Print Report

CEGL000452 Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Forest

Type Concept Sentence: This association represents mid- to late-seral forests that are dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii with the diagnostic Quercus gambelii-dominated understory that occurs on mountains and plateaus from Colorado to Trans-Pecos Texas, west into New Mexico, Arizona and Utah.

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Douglas-fir / Gambel Oak Forest

Colloquial Name: No Data Available

Hierarchy Level:  Association

Type Concept: This forest association occurs on mountains and plateaus from Colorado to Trans-Pecos Texas, west into New Mexico, Arizona and Utah. Elevation ranges from 1229 to 2870 m (4030-9400 feet). Stands are found along drainages, lower and middle slopes, steep upper slopes and gentle to rolling tops of mesas and ridges. Aspects are variable. This forest occurs as both a non-obligate riparian community on the outer margins of riparian areas in desert canyons and steep draws, and as an upland forest forming extensive stands on typically north-facing hillslopes (southern aspects at higher elevations). Soils vary but are often shallow and rocky, ranging from sand to clay, often derived from sandstone. The vegetation is characterized by a relatively sparse to dense evergreen tree canopy dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, sometimes with Quercus gambelii well-represented in the understory. Scattered large Pinus ponderosa, Pinus strobiformis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus edulis, or Juniperus spp. (especially on drier sites) may be present in the tree canopy or subcanopy. Abies concolor is typically not present. Quercus gambelii dominates both the subcanopy (tree form, if present) and the moderately dense tall-shrub layer that consists of dense clumps of oak. Quercus gambelii must have at least 5% cover, but there is frequently well over 25%. At higher elevations, Quercus gambelii are more treelike and Symphoricarpos oreophilus will be present with significant cover in the short-shrub layer. At lower elevations, scattered Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, or Juniperus deppeana are often present. The presence of Chrysothamnus depressus in some stands reflects the presence of fairly well-developed soils. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse and composed of mostly graminoids with scattered forbs, but it can be moderately dense and diverse. Many other species are associated, such as Amelanchier spp., Holodiscus dumosus, Fendlera rupicola, Fraxinus anomala, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, Quercus x pauciloba, Robinia neomexicana, Rosa woodsii, Carex spp., Festuca arizonica, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia straminea, Poa fendleriana, Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus, Thalictrum fendleri, and Vicia americana. The shrub layer has equal or greater cover than graminoids.

Diagnostic Characteristics: Pseudotsuga menziesii is regenerating and Pinus ponderosa or Pinus strobiformis (Holodiscus dumosus phase) is a dominant seral tree. Quercus gambelii must be at least well-represented (>5% canopy cover) and is present as a tree and/or a shrub. Abies concolor is absent or may be present as a minor tree in the Holodiscus dumosus phase, but Abies concolor regeneration is greatly outnumbered by Pseudotsuga menziesii regeneration.

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: This is a broadly defined association characterized by dominance or codominance of two widespread species, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Quercus gambelii. Within the literature on habitat type, there are four phases mentioned: Festuca arizonica phase, Holodiscus dumosus phase, Muhlenbergia straminea phase (all defined by having at least 5% cover of both Quercus gambelii and the nominal species), and Quercus gambelii (typic) phase by a undeveloped herbaceous layer (Alexander et al. 1984b, 1987, DeVelice et al. 1986, Fitzhugh et al. 1987, Johnston 1987, Larson and Moir 1987, Muldavin et al. 1996, Stuever and Hayden 1997a). There are three similar Pseudotsuga menziesii associations in the USNVC that use these phase species as nominal species. These phases represent "intermediate" vegetation. Review of these associations is needed to clarify relationships among associations and possibly subdivide this broadly defined association into types based on herbaceous layer and habitat.

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available

Floristics: This forest is characterized by a relatively sparse to moderately dense evergreen tree canopy dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, with Quercus gambelii well-represented in the understory. Scattered large Pinus ponderosa, Pinus strobiformis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus edulis, or Juniperus spp. (especially on drier sites) may be present in the tree canopy or subcanopy. Abies concolor is typically not present. Quercus gambelii typically dominates both the subcanopy (tree form, if present) and the open to moderately dense tall-shrub layer that often consists of dense clumps of oak. Quercus gambelii must have at least 5% cover, but there is frequently well over 25%. At higher elevations, Quercus gambelii are more treelike, and Symphoricarpos oreophilus will be present with significant cover in the short-shrub layer. At lower elevations, scattered Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma, or Juniperus deppeana are often present. The presence of Chrysothamnus depressus in some stands reflects the presence of fairly well-developed soils. Other common shrub species, depending on geographic location, may include Acer glabrum, Arctostaphylos patula, Amelanchier spp., Brickellia longifolia, Cercocarpus montanus, Fendlera rupicola, Fraxinus anomala, Holodiscus dumosus, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, Prunus virginiana, Purshia tridentata, Quercus x pauciloba, Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum, Robinia neomexicana, Rosa woodsii, Shepherdia rotundifolia, and Yucca spp. The generally sparse herbaceous layer is composed of mostly graminoids with scattered forbs but ranges to moderately dense and diverse. Species vary greatly by site characteristics and location. Associated graminoids may include Achnatherum hymenoides, Bromus spp., Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Elymus elymoides, Festuca arizonica, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia montana, Muhlenbergia straminea (= Muhlenbergia virescens), Piptatheropsis micrantha (= Piptatherum micranthum), and Poa fendleriana. Common forbs include Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis, Cryptantha sp., Galium coloradoense, Aliciella stenothyrsa (= Gilia stenothyrsa), Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus, Lepidium montanum, Machaeranthera grindelioides, Maianthemum stellatum, Packera multilobata, Packera neomexicana, Physaria acutifolia, Thalictrum fendleri, Solidago spp., and Vicia americana. The shrub layer generally has equal or greater cover than graminoids. Post-burn stands may have relatively low cover of Quercus gambelii temporarily, as these shrubs resprout and grow. This open conifer forest transitions to Quercus gambelii woodlands in drier sites and at lower elevations.

Dynamics:  Pinus ponderosa is the dominant tree species under a regular fire regime. Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus strobiformis become more established with fire exclusion (Alexander et al. 1984b, Muldavin et al. 1996). Following a fire, Quercus gambelii forms dense thickets by extensive root sprouting (Tirmenstein 1988b). Quercus gambelii is rarely killed by fire due to buried rhizomes. Repeated, relatively high-severity successive fires may reduce Quercus gambelii in the stand (Tirmenstein 1988b). Large, often fire-scarred Pinus ponderosa trees may be present to codominant in the canopy, but do not reproduce (Alexander et al. 1984b, DeVelice et al. 1996).
Environmental Description:  This forest association occurs on mountains and plateaus at elevations ranging from 1229 to 2870 m (4030-9400 feet). Stands are found along drainages, gentle to moderate lower and middle slopes, steep upper slopes and gentle to rolling tops of mesas and ridges. Aspects are variable. This forest occurs as both a non-obligate riparian community on the outer margins of riparian areas in desert canyons and steep draws, and as an upland forest forming extensive stands on typically north-facing hillslopes, canyon sideslopes and mesa escarpments (southern aspects at higher elevations). Soils vary but are often shallow and rocky, ranging from sand to clay, often derived from sandstone. The surface is generally largely covered with a thin layer of litter. Parent materials are variable and include recent alluvium, fractured limestone, sandstone, metamorphic/granitic rocks, basalt, andesite, volcanic tuff, eroded Claron Formation (Pink Member), and even slickrock. Occasionally, talus to large blocks of rock and bedrock dominate the surface of sites on colluvial slopes / landslide deposits.
Geographic Range: This Pseudotsuga menziesii forest association occurs in the southern Rocky Mountains and southwestern U.S. and is found on foothills, mountains and plateaus from Colorado to Trans-Pecos Texas, west to Arizona and Utah.

Nations: US

States/Provinces:  AZ, CO, NM, TX, UT


Confidence Level: High

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G5

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 1 Forest & Woodland Class C01 1
Subclass 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass S15 1.B
Formation 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation F008 1.B.2
Division 1.B.2.Nb Rocky Mountain Forest & Woodland Division D194 1.B.2.Nb
Macrogroup 1.B.2.Nb.1 White Fir - Douglas-fir - Blue Spruce Forest Macrogroup M022 1.B.2.Nb.1
Group 1.B.2.Nb.1.c White Fir - Douglas-fir Southern Rocky Mountain Dry Forest Group G226 1.B.2.Nb.1.c
Alliance A3454 Douglas-fir Southern Rocky Mountain Forest & Woodland Alliance A3454 1.B.2.Nb.1.c
Association CEGL000452 Douglas-fir / Gambel Oak Forest CEGL000452 1.B.2.Nb.1.c
Concept Lineage: No Data Available

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: = Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii (Stuever and Hayden 1997a)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Association (Bourgeron et al. 1995a)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Forest (Hansen et al. 2003)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Forest Association (Bourgeron et al. 1993b)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Forest Association (Kittel et al. 1999b)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Forest Association (Kittel et al. 1994)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (Muldavin et al. 1996)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (Alexander et al. 1984b)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (Alexander et al. 1987)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (DeVelice et al. 1986)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (Youngblood and Mauk 1985)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Habitat Type (Fitzhugh et al. 1987)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii PA (Muldavin et al. 1998a)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Plant Association (Larson and Moir 1987)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus gambelii Plant Association (Johnston 1987)
>< Pseudotsuga menziesii / Symphoricarpos oreophilus Habitat Type (Komarkova et al. 1988b)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii/Quercus gambelii (Kittel et al. 1999b)
= Barn Canyon Conifer (Blackhawk Coal Company 1981)
Concept Author(s): Alexander et al. (1984b)

Author of Description: K.A. Schulz and J. Drake

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 10-30-18
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