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G174 Andropogon gerardii - Schizachyrium scoparium - Helianthus mollis Patch Prairie Group
Type Concept Sentence: This vegetation includes open, prairie-like vegetation of distinct portions of the Cumberland Plateau, undissected portions of the Interior Low Plateau, and parts of the Ridge and Valley ecoregions. The variety of relatively open habitats which are present here include prairie-like areas, as well as barrens and savanna woodlands. Stands are dominated by grasses and forbs with scattered shrubby vegetation and occasionally trees.
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Big Bluestem - Little Bluestem - Ashy Sunflower Patch Prairie Group
Colloquial Name: South-Central Patch Prairie
Hierarchy Level: Group
Type Concept: This vegetation group includes open, prairie-like vegetation of distinct portions of the Cumberland Plateau, undissected portions of the Interior Low Plateau, and parts of the Ridge and Valley ecoregions, in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. Physiognomy is variable, with management or natural disturbance. These are plant communities with open canopies, ranging from herbaceous-dominated barrens (some of which are maintained today by mowing instead of fire and grazing), as well as prairie-like areas and savanna and woodland types. Stands are dominated by grasses and forbs with scattered shrubby vegetation and occasionally trees. The primary dominant grasses include Schizachyrium scoparium and Sorghastrum nutans as well as Andropogon spp., Panicum spp., and Sporobolus spp. Other more mesic grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Tripsacum dactyloides) are found in mesic and wet phases. Some other typical species found in examples may include Helianthus mollis, Helianthus silphioides, Helianthus occidentalis, Panicum anceps, Silphium trifoliatum, and Silphium terebinthinaceum. The scattered trees (under historical or current managed conditions) are primarily Quercus alba, Quercus muehlenbergii, and Quercus macrocarpa. Under current conditions, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus coccinea, and Quercus falcata may be present, but these species are not characteristic. This vegetation was formerly more widespread, but is now found in relatively scattered and isolated remnants. Some proposed factors which have functioned to maintain the openness of these vegetation types include the droughty, gravelly soils and resulting stresses to vegetation, as well as fire and grazing.
In the bluegrass region of Kentucky, the understory is composed of cool-season grasses, as far as known (e.g., Elymus, Dichanthelium) with Arundinaria gigantea (extensive canebrakes). Settlers referred to a "buffalo grass" of unknown identity (possibly Dichanthelium clandestinum or Dichanthelium scoparium). The fire regime is unknown. Characteristic remnant trees (e.g., Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus macrocarpa) are fire-tolerant. On the Cumberland Plateau, wetter areas may include Quercus bicolor, Quercus falcata, Quercus palustris, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Acer rubrum var. trilobum. The primary dominant grass in the wetter phase is Chasmanthium laxum. This vegetation was the predominant type here in the early 1800s and earlier and probably was maintained from burning by Native Americans.
In the bluegrass region of Kentucky, the understory is composed of cool-season grasses, as far as known (e.g., Elymus, Dichanthelium) with Arundinaria gigantea (extensive canebrakes). Settlers referred to a "buffalo grass" of unknown identity (possibly Dichanthelium clandestinum or Dichanthelium scoparium). The fire regime is unknown. Characteristic remnant trees (e.g., Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus macrocarpa) are fire-tolerant. On the Cumberland Plateau, wetter areas may include Quercus bicolor, Quercus falcata, Quercus palustris, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Acer rubrum var. trilobum. The primary dominant grass in the wetter phase is Chasmanthium laxum. This vegetation was the predominant type here in the early 1800s and earlier and probably was maintained from burning by Native Americans.
Diagnostic Characteristics: These are perennial grasslands of the Cumberland Plateau, undissected portions of the Interior Low Plateau, and parts of the Ridge and Valley, found on thin to deep soils (but not restricted to rock outcrops). Some soils may feature unusual edaphic features (droughtiness, impeded drainage, gravels). The primary dominant grasses include Schizachyrium scoparium and Sorghastrum nutans, as well as Andropogon spp., Panicum spp., and Sporobolus spp. Other more mesic grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Tripsacum dactyloides) are found in mesic and wet phases. Some proposed factors which have functioned to maintain the openness of these vegetation types include the droughty, gravelly soils and resulting stresses to vegetation, as well as fire and grazing.
