Print Report
CEGL006454 Quercus (rubra, velutina, alba) - Betula lenta - (Pinus strobus) Forest
Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: (Northern Red Oak, Black Oak, White Oak) - Sweet Birch - (Eastern White Pine) Forest
Colloquial Name: Mid-Atlantic Mid-Successional Oak - Pine Forest
Hierarchy Level: Association
Type Concept: This association covers mid-successional forests developing after heavy cutting or other disturbance in the mid-Atlantic states, where dry-mesic oak species and earlier successional trees predominate, typically with a supercanopy of Pinus strobus. It is usually found on dry-mesic sites that are flat to gently rolling. Characteristic structure is large Pinus strobus over a layer of young, small-diameter hardwoods, such as Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, and mesic oaks, including Quercus rubra and Quercus palustris. Juniperus virginiana and Tsuga canadensis may be common in the canopy or subcanopy. Other common associates include Prunus serotina, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Populus grandidentata, Acer saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Betula alleghaniensis, and occasional dry oak species such as Quercus alba or Quercus velutina. The subcanopy may contain Carpinus caroliniana and/or Ostrya virginiana. The tall-shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense, consisting of Lindera benzoin, Ilex verticillata, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum recognitum, and saplings of canopy tree species. Common short shrubs are Berberis thunbergii, Viburnum acerifolium, Rubus occidentalis, Rubus flagellaris, and Rubus allegheniensis. Ericaceous shrubs may be scattered in this type, however, they generally do not cover greater than 25% of the forest floor. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderately dense; characteristic herbs include Maianthemum canadense, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Lycopodium digitatum, Chimaphila maculata, Galium circaezans, Galium mollugo, Mitchella repens, Polystichum acrostichoides, Dryopteris intermedia, Ageratina altissima var. altissima, Podophyllum peltatum, and Oxalis stricta. Alliaria petiolata is a common invasive plant in these forests. Vines are usually sparse, with Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Toxicodendron radicans typically present at low cover.
Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: Mid-successional forests like this are variable and have not been thoroughly sampled and analyzed.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available
Floristics: Characteristic structure is large Pinus strobus over a layer of young, small-diameter hardwoods, such as Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, and mesic oaks, including Quercus rubra and Quercus palustris. Juniperus virginiana and Tsuga canadensis may be common in the canopy or subcanopy. Other common associates include Prunus serotina, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Populus grandidentata, Acer saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Betula alleghaniensis, and occasional dry oak species such as Quercus alba or Quercus velutina. The canopy is typically 20 to 30 m in height with canopy cover usually greater than 70%. The subcanopy usually contains similar species as the canopy, as well as Carpinus caroliniana and Ostrya virginiana. The tall-shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense, consisting of Lindera benzoin, Ilex verticillata, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum recognitum, and saplings of canopy tree species. Common short shrubs are Berberis thunbergii, Viburnum acerifolium, Rubus occidentalis, Rubus flagellaris, and Rubus allegheniensis. Ericaceous shrubs, such as Kalmia latifolia, Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium pallidum, and Vaccinium stamineum, may be scattered in this type, however, they generally do not cover greater than 25% of the forest floor. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse to moderately dense; characteristic herbs include Maianthemum canadense, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Lycopodium digitatum, Chimaphila maculata, Galium circaezans, Galium mollugo, Mitchella repens, Polystichum acrostichoides, Dryopteris intermedia, Ageratina altissima var. altissima, Podophyllum peltatum, and Oxalis stricta. Alliaria petiolata is a common invasive plant in these forests, Vines are usually sparse, with Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Toxicodendron radicans typically present at low cover.
Dynamics: Varying land-use histories are likely responsible for the species composition and structure of these stands. These are mid-successional forests developing after heavy cutting or other disturbances.
Environmental Description: This forest occurs on dry-mesic sites that are flat to gently rolling. It typically develops after heavy cutting or other disturbance in the mid-Atlantic states, where dry-mesic oak species and earlier successional trees predominate, typically with a supercanopy of Pinus strobus.
Geographic Range: This association occurs in southern New England south to Pennsylvania and possibly further west and south.
Nations: US
States/Provinces: CT?, MA, NJ, NY?, PA
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.791646
Confidence Level: Low
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G4G5
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | 1 Forest & Woodland Class | C01 | 1 |
| Subclass | 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass | S15 | 1.B |
| Formation | 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation | F008 | 1.B.2 |
| Division | 1.B.2.Na Eastern North American Forest & Woodland Division | D008 | 1.B.2.Na |
| Macrogroup | 1.B.2.Na.2 Appalachian-Northeastern Oak - Hardwood - Pine Forest & Woodland Macrogroup | M502 | 1.B.2.Na.2 |
| Group | 1.B.2.Na.2.c White Oak - Chestnut Oak - Pignut Hickory Forest & Woodland Group | G650 | 1.B.2.Na.2.c |
| Alliance | A4393 Black Oak - White Oak - pine spp. Northeast Forest Alliance | A4393 | 1.B.2.Na.2.c |
| Association | CEGL006454 (Northern Red Oak, Black Oak, White Oak) - Sweet Birch - (Eastern White Pine) Forest | CEGL006454 | 1.B.2.Na.2.c |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: No Data Available
- Eastern Ecology Working Group of NatureServe. No date. International Ecological Classification Standard: International Vegetation Classification. Terrestrial Vegetation. NatureServe, Boston, MA.
- Perles, S. J., G. S. Podniesinski, E. Eastman, L. A. Sneddon, and S. C. Gawler. 2007. Classification and mapping of vegetation and fire fuel models at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR--2007/076. National Park Service, Philadelphia, PA. 2 volumes.
- Swain, P. C., and J. B. Kearsley. 2014. Classification of the natural communities of Massachusetts. Version 2.0. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Westborough, MA. [http://www.mass.gov/nhesp/http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dfg/dfw/natural-heritage/natural-communities/classification-of-natural-communities.html]