Print Report
CEGL005399 Pinus resinosa - Pinus strobus - (Quercus rubra) / Corylus cornuta Forest
Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Red Pine - White Pine - (Red Oak) / Beaked Hazelnut Forest
Colloquial Name: Red Pine - White Pine - Red Oak Dry-Mesic Forest
Hierarchy Level: Association
Type Concept: This upland red pine - white pine community is found in the north-central region of the Great Lakes and in central and possibly eastern Canada and northeastern United States. This community occurs on hummocky terrain, sometimes next to fire-prone outwash plains. Soils are medium deep, coarse sand or coarse loam, over glacially deposited sands and gravel. Moisture is dry-mesic, and stands are on mid to upper gentle slopes. Stands contain a pine overstory with smaller amounts of hardwoods. Pinus resinosa or Pinus strobus can be sole or mixed dominants. Other species include Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Pinus banksiana, Populus grandidentata, Quercus rubra, and Quercus macrocarpa. The shrub and herb layers range from moderately herb- and shrub-rich to extremely poor. In the tall-shrub strata, the important species are Amelanchier spp., Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Prunus virginiana, and occasional Acer rubrum saplings. Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium myrtilloides are uncommon. The herb layer includes Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla, Maianthemum canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Thalictrum dioicum, Fragaria virginiana, Anemone quinquefolia, Streptopus lanceolatus, and Galium triflorum. Diagnostic features include the dominance of Pinus resinosa, Pinus resinosa, northern hardwood tree species, and a mix of boreal and northern hardwood species, such as the oaks, Corylus americana, Toxicodendron rydbergii, Amphicarpaea bracteata, and Uvularia grandiflora.
Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: This type is found in north-central regions of the Great Lakes, but does not extend into the boreal regions, where boreal white and red pine types are found. A survey of vegetation of the dunes of Lake Michigan in Manistee National Forest in Michigan (Hazlett 1986) found a community very similar to this type. That pine forest would appear to belong with the Great Lakes Dune Pine Forest, ~Pinus banksiana - Pinus resinosa - Pinus strobus Dune Forest (CEGL002589)$$, but could be placed here. The described red pine community was closely associated with bogs within the lake dunes. The forest canopy was dominated by Pinus resinosa (75-100% cover), although on the drier ridges inclusions of Quercus velutina and Populus grandidentata were common. Other trees that were found in the canopy include Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Quercus alba, and Quercus rubra. In the understory, species that are found in that community subtype, but not in this one, include Gaylussacia baccata, Hamamelis virginiana, and Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides. Many species of herbs were present, but no feathermosses were listed.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: The herb layer is very poorly represented in most parts of this community''s range, contributing only 11% (Ohmann and Ream 1971) of the ground cover in northeastern MN, in contrast with more prominent cover of feather mosses and lichens (35% ground cover) (Grigal and Ohmann 1975).
Floristics: Stands contain a pine overstory with smaller amounts of hardwoods. Pinus resinosa or Pinus strobus can be sole or mixed dominants. Other species include Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, Acer rubrum, Pinus banksiana, Populus grandidentata, Quercus rubra, and Quercus macrocarpa. The shrub and herb layers range from moderately herb- and shrub-rich to extremely poor. In the tall-shrub strata, the important species are Amelanchier spp., Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Prunus virginiana, and occasional Acer rubrum saplings. Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium myrtilloides are uncommon. The herb layer includes Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Maianthemum canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Thalictrum dioicum, Fragaria virginiana, Anemone quinquefolia, Streptopus lanceolatus (= Streptopus roseus), and Galium triflorum. Diagnostic features include the dominance of Pinus resinosa, Pinus resinosa, northern hardwood tree species, and a mix of boreal and northern hardwood species, such as the oaks, Corylus americana, Toxicodendron rydbergii, Amphicarpaea bracteata, and Uvularia grandiflora. Sims et al. (1989) found that in the Quetico region of northwestern Ontario, a rich understory of Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (= Alnus crispa), Diervilla lonicera, and Aralia nudicaulis was established. Farther north and west, however, the understory was open and dominated by low ericaceous species.
Dynamics: This is a mid-successional community; however, given the appropriate environmental conditions, it can be extremely long-lasting. Older Pinus resinosa trees have the ability to withstand surface fires due to their thick, corky trunks. Pinus resinosa readily colonizes newly exposed, mineral soils, such as those exposed by a fire, provided older trees have survived the fire as a seed source. Given a surface fire regime of perhaps every 20-30 years and crown fires every 100-150 years, this community may sustain itself for hundreds of years (Heinselman 1973). However, Pinus resinosa is not able to germinate under shade and does not appear to be active in gap phase replacement. Therefore, with fire suppression, this community succeeds towards a canopy that includes other conifers or northern hardwoods.
Environmental Description: This community occurs on hummocky terrain, sometimes next to fire-prone outwash plains. Soils are medium deep, coarse sand or coarse loam, over glacially deposited sands and gravel. Soil depth ranges from 61-100 cm (Ohmann and Ream 1971). Sims et al. (1989) found that the depth of the organic layer in northwestern Ontario was 6-16 cm for half of the communities sampled and 1-5 cm for the other half. The soil textures are coarse sandy or coarse loamy soils, as well as some fine sands and silts. These soils typically occur over sand dunes or sandy outwash plains. This community occurs predominantly on Precambrian Shield bedrock, mainly on dry to fresh, deep mineral soil. The soil deposition history is both glacio-fluvial and morainal. Moisture is dry-mesic, and stands are on mid to upper gentle slopes. The midcontinental climate in which this community is found has variable precipitation and temperature. Temperature ranges between extremes of -46° and 38°C, with an average temperature of -11°C in January and 17°C in July.
Geographic Range: This upland red pine - white pine community is found in the north-central region of the Great Lakes and in central and possibly eastern Canada and northeastern United States.
Nations: CA,US
States/Provinces: MI, MN, ON, QC?, WI
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.892978
Confidence Level: High
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G3
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | 1 Forest & Woodland Class | C01 | 1 |
| Subclass | 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass | S15 | 1.B |
| Formation | 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation | F008 | 1.B.2 |
| Division | 1.B.2.Na Eastern North American Forest & Woodland Division | D008 | 1.B.2.Na |
| Macrogroup | 1.B.2.Na.6 Eastern White Pine - Jack Pine - Northern Pin Oak Forest & Woodland Macrogroup | M159 | 1.B.2.Na.6 |
| Group | 1.B.2.Na.6.f <i>Pinus resinosa - Pinus banksiana - Quercus rubra</i> Forest & Woodland Group | G907 | 1.B.2.Na.6.f |
| Alliance | A4127 Eastern White Pine - Red Pine - Northern Red Oak Forest & Woodland Alliance | A4127 | 1.B.2.Na.6.f |
| Association | CEGL005399 Red Pine - White Pine - (Red Oak) / Beaked Hazelnut Forest | CEGL005399 | 1.B.2.Na.6.f |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: No Data Available
- Ahlgren, C. E. 1974. Effects of fires on temperate forests: North central United States. In: T. T. Kozlowski and C. E. Ahlgren, editors. Fire and ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. 542 pp.
- Chambers, B. A., B. J. Naylor, J. Nieppola, B. Merchant, and P. Uhlig. 1997. Field guide to forest ecosystems of central Ontario. Southcentral Science Section (SCSS) Field Guide FG-01, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, North Bay, Ontario, Canada. 200 pp.
- Frelich, L. E. 1992. The relationship of natural disturbances to white pine stand development. Presented at the White Pine Symposium: History, Ecology, Policy and Management, Duluth, MN. September 16-18, 1992.
- Hazlett, B. T. 1986. The vegetation and flora of the Nordhouse Dunes, Manistee National Forest, Mason County, Michigan. The Michigan Botanist 25:74-93.
- Heinselman, M. L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Journal of Quaternary Research 3:329-382.
- Kost, M. A., D. A. Albert, J. G. Cohen, B. S. Slaughter, R. K. Schillo, C. R. Weber, and K. A. Chapman. 2007. Natural communities of Michigan: Classification and description. Report No. 2007-21, Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing. 314 pp. [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/reports/2007-21_Natural_Communites_of_Michigan_Classification_and_Description.pdf]
- Midwestern Ecology Working Group of NatureServe. No date. International Ecological Classification Standard: International Vegetation Classification. Terrestrial Vegetation. NatureServe, Minneapolis, MN.
- Minnesota DNR [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]. 2003-2005a. Field guide to the native plant communities of Minnesota. Three volumes: The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province (2003), The Eastern Broadleaf Forest Province (2005c), The Prairie Parkland and Tallgrass Aspen Parklands provinces (2005b). Ecological Land Classification Program, Minnesota County Biological Survey, and Natural Heritage and Nongame Research Program. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
- Minnesota DNR [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]. 2003. Field guide to the native plant communities of Minnesota: The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province. Ecological Land Classification Program, Minnesota County Biological Survey, and Natural Heritage and Nongame Research Program. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
- WDNR [Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. PUB-SS-1131 2015. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison. [http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/Book.html]