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CSG009 Tropical Forest Plantation Cultural Subgroup
Type Concept Sentence: This forest plantation occurs throughout Polynesia and Micronesia and on all the main islands in Hawai`i and is composed of stands that are clearly planted with an even-aged, near monoculture of selected timber trees with clear stand boundaries. Common plantation trees species include Cocos nucifera, Bambusa vulgaris, Flindersia brayleyana, Fraxinus uhdei, Pinus elliottii, Sequoia sempervirens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Toona ciliata, and several species of Casuarina and Eucalyptus.
Common (Translated Scientific) Name:
Colloquial Name: Tropical Pacific Forest Plantation
Hierarchy Level: Cultural Subgroup
Type Concept: This forest plantation occurs throughout Polynesia and Micronesia and on all the main islands in Hawai`i. It is usually composed of stands that are clearly planted with an even-aged, near monoculture of selected timber trees with clear stand boundaries. Throughout Polynesia and Micronesia, tree-dominated plantations include mainly coconut plantation and tree-based agriculture. Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) are grown in plantation in a wide variety of site conditions, from fault strand to elevated limestone, lava flow, and weathered volcanic slopes. Neglected plantations can be invaded by species of Premna, Wollastina, and other aggressive weedy species. In selected islands, coconut trees have been impacted by the Bontispa weevil. Tree-based agriculture is common on dry ground surrounding villages, and can include Terminalia, Calophyllum, Ficus, Casuarina, and Mangifera.
In Hawai`i, common plantation trees species include Angophora costata, Alnus nepalensis, Bambusa vulgaris, Flindersia brayleyana, Fraxinus uhdei, Pinus elliottii, Sequoia sempervirens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Toona ciliata, and several species of Casuarina and Eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus robusta, the most widely planted tree in Hawai''i. Some neglected plantations may have been invaded by naturalized exotic species such as Psidium cattleianum and be less clearly a plantation.
In Hawai`i, common plantation trees species include Angophora costata, Alnus nepalensis, Bambusa vulgaris, Flindersia brayleyana, Fraxinus uhdei, Pinus elliottii, Sequoia sempervirens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Toona ciliata, and several species of Casuarina and Eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus robusta, the most widely planted tree in Hawai''i. Some neglected plantations may have been invaded by naturalized exotic species such as Psidium cattleianum and be less clearly a plantation.
Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: On the island of Hawai`i native trees such as Acacia koa were planted. The stands will be difficult to separate from native Acacia koa forest.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available
Floristics: No Data Available
Dynamics: No Data Available
Environmental Description: This tree plantation group was planted on a variety of sites ranging from dry to wet, lowland to montane in Hawai`i. Little and Skolmen (1989) have maps that show many of the forest reserves where trees were planted.
Climate: Climate is tropical. Annual rainfall is ranges 500-2500 mm. Stands occur on the drier leeward sides of islands in the rainshadows. This group occurs over a broad moisture ranging from moderately dry to very wet zones (Zones 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) of the 7 Moisture Zones developed for the Hawaiian Islands by Price et al. (2007).
Soil/substrate/hydrology: Substrates are variable and include sandy loam soils derived from cinder, volcanic ash, and weathered basaltic lava.
Climate: Climate is tropical. Annual rainfall is ranges 500-2500 mm. Stands occur on the drier leeward sides of islands in the rainshadows. This group occurs over a broad moisture ranging from moderately dry to very wet zones (Zones 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) of the 7 Moisture Zones developed for the Hawaiian Islands by Price et al. (2007).
Soil/substrate/hydrology: Substrates are variable and include sandy loam soils derived from cinder, volcanic ash, and weathered basaltic lava.
Geographic Range: This group occurs on the larger Hawaiian Islands.
Nations: AS,FM,GU,MP,PW,US,WS
States/Provinces: No Data Available
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.902979
Confidence Level: None
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNA
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cultural Class | CCL01 Anthromorphic Vegetation Cultural Class | CCL01 | 7 |
| Cultural Formation | CFO02 Forest Plantation & Agroforestry Cultural Formation | CFO02 | 7.A.2 |
| Cultural Group | CGR008 Tropical Forest Plantation Cultural Group | CGR008 | 7.A.2.1.1 |
| Cultural Subclass | CSC01 Woody Agricultural Vegetation Cultural Subclass | CSC01 | 7.A |
| Cultural Subformation | CSF05 Forest Plantation Cultural Subformation | CSF05 | 7.A.2.1 |
| Cultural Subgroup | CSG009 None | CSG009 | 7.A.2.1.1.b |
| Cultural Type | CTY005 Native Tropical Hawaiian Conifer Plantation Cultural Type | CTY005 | 7.A.2.1.1.b.1 |
| Cultural Type | CTY006 Exotic Hawaiian Conifer Plantation Cultural Type | CTY006 | 7.A.2.1.1.b.2 |
| Cultural Type | CTY007 Native Hawaiian Hardwood Plantation Cultural Type | CTY007 | 7.A.2.1.1.b.3 |
| Cultural Type | CTY008 Exotic Hawaiian Hardwood Plantation Cultural Type | CTY008 | 7.A.2.1.1.b.4 |
Concept Lineage: G687 & G689 merged (DFL 12-13)
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: No Data Available
- Faber-Langendoen, D., J. Drake, S. Gawler, M. Hall, C. Josse, G. Kittel, S. Menard, C. Nordman, M. Pyne, M. Reid, L. Sneddon, K. Schulz, J. Teague, M. Russo, K. Snow, and P. Comer, editors. 2010-2019a. Divisions, Macrogroups and Groups for the Revised U.S. National Vegetation Classification. NatureServe, Arlington, VA. plus appendices. [in preparation]
- Little, E. L., Jr., and R. G. Skolmen. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook No. 679, Washington, DC. 321 pp.
- Mueller-Dombois, D., and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the tropical Pacific islands. Springer-Verlag, New York. 733 pp.
- Price, J. P., S. M. Gon, III, J. D. Jacobi, and D. Matsuwaki. 2007. Mapping plant species ranges in the Hawaiian Islands: Developing a methodology and associated GIS layers. Hawai''i Cooperative Studies Unit. Technical Report HCSU-008. Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC), University of Hawai''i, Hilo. 58 pp., includes 16 figures and 6 tables.
- Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Volumes 1 and 2. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp.