills, plateaus and ridges of the Great Basin region and eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and south in scattered locations throughout southern California, including desert mountain ranges.

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper Shrubby Woodland Alliance

Colloquial Name: Great Basin Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper Shrubby Woodland

Hierarchy Level:  Alliance

Type Concept: This woodland alliance is found on dry mountain ranges of the Great Basin region and eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and south in scattered locations throughout southern California, including desert mountain ranges. Pinus monophylla forms an open to dense tree layer often with Juniperus osteosperma or, less frequently, Juniperus californica in southern California. Juniperus osteosperma may also dominate stands as long as there is significant presence of Pinus monophylla that characterizes the stand as a pinyon-juniper stand and not the more xeric, typically lower elevation ~Juniperus osteosperma Great Basin Shrubby Woodland Alliance (A4370)$$. At higher elevations and on relatively mesic sites, such as along drainages, Juniperus scopulorum may be present and sometimes dominant. Other conifers are absent or accidental. The understory is characterized by shrubs that typically form an open to moderately dense layer. Similar scattered shrubs frequently characterize sparse and rocky understory woodlands and so those types are included in this alliance. Characteristic shrubs are many, including Amelanchier utahensis, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos pungens, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Ceanothus greggii, Cercocarpus intricatus, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Coleogyne ramosissima, Ephedra spp., Ericameria spp., Glossopetalon spinescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Peraphyllum ramosissimum, Prunus virginiana, Purshia stansburiana, Quercus gambelii, Quercus turbinella, Ribes velutinum, Shepherdia rotundifolia, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderate and composed of grasses and often diverse forbs. Common species may include Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa comata, Poa fendleriana, Poa secunda, Pleuraphis jamesii, and Pseudoroegneria spicata. The non-native, invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum may become abundant in disturbed stands and dominate the herbaceous layer of highly disturbed stands. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. Stands occur on warm, dry sites on mountain slopes, foothills, plateaus and ridges in ranges of the Great Basin and southern California, usually on erosional terrain or upper alluvial slopes. Elevations range from 1000 to 2800 m. The climate is semi-arid, with approximately 20-45 cm of precipitation annually. Substrates are variable but often rocky with shallow soil.

Diagnostic Characteristics: This alliance is characterized by diagnostic tree species Pinus monophylla that forms an open to dense tree layer often with Juniperus osteosperma or, less frequently, Juniperus californica in southern California. Juniperus osteosperma may also dominate stands as long as there is significant presence of Pinus monophylla with which to characterize the stand as a pinyon-juniper stand and not the more xeric, typically lower elevation ~Juniperus osteosperma / Shrub Understory Woodland Alliance (A3496)$$. Understory diagnostic species include Amelanchier utahensis, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos patula, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Cercocarpus intricatus, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Coleogyne ramosissima, Purshia stansburiana, Purshia tridentata, Quercus gambelii, Quercus turbinella, Shepherdia rotundifolia, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. The lack of understory can be caused by harsh substrate (rockland, shale badland) or dense tree canopy resulting from lack of fire that shades out understory.

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: Scattered shrubs frequently characterize sparse and rock understory stands and so are included in this alliance.

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: These are open to dense woodlands (10-70% cover), dominated by needle-leaved evergreen trees of low stature (<20 m). Scale-leaved evergreen trees or tall shrubs (2-10 m tall) are often present and may be codominant. Generally, evergreen or cold-deciduous shrubs occupy the interstices between trees, interspersed with cespitose graminoids. In total, the ground layer is usually of low to moderate cover (20-40%). This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses.

Floristics: Pinus monophylla forms an open to dense tree layer often with Juniperus osteosperma or, less frequently, Juniperus californica in southern California. Juniperus osteosperma may also dominate stands as long as there is significant presence of Pinus monophylla that characterizes the stand as a pinyon-juniper stand and not the more xeric, typically lower elevation ~Juniperus osteosperma / Shrub Understory Woodland Alliance (A3496)$$. At higher elevations and on relatively mesic sites, such as along drainages, Juniperus scopulorum may be present and sometimes dominant. Other conifers such as Abies concolor, Pinus aristata, Pinus flexilis, Pinus jeffreyi, and Pinus ponderosa are absent or accidental with very low cover. The understory is characterized by shrubs that typically form an open to moderately dense layer. Similar scattered shrubs frequently characterize sparse and rocky understory woodlands and so those types are included in this alliance. Characteristic shrubs are many, including Amelanchier utahensis, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos pungens, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Ceanothus greggii, Cercocarpus intricatus, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Coleogyne ramosissima, Ephedra spp., Ericameria spp., Eriogonum fasciculatum, Glossopetalon spinescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Peraphyllum ramosissimum, Prunus virginiana, Purshia stansburiana, Quercus gambelii, Quercus turbinella, Ribes velutinum, Shepherdia rotundifolia, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada or Transverse Ranges of southern California, Arctostaphylos glauca, Ceanothus cuneatus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Quercus chrysolepis, and Yucca schidigera may also occur. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderate and composed of grasses and often diverse forbs. Common species may include Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa comata, Poa fendleriana, Poa secunda, Pleuraphis jamesii, and Pseudoroegneria spicata. Although forb cover is generally sparse, it may be very diverse. Common forbs include Astragalus spp., Cryptantha cinerea var. jamesii (= Cryptantha jamesii), Eriogonum caespitosum, Eriogonum umbellatum, Gayophytum ramosissimum, Gilia ochroleuca, Hymenoxys richardsonii, Lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. macdougalii (= Lomatium macdougalii), Machaeranthera canescens, Penstemon linarioides, Phlox spp., and Sphaeralcea coccinea. Disturbed stands may have high cover of the introduced annual grass Bromus tectorum or Halogeton glomeratus, an introduced forb. This alliance also includes sparse understory stands often with scattered shrubs and grasses. The lack of understory can be caused by harsh substrate (rockland, shale badland) or dense tree canopy that shades out the understory.

Dynamics:  Pinus monophylla is a slow-growing, long-lived tree and stands appear somewhat static over time compared to more productive forests. Regeneration occurs primarily under nurse shrubs or adult trees, where canopy shading minimizes drought stress for seedlings (Koniak 1985). These woodlands are expanding into adjacent steppe grasslands in many areas, reportedly in connection with livestock grazing and altered fire regimes. Many of these woodlands have been intensively altered to enhance livestock forage.
Environmental Description:  These woodlands occur on warm, dry sites on mountain slopes, foothills, plateaus and ridges in ranges of the Great Basin and southern California, usually on erosional terrain or upper alluvial slopes. Elevations range from 1000 to 2800 m. The climate of the region is characterized as semi-arid, with warm summers and cold winters. Average annual precipitation is 27 cm (20-45 cm), and shows a peak during April through June, when more than 30% of the annual total is received. Summers are typically dry and there is usually extreme variation in yearly totals. In the Great Basin, these woodlands occur on intermediate slopes above pools of cold-air drainage. Upper elevation limits are determined by local climate and/or the presence of competing tree species. Soils are variable, but generally coarse-textured and well-drained and derived from gneiss, schist, quartzite, and amphibolite. Soil pH is usually nearly neutral or alkaline.
Geographic Range: The core distribution of this woodland alliance is the Great Basin, but it extends out into adjacent ecoregions primarily west into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, south on scattered mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert and east into the transition zone with the Colorado Plateau. A second substantial range occurs along interior slopes in the Transverse and Peninsular ranges of southern California.

Nations: US

States/Provinces:  AZ, CA, ID, NV, UT


Confidence Level: Low

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNR

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 1 Forest & Woodland Class C01 1
Subclass 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass S15 1.B
Formation 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation F008 1.B.2
Division 1.B.2.Nc Western North American Pinyon - Juniper Woodland & Scrub Division D010 1.B.2.Nc
Macrogroup 1.B.2.Nc.1 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper - Western Juniper Intermountain Woodland Macrogroup M896 1.B.2.Nc.1
Group 1.B.2.Nc.1.c Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper Woodland Group G899 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Alliance A2108 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper Shrubby Woodland Alliance A2108 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000825 Singleleaf Pinyon Woodland CEGL000825 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000826 Singleleaf Pinyon / Saskatoon Serviceberry / Greenleaf Manzanita Woodland CEGL000826 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000827 Singleleaf Pinyon / Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000827 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000828 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany Woodland CEGL000828 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000829 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Sparse Understory Woodland CEGL000829 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000830 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Little Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000830 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000831 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Black Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000831 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000832 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000832 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000833 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Mountain Big Sagebrush / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Woodland CEGL000833 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000834 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Woodland CEGL000834 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000836 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Chokecherry Woodland CEGL000836 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000837 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper - Gambel Oak / Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000837 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000838 Singleleaf Pinyon - Gambel Oak / Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000838 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL000839 Singleleaf Pinyon / Mountain Snowberry - Big Sagebrush Woodland CEGL000839 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL002941 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Sonoran Scrub Oak Woodland CEGL002941 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL002942 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / (Roundleaf Buffaloberry, Utah Serviceberry) Woodland CEGL002942 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL002968 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Gambel Oak Woodland CEGL002968 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL002970 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Broom Snakeweed / James'' Galleta Woodland CEGL002970 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL002971 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland CEGL002971 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL003152 Singleleaf Pinyon / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Big Sagebrush - Antelope Bitterbrush Woodland CEGL003152 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL003153 Singleleaf Pinyon / Desert Gooseberry Woodland CEGL003153 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005299 Utah Juniper - (Singleleaf Pinyon) / Pointleaf Manzanita Woodland CEGL005299 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005300 Utah Juniper - (Singleleaf Pinyon) / Desert Ceanothus Woodland CEGL005300 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005397 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Stansbury''s Cliffrose Woodland CEGL005397 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005436 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Mountain Big Sagebrush - Mixed Shrub Woodland CEGL005436 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005437 Singleleaf Pinyon - (Utah Juniper) / Littleleaf Mountain-mahogany Woodland CEGL005437 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005438 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Spiny Greasebush - Big Sagebrush - Stansbury''s Cliffrose Woodland CEGL005438 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005439 Singleleaf Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Wild Crabapple Woodland CEGL005439 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005771 Singleleaf Pinyon / Ashy Silktassel Woodland CEGL005771 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Association CEGL005772 Singleleaf Pinyon / Desert Almond - Skunkbush Sumac Woodland CEGL005772 1.B.2.Nc.1.c
Concept Lineage: This alliance is composed of 26 sparse or shrub understory associations from Old Alliance II.A.4.N.a. Pinus monophylla - (Juniperus osteosperma) Woodland Alliance (A.543), two associations from Old Alliance II.A.4.N.a. Juniperus osteosperma Woodland Alliance (A.536), and one association from Old Alliance III.A.5.N.e. Juniperus osteosperma Wooded Shrubland Alliance (A.2541). A.543 (in part), A.536 (in part), and A.2541 (in part).

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: >< Pinus monophylla (Singleleaf pinyon woodlands) Alliance (Sawyer et al. 2009) [87.040.00]
= Pinus monophylla-(Juniperus osteosperma) Woodland Alliance (Evens et al. 2014)
>< Singleleaf Pinyon Series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995)
>< Singleleaf Pinyon-Utah Juniper Series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995)
>< Utah Juniper Series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf 1995)
Concept Author(s): K.A. Schulz, in Faber-Langendoen et al. (2013)

Author of Description: K.A. Schulz

Acknowledgements: We have incorporated significant descriptive information previously compiled by M. Jennings and D. Sarr.

Version Date: 03-14-14
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