Print Report

CEGL001838 Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Wet Meadow

Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Baltic Rush Wet Meadow

Colloquial Name: Baltic Rush Wet Meadow

Hierarchy Level:  Association

Type Concept: This wet meadow community is found widely throughout the western United States and into western Canada. This herbaceous wet meadow occurs as small to extensive, open to typically dense patches on flat stream benches, along overflow channels, and near springs. Habitats are often alkaline meadows and may have long-term grazing disturbance. Soils are variable and range from poorly to well-drained, sandy clay loam to fine sand-textured and are usually mottled or gleyed. Stands are characterized by dense swards of Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis. In montane zones and the Great Basin, minor cover of Carex species, including Carex aquatilis, Carex praegracilis, Carex nebrascensis, or Carex utriculata, is often present; other common species include Deschampsia cespitosa, Distichlis spicata, Glyceria striata, Hordeum jubatum, Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Pascopyrum smithii, Phleum alpinum, and Sporobolus airoides. The introduced perennial sod grasses Poa pratensis or Agrostis stolonifera codominate some stands. Forb cover is generally low and includes wetland species such as Caltha leptosepala, Rumex aquaticus, and Dodecatheon pulchellum. Iris missouriensis can be common in heavily grazed stands. Shrubs are not common. This association is often considered to be a grazing-induced community since it increases with disturbance, though it can be a stable late-seral community.

Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: This association is often considered to be a grazing-induced community since it increases with grazing disturbance. Based on the extensive geographic and environmental range (from alpine meadows to sagebrush-dominated landscapes), it verges on astonishing that any number of Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis associations have not been recognized.

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available

Floristics: This broadly defined association is characterized by a low (<50 cm), open to typically dense graminoid layer dominated by the rhizomatous perennial Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis (= Juncus balticus). In montane zones and the Great Basin, minor cover of Carex species, including Carex aquatilis, Carex praegracilis, Carex microptera, Carex nebrascensis, or Carex utriculata, is often present. Other common graminoids include Deschampsia cespitosa, Distichlis spicata, Glyceria striata, Hordeum brachyantherum, Hordeum jubatum, Muhlenbergia andina, Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa nemoralis ssp. interior, Phleum alpinum, and Sporobolus airoides. Forb cover is generally low but may include Achillea millefolium, Artemisia ludoviciana, Caltha leptosepala, Cirsium scariosum (= Cirsium tioganum), Dodecatheon pulchellum, Glaux maritima, Iris missouriensis, Maianthemum stellatum, Rumex aquaticus, Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla plattensis, and Solidago canadensis. Many other forb species may be present, given the wide elevational amplitude and broad geographic spread of this type. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are not common; however, Artemisia frigida cover may be significant in some stands, and occasional Artemisia cana, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda, Ericameria nauseosa, Populus spp., Rosa woodsii, Salix spp., or Sarcobatus vermiculatus shrubs may occur. Some stands may be codominated by the introduced perennial sod grasses Poa pratensis, Bromus inermis, or Agrostis stolonifera. Other introduced species, such as Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Erodium cicutarium, Iva axillaris, Lactuca serriola, Phleum pratense, Taraxacum officinale, Thinopyrum intermedium, Trifolium spp., Tragopogon dubius, Xanthium strumarium, and others, may occur in disturbed stands.

Dynamics:  This association is considered by some to be a grazing-induced community because Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis is tolerant of grazing (low palatability when mature) and increases with grazing disturbance (Padgett et al. 1989, Hansen et al. 1995). Nearly pure stands of Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis may indicate that the site was heavily grazed in the past (Hansen et al. 1995). However, this association also occurs as a stable, late-seral community in areas with low disturbance (Kittel and Lederer 1993).
Environmental Description:  This broadly defined and widespread herbaceous wetland community is found throughout western North America. Elevation ranges from 138 to 3500 m (454-11,475 feet). Far northern stands in the Boreal Plains are at about 800 m (2625 feet). Stands usually occur as small, dense patches on flat to gently sloping sites near seeps and streams. Stream channels are highly variable in size and type, ranging from narrow to moderately wide, and from deeply entrenched to very sinuous (Kittel et al. 1999b). In the boreal regions, this community occurs more commonly on gradual sandy shorelines. Soils are also variable and range from sandy well-drained to poorly drained silty clay loam or silty clay alluvium to organic muck; however, soils tend to be finer-textured, alkaline and may be saline (Brotherson and Barnes 1984, Padgett et al. 1989, Kittel et al. 1999b). Sites with sandy soils are usually saturated for part of the growing season or have high water tables. Cobbles and gravel are common on many sites, and gleyed and mottled horizons are often present because of flooding or high water tables (Kittel et al. 1999b).
Geographic Range: This wet meadow community is found widely throughout the western United States, ranging from South Dakota and Nebraska west to Washington, south to California, and east to New Mexico. It also occurs in western Canada.

Nations: CA,US

States/Provinces:  AB, AZ, BC, CA, CO, ID, MT, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY


Confidence Level: High

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G5

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class C02 2
Subclass 2.C Shrub & Herb Wetland Subclass S44 2.C
Formation 2.C.4 Temperate to Polar Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Formation F013 2.C.4
Division 2.C.4.Nb Western North American Temperate Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Division D031 2.C.4.Nb
Macrogroup 2.C.4.Nb.5 Sitka Alder - Booth''s Willow / Northwest Territory Sedge Montane Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Macrogroup M893 2.C.4.Nb.5
Group 2.C.4.Nb.5.b Sedge species - Reedgrass species Montane Wet Meadow & Marsh Group G521 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Alliance A1374 Baltic Rush - Mexican Rush Wet Meadow Alliance A1374 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Association CEGL001838 Baltic Rush Wet Meadow CEGL001838 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Concept Lineage: This type (CEGL001839) merged into CEGL001838.

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: = Juncus arcticus / Carex spp. Plant Association (Johnston 1987)
? Juncus arcticus var. balticus (Sawyer et al. 2009) [91.120.21]
= Juncus balticus / Carex spp. Habitat Subtype (Olson and Gerhart 1982)
? Juncus balticus / Carex spp. Habitat Type (Wasser and Hess 1982)
= Juncus balticus var. montanus (Kittel et al. 1999b)
= Juncus balticus var. montanus Herbaceous Vegetation (Carsey et al. 2003a)
= Juncus balticus var. montanus Herbaceous Vegetation (Carsey et al. 2003b)
= Juncus balticus (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997)
= Juncus balticus (Murray 2000)
= Juncus balticus (McCain and Christy 2005) [6 plots]
= Juncus balticus Association (Klein et al. 2007)
= Juncus balticus Association (Christy 2004)
= Juncus balticus Association (Crowe et al. 2004)
= Juncus balticus Community Type (Hall and Hansen 1997)
= Juncus balticus Community Type (Hansen et al. 1995)
= Juncus balticus Community Type (Padgett et al. 1989)
? Juncus balticus Community Type (Tuhy and Jensen 1982)
= Juncus balticus Community Type (Youngblood et al. 1985a)
= Juncus balticus Community Type (Thompson and Hansen 2002)
= Juncus balticus Herbaceous Vegetation (Faber-Langendoen 2001)
= Juncus balticus Plant Association (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001)
= Juncus balticus Vegetation Type (Mutz and Graham 1982)
= Juncus balticus Wetland Plant Association (Baker 1984a)
= Juncus balticus community (Crawford 2003)
= Juncus balticus community type (Kunze 1994)
= Juncus balticus dominated (Zone 3) (Shupe et al. 1986) [Zone 3 is the outer zone of the Great Basin playa.]
= Baltic Rush (Juncus balticus) Dominance Type (Jones and Walford 1995)
= Baltic Rush Herbaceous Vegetation (Juncus balticus Herbaceous Vegetation) (Bell et al. 2009)
= Baltic rush community type (Kovalchik 1987) [(p.138)]
= Mountain rush (Juncus balticus var. montanus) Plant Association (Kittel et al. 1999a)
= Saline Meadow (Brotherson and Barnes 1984)
= Wiregrass (Juncus balticus) Plant Association (Kittel et al. 1997a)
Concept Author(s): J. Drake

Author of Description: J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, K.A. Schulz, L. Allen, G. Kittel

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 02-24-09
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