Print Report
CEGL002011 Quercus alba - (Quercus velutina) - Carya ovata / Ostrya virginiana Forest
Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: White Oak - (Black Oak) - Shagbark Hickory / Hophornbeam Forest
Colloquial Name: Midwest White Oak - Hickory Forest
Hierarchy Level: Association
Type Concept: This oak - hickory forest community is found in the western tallgrass prairie region of the central midwestern United States. It is a dry-mesic deciduous forest community found on gentle to moderately steep slopes on uplands and on steep valley sides. The soils are moderately deep to deep and vary from silts to clays to loams. The parent material is glacial till, limestone, shale, or sandstone. This community has a tall tree canopy with little or no subcanopy. The shrub and herbaceous strata are well-developed. The most abundant tree species are Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Carya ovata, Carya cordiformis, and Tilia americana. The shrubs in this community rarely exceed 2 m. They include Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Cercis canadensis, Cornus drummondii, and Ribes spp. Species typically in the herbaceous layer are Aquilegia canadensis, Dicentra cucullaria, Laportea canadensis, and Verbena urticifolia. The tree layer of this community is more open near the tops of the bluffs on which it occurs. Shrubs are often dense in these areas. In Oklahoma, this forest is described as occurring in moist soils of floodplains and mesic slopes, rare and localized in five eastern tier counties (Adair, Cherokee, Delaware, LeFlore, and Sequoyah). Characteristic species include Acer saccharum, Asimina triloba, Carya tomentosa, Carya ovata, Cornus florida, Lindera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus shumardii, and Quercus velutina.
Diagnostic Characteristics: No Data Available
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: This type is at the western limits of oak - hickory types and, because of the relatively simple tree layer composition, is treated as a separate type. Further comparisons may suggest that it be lumped with ~Quercus velutina - Quercus alba - Carya (glabra, ovata) Forest (CEGL002076)$$ (as also recommended by M. Leahy (pers. comm. 1999) for Missouri). When managed with fire it may develop into a ~Quercus alba - (Carya ovata) / Carex pensylvanica Glaciated Woodland (CEGL002134)$$. Two types from Weaver (1965) are included here; the Quercus velutina - Carya ovata community and the Quercus rubra - Tilia americana community. The latter type should also be compared with ~Acer saccharum - Acer nigrum - Tilia americana - Quercus rubra / Ostrya virginiana Forest (CEGL002061)$$.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available
Floristics: This community has a tall tree canopy with little or no subcanopy. The shrub and herbaceous strata are well-developed. The most abundant tree species are Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Carya ovata, Carya cordiformis, and Tilia americana. The shrubs in this community rarely exceed 2 m. They include Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Cercis canadensis, Cornus drummondii, and Ribes spp. Where stands occur near the tops of bluffs, the tree layer of this community is more open and the shrubs are often dense. Species typical of the herbaceous layer include Aquilegia canadensis, Dicentra cucullaria, Laportea canadensis, and Verbena urticifolia. Among the herbaceous species present in Nebraska stands are Aquilegia canadensis, Dicentra cucullaria, Erythronium albidum, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Laportea canadensis, Smilax tamnoides, and Verbena urticifolia. In Nebraska, this type is dominated by Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, Quercus macrocarpa, and Carya cordiformis, and Quercus alba is rare here at its western range limit. In Iowa, the absence of Carpinus caroliniana could be used to separate this type from Quercus alba-dominated stands in Ledges State Park (Johnson-Groh 1985). In Oklahoma, characteristic species include Acer saccharum, Asimina triloba, Carya tomentosa (= Carya alba), Carya ovata, Cornus florida, Lindera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus shumardii, and Quercus velutina.
Dynamics: No Data Available
Environmental Description: This community occurs on gentle to moderately steep slopes on uplands and on steep valley sides. In Iowa, this type is typically found on flat uplands. This community does not flood or have saturated soils. Soils are silt, clay, or loam, moderately deep to deep, and somewhat poorly drained to well-drained. The parent material is loess, glacial till, limestone, shale, or sandstone (Nelson 1985, Lauver et al. 1999). In Oklahoma, this forest is described as occurring in moist soils of floodplains and mesic slopes.
