Print Report

CEGL001833 Eleocharis palustris Marsh

Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available

Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Common Spikerush Marsh

Colloquial Name: Common Spikerush Marsh

Hierarchy Level:  Association

Type Concept: This spikerush wet meadow community is found in the central Great Plains of the United States and Canada and in the western United States. Elevations range from near sea level to 3050 m (0-10,000 feet). Stands occur in small depressions in intermittent streambeds or depression ponds that flood early in the season and may dry out by summer. Soils are generally fine-textured. Stands are composed of submersed and emergent rooted vegetation under 1 m tall that is dominated by Eleocharis palustris, often in nearly pure stands. Vegetative cover can be sparse to dense (10-90%), but Eleocharis palustris is the dominant species, and the only species with 100% constancy. Other species, when present, can contribute as much as 40% cover, but never exceed that of the Eleocharis palustris cover.

Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available

Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available

Classification Comments: Eleocharis palustris-dominated communities have been described throughout the western U.S., from Nevada (Billings 1945) and Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), throughout Montana (Hansen et al. 1988) to Oklahoma (Penfound 1953).

Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available

Floristics: This wetland association is dominated by submersed and emergent rooted vegetation under 1 m tall. The species composition can be quite variable, but this community is easy to recognize by the bright green, nearly pure stands of Eleocharis palustris. Vegetation cover can be sparse to dense (10-90%), but Eleocharis palustris is the dominant species, and the only species with 100% constancy. Other species, when present, can contribute as much as 40% cover, but never exceed that of the Eleocharis palustris cover. Some of this variation is described from Colorado (Baker and Kennedy 1985, Kittel et al. 1999b). Co-occurring species in low-elevation stands on the western slope can include Phalaris arundinacea (= Phalaroides arundinacea), Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis (= Juncus balticus), Hordeum jubatum, Equisetum spp., Pascopyrum smithii, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Sparganium angustifolium, species of Lemna and Potamogeton, as well as the introduced Melilotus officinalis and Bromus inermis. On the eastern plains of Colorado co-occurring species can include Leersia oryzoides, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Panicum virgatum, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), and Spartina pectinata. At montane elevations, other graminoids, such as Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, and Deschampsia cespitosa, are present. Forb cover is typically low but can be occasionally abundant (30%) in some stands. Forb species include Pedicularis groenlandica, Rhodiola integrifolia, and Caltha leptosepala.

In stands from eastern Washington, associates include Carex utriculata, Cicuta douglasii, and species of Glyceria and Potamogeton. In northwestern Nebraska, stands are dominated by Eleocharis acicularis and Eleocharis palustris which commonly cover the bottoms of the pools and emerge above the water as the pools dry out. Ephemeral submersed aquatics, such as Callitriche palustris (= Callitriche verna), Potamogeton diversifolius, and Marsilea vestita, may be present. As the pools dry out in mid-summer, ephemeral annual forbs, such as Limosella aquatica and Plagiobothrys scouleri, may appear. By late summer Amaranthus californicus and Gnaphalium palustre may dominate in the lowest parts of the depression (Steinauer and Rolfsmeier 2003). In southwestern South Dakota, vegetation is composed of nearly homogeneous stands of Eleocharis palustris. Other emergents, such as Polygonum amphibium, Marsilea vestita, and Eleocharis ovata, are occasionally found. Herbaceous cover is greater than 75% except in areas of deeper open water where floating and submerged aquatic plants occur, including Bacopa rotundifolia and Heteranthera limosa (H. Marriott pers. comm. 1999). In lower elevation Utah stands, Glaux maritima, Distichlis spicata, and Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis are important associates (Brotherson and Barnes 1984).

Few stand data are available for Colorado examples. Generally, it appears that this community is dominated by Eleocharis palustris, forming a scattered to dense overstory, often with few associated species. Commonly associated graminoids include Hordeum jubatum and Pascopyrum smithii. Forbs present may include Atriplex argentea, Polygonum aviculare, and Rorippa sinuata (Baker and Kennedy 1985). The higher elevation stands may include a slightly different suite of species, but no stand data are available. Ramaley (1942) described a Distichlis spicata-dominated salt meadow on a lakeshore in the San Luis Valley which was ringed by Eleocharis palustris. Communities in Utah include Eleocharis acicularis and Alopecurus aequalis as likely associates (Padgett et al. 1989).

Dynamics:  The hydrological regime is critically important to this association. Most stands are seasonally to permanently flooded, although some in the Great Plains occur under intermittently to temporarily flooded conditions. Baker and Kennedy (1985) suggest that domestic livestock grazing may tend to result in increases in Hordeum jubatum, Bassia scoparia, and Polygonum aviculare. However, Hansen et al. (1988a) suggest that palatability of Eleocharis palustris is low for both domestic and wild animals, but that heavy grazing may increase this rhizomatous species and spread it onto adjacent sites. Trampling damage (especially soil compaction) may occur to this type when animals heavily use the sites supporting it, particularly during drought years (Hansen et al. 1988a). Water level fluctuations over a year of greater than 1 m will not support this type (Hansen et al. 1988a).