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: This vegetation group includes a variety of grassland associations ranging from relatively dry to wet-mesic, which occur in a variety of areas across the unglaciated Interior Low Plateau physiographic province. The more mesic barrens and woodlands in the Interior Low Plateau have all but disappeared from the landscape, making their inventory, classification, and regional assessments difficult.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: This vegetation is primarily dominated by perennial grasses, but examples may have scattered to patchy trees and shrubs. Some proposed factors which have functioned to maintain the openness of these vegetation types include the droughty, gravelly soils and resulting stresses to vegetation, as well as fire and grazing.
Floristics: The variety of relatively open habitats which are present here include prairie-like areas, as well as savanna woodlands. Stands are dominated by grasses and forbs with scattered shrubby vegetation and, occasionally, trees. The scattered trees (under historical or current managed conditions) are primarily the fire-resistant oaks Quercus alba, Quercus muehlenbergii, and Quercus macrocarpa. Under current conditions, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus coccinea, and Quercus falcata may be present, but these are not characteristic. The primary dominant grasses include Schizachyrium scoparium and Sorghastrum nutans. Other more mesic grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Tripsacum dactyloides) are found in mesic and wet phases. Some typical herbaceous and graminoid species (varying with latitude and biogeography) include Andropogon gerardii, Andropogon glomeratus, Andropogon gyrans, Andropogon ternarius, Calamagrostis coarctata, Panicum virgatum, and Sporobolus clandestinus. Other characteristic herbs may include Aletris farinosa, Coreopsis major, Coreopsis tripteris, Doellingeria umbellata, Eupatorium pilosum, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Eutrochium fistulosum (= Eupatorium fistulosum), Eurybia hemispherica, Helianthus angustifolius, Helianthus hirsutus, Helianthus mollis, Helianthus silphioides, Helianthus occidentalis, Lobelia puberula, Potentilla simplex, Pteridium aquilinum, Sericocarpus linifolius, Silphium trifoliatum, Silphium terebinthinaceum, Solidago juncea, Solidago odora, Solidago rugosa, and Symphyotrichum dumosum., and the moss Polytrichum commune. Also possibly found are Aristida purpurascens var. virgata, Chasmanthium laxum, Dichanthelium aciculare, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum, Dichanthelium scoparium, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Panicum anceps, Panicum rigidulum, and Panicum verrucosum. Woody species found today may include Acer rubrum, Carya tomentosa (= Carya alba), Carya glabra, Diospyros virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata, Rhus copallinum, Rosa setigera, and Salix humilis, with Rubus argutus and Smilax glauca. Wetter zones may have sedges, especially Carex atlantica (with var. capillacea), Carex debilis, Carex lurida, Rhynchospora capitellata, Rhynchospora glomerata, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus polyphyllus, etc. Rushes are also common, especially Juncus canadensis, Juncus coriaceus, Juncus effusus, and Juncus marginatus. Some forbs and woody shrubs in these wetter zones may include Alnus serrulata, Ilex opaca, Lyonia ligustrina, Aronia melanocarpa (= Photinia melanocarpa), Aronia arbutifolia (= Photinia pyrifolia), Rhus copallinum, Salix humilis, Salix sericea, and Spiraea tomentosa.
In the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the original woodland-savanna aspect, especially on drier uplands, is believed to have been dominated by fire-resistant oaks, especially Quercus macrocarpa and Quercus muehlenbergii, but also with a variety of other species such as Acer saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans nigra, and Robinia pseudoacacia, and the rare Gymnocladus dioicus. The understory is composed of cool-season grasses, as far as known (e.g., Elymus, Dichanthelium) with Arundinaria gigantea (extensive canebrakes). Settlers referred to a "buffalo grass" of unknown identity (possibly Dichanthelium clandestinum and/or Dichanthelium scoparium). Historical descriptions also mention "pea vine," Ageratina altissima, Trifolium stoloniferum, two or three species of Urticaeae, and Vernonia spp. On the Cumberland Plateau, wetter areas may include Quercus bicolor, Quercus falcata, Quercus palustris, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Acer rubrum var. trilobum. The primary dominant grass in the wetter phase is Chasmanthium laxum (Braun 1937).