Geographic Range: This oak - hickory forest community is found in the western tallgrass prairie region of the central midwestern United States, ranging from western Iowa and southeastern Nebraska, to Missouri and eastern Oklahoma.
Nations: US
States/Provinces: IA, KS, MO, NE, OK
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.685445
Confidence Level: Low - Poorly Documented
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G3
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | 1 Forest & Woodland Class | C01 | 1 |
| Subclass | 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass | S15 | 1.B |
| Formation | 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation | F008 | 1.B.2 |
| Division | 1.B.2.Na Eastern North American Forest & Woodland Division | D008 | 1.B.2.Na |
| Macrogroup | 1.B.2.Na.4 White Oak - Bur Oak - Shagbark Hickory Forest, Woodland & Savanna Macrogroup | M012 | 1.B.2.Na.4 |
| Group | 1.B.2.Na.4.b North-Central Oak - Hickory Forest & Woodland Group | G649 | 1.B.2.Na.4.b |
| Alliance | A3323 White Oak - Northern Red Oak - Hickory species North-Central Forest Alliance | A3323 | 1.B.2.Na.4.b |
| Association | CEGL002011 White Oak - (Black Oak) - Shagbark Hickory / Hophornbeam Forest | CEGL002011 | 1.B.2.Na.4.b |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: = Quercus alba - (Quercus velutina) - Carya ovata / Ostrya virginiana Forest (Faber-Langendoen 2001)
< Quercus velutina-Hicoria ovata associes (Aikman 1929)
= Bur oak-Black oak-Hickory association (Costello 1931)
< Quercus velutina-Hicoria ovata associes (Aikman 1929)
= Bur oak-Black oak-Hickory association (Costello 1931)
- Aikman, J. M. 1929. Distribution and structure of the forests of eastern Nebraska. Botanical Seminar, University of Nebraska Botanical Survey, New Series, 5:1-75.
- Blair, W. F., and T. H. Hubbell. 1938. The biotic districts of Oklahoma. The American Midland Naturalist 20:425-454.
- Costello, D. F. 1931. Comparative study of river bluff succession on the Iowa and Nebraska sides of the Missouri River. Botanical Gazette 91:295-307.
- Faber-Langendoen, D., editor. 2001. Plant communities of the Midwest: Classification in an ecological context. Association for Biodiversity Information, Arlington, VA. 61 pp. plus appendix (705 pp.).
- Hoagland, B. 2000. The vegetation of Oklahoma: A classification for landscape mapping and conservation planning. The Southwestern Naturalist 45(4):385-420.
- INAI [Iowa Natural Areas Inventory]. 2017. Vegetation classification of Iowa. Iowa Natural Areas Inventory, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines.
- Johnson-Groh, C. L. 1985. Vegetation communities of Ledges State Park, Boone County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 92:125-128 and map.
- Lauver, C. L. 1989. Preliminary classification of the natural communities of Kansas. Unpublished report. Kansas Natural Heritage Program, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Lauver, C. L., K. Kindscher, D. Faber-Langendoen, and R. Schneider. 1999. A classification of the natural vegetation of Kansas. The Southwestern Naturalist 44:421-443.
- Midwestern Ecology Working Group of NatureServe. No date. International Ecological Classification Standard: International Vegetation Classification. Terrestrial Vegetation. NatureServe, Minneapolis, MN.
- Nelson, P. 2010. The terrestrial natural communities of Missouri. Revised edition. Missouri Natural Areas Committee, Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Conservation, Jefferson City.
- Nelson, P. W. 1985. The terrestrial natural communities of Missouri. Missouri Natural Areas Committee, Jefferson City. 197 pp. Revised edition, 1987.
- Rice, E. L. 1963. Vegetation of Beavers Bend State Park, Oklahoma. Geological Survey Guide Book 9:39-45.
- Rolfsmeier, S. B., and G. