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CST008393 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Plantation
Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Plantation
Colloquial Name: Honduras Pine Plantation
Hierarchy Level: Cultural Subtype
Type Concept: Pine forest plantation with an essentially monodominant canopy of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis. There is no understory, and the condition of the shrub and ground layers depend upon the prevailing forestry practices. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica: frequent in the Blue Mountains and in central Jamaica.
Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis is non-native to Jamaica. This widespread variety of Pinus caribaea is common in many areas. While logging will have reduced the variety in some areas, in others it is probably increasing as a major constituent of secondary forest. Here we document its status as a plantation species. Pinus caribaea per se is a Caribbean species found in: Bahamas, Turks-Caicos Islands, W Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud [Isla de Pinos]); Mexico (S Quintana Roo); N Guatemala; Belize; Honduras (including Islas de la Bahía); Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia. But it is widely planted, including in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Orwa et al. 2009).
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available
Floristics: No Data Available
Dynamics: Fuel: Pinus caribaea, being a fast-growing species, can be used for fuelwood for both industrial and home use. However, it throws out sparks when burning.
Fiber: The presence of long tracheids makes Pinus caribaea (and other pines) a good source of wood pulp. Plantations at 15 years are ideal for pulpwood production. The tree is used in Nicaragua and Honduras for general-purpose pulpwood. Wood pulp is also used for the manufacture of particleboard, fiberboard and chipboard.
Timber: Plantation-grown wood has an average density of 410 kg/m³. The grain is even to finely interlocked with a coarse texture. Transmission poles of Pinus caribaea are popular in Tanzania and Malaysia, among other places. Its low timber density and other poor properties, however, render the timber unstable for structural work or even furniture. The wood exudes much resin, which makes it less suitable for certain uses such as joinery and flooring. It can be used for shuttering, temporary applications and packaging. Ease of setting, ease of nailing it, and its resistance to splitting render it useful for turnery, toys, moulding and other novelty items.
Gum or resin: Pinus caribaea can be effectively tapped for oleoresins from when it is 10 years old and has a 20 cm dbh. In Sri Lanka, an industry has been established to manufacture gum resin, turpentine and heavy oils from oleoresins. An average of 25 g per tree per day of oleoresins can be tapped. About 75% gum resin and 20% turpentine can be manufactured from the oleoresin.
Tannin or dyestuff: Pinus caribaea bark contains tannin; about 10% can be extracted and dried to a reddish powder soluble in water.
Medicine: Pinus caribaea leaf oil is sometimes used for medicinal baths; locally, the seeds may be consumed.
SERVICES
Erosion control: In many places where Pinus caribaea grows, the mat of needles on the ground is considered valuable for the protection of the soil surface from erosion.
Reclamation: In Sri Lanka a massive reforestation program was undertaken with plantations of Pinus caribaea to convert heavily eroded lands on which nothing else could be grown. It is the only species so far successfully used to clothe barren eroded and denuded lands with a tree cover.
TREE MANAGEMENT
Initial spacing for Pinus caribaea depends on the markets for which the pine is being grown and the technique used in tending the plantation. Mechanical cultivation requires a spacing of at least 3 m between rows, but close spacing is possible within rows. When it is grown for pulpwood, a spacing of 2x2 m is used to give maximum stem production of suitable sizes in the shortest time possible without thinning. Pruning is recommended to reduce fire danger, improve form, improve access within the crop, and reduce the size and frequency of knots, especially in saw logs. In Pinus caribaea plantations grown for pulpwood on a short rotation of 10-15 years, there may be 1 early cleaning thinning at 3- 4 years old to remove malformed trees, or no thinning at all. Where both saw logs and pulpwood are being produced, a heavy thinning at 10 years for pulpwood may leave an open crop for logs saw harvested during the second thinning at 17 years. The tree responds well to low levels of nitrogen fertilization, but trials in the Philippines showed no response to either phosphorus or potassium.
One of the most important insect pests is a bark beetle, the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), found in the southern USA and Central America. A related species is Dendroctonus mexicana, whose outbreak caused damage to several hectares of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in Honduras. Other bark beetles include Ips calligraphus, which is widely distributed in Canada and Central America to West Indies. Aphids such as the pine aphid (Pineus laevis) and Cinara carolina (North American aphid), leafcutting insects such as Atta spp., and termites also attack the tree. Pinus caribaea diseases are the nursery diseases, which include "damping off" and seedling blight, and plantation diseases such as foliage blight, stem rot, stem die-back, cone rust, sap stain, heart rot and root rot.
Fiber: The presence of long tracheids makes Pinus caribaea (and other pines) a good source of wood pulp. Plantations at 15 years are ideal for pulpwood production. The tree is used in Nicaragua and Honduras for general-purpose pulpwood. Wood pulp is also used for the manufacture of particleboard, fiberboard and chipboard.
Timber: Plantation-grown wood has an average density of 410 kg/m³. The grain is even to finely interlocked with a coarse texture. Transmission poles of Pinus caribaea are popular in Tanzania and Malaysia, among other places. Its low timber density and other poor properties, however, render the timber unstable for structural work or even furniture. The wood exudes much resin, which makes it less suitable for certain uses such as joinery and flooring. It can be used for shuttering, temporary applications and packaging. Ease of setting, ease of nailing it, and its resistance to splitting render it useful for turnery, toys, moulding and other novelty items.
Gum or resin: Pinus caribaea can be effectively tapped for oleoresins from when it is 10 years old and has a 20 cm dbh. In Sri Lanka, an industry has been established to manufacture gum resin, turpentine and heavy oils from oleoresins. An average of 25 g per tree per day of oleoresins can be tapped. About 75% gum resin and 20% turpentine can be manufactured from the oleoresin.
Tannin or dyestuff: Pinus caribaea bark contains tannin; about 10% can be extracted and dried to a reddish powder soluble in water.
Medicine: Pinus caribaea leaf oil is sometimes used for medicinal baths; locally, the seeds may be consumed.
SERVICES
Erosion control: In many places where Pinus caribaea grows, the mat of needles on the ground is considered valuable for the protection of the soil surface from erosion.
Reclamation: In Sri Lanka a massive reforestation program was undertaken with plantations of Pinus caribaea to convert heavily eroded lands on which nothing else could be grown. It is the only species so far successfully used to clothe barren eroded and denuded lands with a tree cover.
TREE MANAGEMENT
Initial spacing for Pinus caribaea depends on the markets for which the pine is being grown and the technique used in tending the plantation. Mechanical cultivation requires a spacing of at least 3 m between rows, but close spacing is possible within rows. When it is grown for pulpwood, a spacing of 2x2 m is used to give maximum stem production of suitable sizes in the shortest time possible without thinning. Pruning is recommended to reduce fire danger, improve form, improve access within the crop, and reduce the size and frequency of knots, especially in saw logs. In Pinus caribaea plantations grown for pulpwood on a short rotation of 10-15 years, there may be 1 early cleaning thinning at 3- 4 years old to remove malformed trees, or no thinning at all. Where both saw logs and pulpwood are being produced, a heavy thinning at 10 years for pulpwood may leave an open crop for logs saw harvested during the second thinning at 17 years. The tree responds well to low levels of nitrogen fertilization, but trials in the Philippines showed no response to either phosphorus or potassium.
One of the most important insect pests is a bark beetle, the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), found in the southern USA and Central America. A related species is Dendroctonus mexicana, whose outbreak caused damage to several hectares of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in Honduras. Other bark beetles include Ips calligraphus, which is widely distributed in Canada and Central America to West Indies. Aphids such as the pine aphid (Pineus laevis) and Cinara carolina (North American aphid), leafcutting insects such as Atta spp., and termites also attack the tree. Pinus caribaea diseases are the nursery diseases, which include "damping off" and seedling blight, and plantation diseases such as foliage blight, stem rot, stem die-back, cone rust, sap stain, heart rot and root rot.
Environmental Description: This species grows best in frost-free areas up to about 700 m elevation in more fertile sites with good subsoil drainage and annual rainfall of 2000-3000 mm. Generally, at elevations of 600-800 m, it is associated with Pinus oocarpa var. hondurensis and Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai. Pinus caribaea is rated as moderately fire-resistant. It tolerates salt winds and hence may be planted near the coast. Altitude: 0-1 500 m, Mean annual temperature: 22-37°C, Mean annual rainfall: 1000-3000 mm. Soil type: Soils are usually loams or sandy loams, sometimes with high amounts of gravel and generally well drained. The pH is usually between 5.0 and 5.5 (Orwa et al. 2009).
Geographic Range: In the Caribbean region, it is found in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago (Orwa et al. 2009). In Central America, it is found in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (Orwa et al. 2009). Elsewhere it is reported in the tropics from Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Nations: CR,JM,NI,PR,TT
States/Provinces: No Data Available
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.688052
Confidence Level: Low - Poorly Documented
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: GNA
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cultural Class | CCL01 Anthromorphic Vegetation Cultural Class | CCL01 | 7 |
| Cultural Formation | CFO02 Forest Plantation & Agroforestry Cultural Formation | CFO02 | 7.A.2 |
| Cultural Group | CGR008 Tropical Forest Plantation Cultural Group | CGR008 | 7.A.2.1.1 |
| Cultural Subclass | CSC01 Woody Agricultural Vegetation Cultural Subclass | CSC01 | 7.A |
| Cultural Subformation | CSF05 Forest Plantation Cultural Subformation | CSF05 | 7.A.2.1 |
| Cultural Subgroup | CSG008 Caribbean Forest Plantation Cultural Subgroup | CSG008 | 7.A.2.1.1.a |
| Cultural Subtype | CST008393 <i>Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis</i> Plantation | CST008393 | 7.A.2.1.1.a.2 |
| Cultural Type | CTY002 Exotic Caribbean Conifer Plantation Cultural Type | CTY002 | 7.A.2.1.1.a.2 |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: = Pinus caribaea var hondurensis Forest Plantation (Areces-Mallea et al. 1999)
? Pine plantation (Grossman et al. 1993)
? Pine plantation (Grossman et al. 1993)
- Areces-Mallea, A. E., A. S. Weakley, X. Li, R. G. Sayre, J. D. Parrish, C. V. Tipton, and T. Boucher. 1999. A guide to Caribbean vegetation types: Preliminary classification system and descriptions. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. 166 pp.
- Grossman, D. H., S. Iremonger, and D. M. Muchoney. 1993. Jamaica: A rapid ecological assessment. I. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. 41 pp.
- Orwa, C., A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and S. Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree database: A tree reference and selection guide. Version 4.0. [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp]
- Southeastern Ecology Working Group of NatureServe. No date. International Ecological Classification Standard: International Vegetation Classification. Terrestrial Vegetation. NatureServe, Durham, NC.