In the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the original woodland-savanna aspect, especially on drier uplands, is believed to have been dominated by fire-resistant oaks, especially Quercus macrocarpa and Quercus muehlenbergii, but also with a variety of other species such as Acer saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans nigra, and Robinia pseudoacacia, and the rare Gymnocladus dioicus. The understory is composed of cool-season grasses, as far as known (e.g., Elymus, Dichanthelium) with Arundinaria gigantea (extensive canebrakes). Settlers referred to a "buffalo grass" of unknown identity (possibly Dichanthelium clandestinum and/or Dichanthelium scoparium). Historical descriptions also mention "pea vine," Ageratina altissima, Trifolium stoloniferum, two or three species of Urticaeae, and Vernonia spp. On the Cumberland Plateau, wetter areas may include Quercus bicolor, Quercus falcata, Quercus palustris, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Acer rubrum var. trilobum. The primary dominant grass in the wetter phase is Chasmanthium laxum (Braun 1937).
Dynamics: Some proposed factors which have functioned to maintain the openness of these vegetation types include the droughty, gravelly soils and resulting stresses to vegetation, as well as fire and grazing. Fralish et al. (1999) noted that both post oak and chestnut oak woodlands are essentially the result of fire suppression in the barrens and historic savannas. Native American population decline after the 1500s may have led to a decrease in the amount and frequency of burning. In some areas, where the soils are particularly harsh (droughty, nutrient-poor, rocky), stands may retain an open aspect in the absence of fire. This vegetation was formerly more widespread, but is now found in relatively scattered and isolated remnants (DeSelm and Murdock 1993). Some proposed factors which have functioned to maintain the openness of these vegetation types include the droughty, gravelly soils and resulting stresses to vegetation, as well as fire and grazing. In the eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee, fires were frequent (potentially on a five-year return interval, documented over approximately the last 370 years), primarily of human origin, occurring in late summer to early autumn. Forestry activities (including planting of off-site loblolly pine, which is not truly native to the region) and fire suppression have led to the current forested condition with solar intensity as low as 10%. The current persistence of prairies, shrublands, and grassy-woodland/savannas is largely dependent on contemporary management regimes. The woodlands, savannas and prairies are often grown up in woody vegetation (e.g., Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, as well as Quercus spp. and Carya spp.) due to fire suppression. Woodlands dominated by Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, and to a lesser extent Quercus marilandica often "fill in" with less fire-tolerant species (e.g., Quercus falcata, Quercus coccinea, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, etc.) resulting in a closed-canopy forest, becoming indistinguishable from other adjacent hardwood forests.
Environmental Description: This vegetation tends to prevail in areas that are environmentally favorable to its development and persistence. These conditions include open, flat to gently rolling landscapes, which easily carry fire if maintained in a grassy condition. In addition, there are edaphic and substrate-driven conditions that also contribute to the persistence of the vegetation, in preference to areas of deeper soil. This is not to imply that the grass-dominated vegetation could not occur on deeper, well-drained soils, but that these soils were either converted to agriculture and have remained in that condition, or they are more subject to rapid woody plant succession in the absence of disturbance (including fire and native grazing) and have succeeded to a forested condition, either following the abandonment of agriculture or without this land use ever having occurred. In the western Highland Rim of Tennessee, these edaphic influences (as noted by Shanks (1958) and described by DeSelm (1989a)) include Cretaceous gravels which cap Mississippian limestone strata, as well as "Planosols with impeded drainage" and loess-capped silty clay loam or silty clay soils. Another well-known region of "barrens" vegetation from the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee is found on flat to gently sloping Fragiudult soils formed in Pleistocene loess over karstic Mississippian limestone. There is variation, with some areas being flatter, wetter, and more likely to have fragipans. Their primary presettlement environmental factors are specialized soils and extremes of hydrology, as influenced by fire and grazing. In the Inner Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky, native grasslands historically occurred on deep fertile soils. On the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee and Kentucky, this prairie-like vegetation was the predominant cover type in the early 1800s and earlier and probably was maintained from burning by Native Americans (Braun 1937).
Climate: Average conditions in the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee can be summarized as follows (Wolfe 1996): January is typically the coldest month, with average high and low temperatures of 8.8º C (47.8º F) and 1.9º C (35.4º F), respectively. July is the warmest month, with average high and low temperatures of 31.3º C (88.3º F) and 18.9º C (66.0º F), respectively. Monthly mean temperatures range from 3.5º C (38.3º F) in January to 25.11º C (77.2º F) in July. The mean annual precipitation is 1438 mm (56.6 inches) (Wolfe 1996, Pyne 2000). Precipitation is heaviest from November through May, averaging between 113 and 171 mm (4.4-6.7 inches) per month. Rainfall is lightest during the months of June through October, with averages ranging from 83 mm (3.3 inches) per month to a minor peak of 122 mm (4.8 inches) in July. Soil/substrate/hydrology: These are primarily on upland soils, but some examples are on soils with impeded drainage.
Climate: Average conditions in the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee can be summarized as follows (Wolfe 1996): January is typically the coldest month, with average high and low temperatures of 8.8º C (47.8º F) and 1.9º C (35.4º F), respectively. July is the warmest month, with average high and low temperatures of 31.3º C (88.3º F) and 18.9º C (66.0º F), respectively. Monthly mean temperatures range from 3.5º C (38.3º F) in January to 25.11º C (77.2º F) in July. The mean annual precipitation is 1438 mm (56.6 inches) (Wolfe 1996, Pyne 2000). Precipitation is heaviest from November through May, averaging between 113 and 171 mm (4.4-6.7 inches) per month. Rainfall is lightest during the months of June through October, with averages ranging from 83 mm (3.3 inches) per month to a minor peak of 122 mm (4.8 inches) in July. Soil/substrate/hydrology: These are primarily on upland soils, but some examples are on soils with impeded drainage.
Geographic Range: Examples of this vegetation group may occur throughout the southeastern and southern midwestern states, but are more likely to occur (and to occur at recognizable scales) where there are edaphic factors or landscapes that favor their persistence. These include the Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee; the Western Highland Rim of Tennessee and equivalent landforms in adjacent Alabama and Kentucky (Dickson, Hickman, Lawrence, and Lewis counties of Tennessee in Subsection 223Eg (USFS) and EPA Level IV Ecoregion 71f (EPA 2004)); the southeastern Highland Rim of Tennessee (today primarily extant in Coffee, Franklin, and Warren counties, Tennessee, part of Subsection 223Eb (USFS) and EPA Level IV Ecoregion 71g); the northern Highland Rim (Pennyroyal Plateau) of Tennessee and adjacent Kentucky; the Coosa River valley of northwestern Georgia, Tennessee, and northeastern Alabama; barrens at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; the Inner Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky (Ecoregion 71l and "S. Fork Licking River arm" of Ecoregion 71d of EPA (2004)).
Nations: US
States/Provinces: AL, GA, KY, TN, WV
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.836022
Confidence Level: Moderate
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNR
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | 2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class | C02 | 2 |
| Subclass | 2.B Temperate & Boreal Grassland & Shrubland Subclass | S18 | 2.B |
| Formation | 2.B.2 Temperate Grassland & Shrubland Formation | F012 | 2.B.2 |
| Division | 2.B.2.Nc Eastern North American Grassland & Shrubland Division | D024 | 2.B.2.Nc |
| Macrogroup | 2.B.2.Nc.3 Little Bluestem - Dropseed species Central Interior Calcareous Scrub & Grassland Macrogroup | M508 | 2.B.2.Nc.3 |
| Group | 2.B.2.Nc.3.a Big Bluestem - Little Bluestem - Ashy Sunflower Patch Prairie Group | G174 | 2.B.2.Nc.3.a |
| Alliance | A3889 Big Bluestem - Switchgrass - Rough Dropseed Southeastern Patch Prairie Alliance | A3889 | 2.B.2.Nc.3.a |
| Alliance | A3890 Little Bluestem - Splitbeard Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Patch Prairie Alliance | A3890 | 2.B.2.Nc.3.a |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: No Data Available
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