Padgett et al. (1989) report that Eleocharis palustris is an early-successional species in their state. As siltation continues in these ponds, it may eventually be replaced by Carex rostrata. This sort of successional pattern probably occurs in the Colorado communities, but no information is available.
Environmental Description:  This wetland occurs across the central and northwestern Great Plains and western United States. Elevations range from near sea level to 3050 m (0-10,000 feet). In the western mountains, it occurs in valleys and canyon bottoms on the banks and in the overflow channels of low-gradient streams, as well as along the margins of ponds and lakes. On the Great Plains, this community occurs in small depressions in intermittent streambeds, depression ponds that flood early in the season and dry out by summer, and small prairie potholes. It can also occur in the bottom of ephemeral ponds or playas on floodplain terraces of large rivers, and around semipermanently flooded beaver ponds and stock tanks. In wet years, stands may remain ponded throughout the growing season. Soils range from organic to silty clay to fine loam formed from weathered siltstone and shale or eolian loess. Soils are reported as slightly alkaline. The soils of Baker and Kennedy''s (1985) stands were derived from Quaternary alluvium, with a heavy clay content and an average pH of 7.8, slightly alkaline. The soils reported by Padgett et al. (1989) were mineral soils with fine-loamy to fine particle sizes or organic. They are commonly ponded throughout the growing season and have developed from pond siltation. Hansen et al. (1988a) indicate that Eleocharis palustris is alkaline-tolerant.
Geographic Range: This spikerush wet meadow community is found in the central Great Plains of the United States and Canada and throughout the western United States including the desert Southwest.

Nations: CA,US

States/Provinces:  AB, AK, AZ, BC, CA?, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY


Confidence Level: High

Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G5

Greasons: No Data Available
Type Name Database Code Classification Code
Class 2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class C02 2
Subclass 2.C Shrub & Herb Wetland Subclass S44 2.C
Formation 2.C.4 Temperate to Polar Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Formation F013 2.C.4
Division 2.C.4.Nb Western North American Temperate Freshwater Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Division D031 2.C.4.Nb
Macrogroup 2.C.4.Nb.5 Sitka Alder - Booth''s Willow / Northwest Territory Sedge Montane Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Macrogroup M893 2.C.4.Nb.5
Group 2.C.4.Nb.5.b Sedge species - Reedgrass species Montane Wet Meadow & Marsh Group G521 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Alliance A3807 Common Spikerush - Needle Spikerush Marsh Alliance A3807 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Association CEGL001833 Common Spikerush Marsh CEGL001833 2.C.4.Nb.5.b
Concept Lineage: No Data Available

Predecessors: No Data Available

Obsolete Names: No Data Available

Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: ? Eleocharis palustris / Hippuris vulgaris Community Type (Heusser 1960)
? Eleocharis palustris / Myriophyllum spicatum Community Type (Crow 1968)
= Eleocharis palustris Association (Cooper and Severn 1992)
= Eleocharis palustris Community Type (Youngblood et al. 1985a)
= Eleocharis palustris Plant Association (Johnston 1987)
= Eleocharis palustris Plant Association (Cooper 1993a)
= Eleocharis palustris (Durkin et al. 1995a)
= Eleocharis palustris (McCain and Christy 2005) [8 plots]
= Eleocharis palustris (Hansen et al. 1995)
= Eleocharis palustris (Murray 2000)
= Eleocharis palustris (Kittel et al. 1999b)
= Eleocharis palustris (Kovalchik 1987) [(p.120)]
= Eleocharis palustris (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997)
? Eleocharis palustris (common spike-rush) Community Type (Crow 1977)
= Eleocharis palustris Association (Christy 2004)
= Eleocharis palustris Association (Kittel and Lederer 1993)
? Eleocharis palustris Community Type (Boggs 2000) [(Common Spike-Rush Community Type) ELEPAL G5; S5]
? Eleocharis palustris Community Type (Shephard 1995)
= Eleocharis palustris Community Type (Padgett et al. 1989)
= Eleocharis palustris Community Type (Manning and Padgett 1995)
? Eleocharis palustris Habitat Type (Hall and Hansen 1997)
= Eleocharis palustris Herbaceous Vegetation (Faber-Langendoen 2001)
= Eleocharis palustris Herbaceous Vegetation (Carsey et al. 2003a)
= Eleocharis palustris Stream/Perennial Pond Association (Crowe et al. 2004)
= Eleocharis palustris Wetland (Baker and Kennedy 1985)
= Eleocharis palustris association (Crawford 2003) [6 plots]
? Eleocharis palustris community type (Kunze 1994)
= Creeping Spikerush Association (Kovalchik 1993)
= Creeping spikerush (Eleocharis palustris) Plant Association (Kittel et al. 1999a)
= Spike rush (Eleocharis palustris) Plant Association (Kittel et al. 1997a)
= Spikerush Community (Brotherson and Barnes 1984)
= Zone of Spikerush of the Vegetation surrounding San Luis Lakes (Ramaley 1942)
Concept Author(s): D. Faber-Langendoen

Author of Description: D. Faber-Langendoen, K.A. Schulz, M.S. Reid, G. Kittel, J. Coles

Acknowledgements: No Data Available

Version Date: 01-17-08
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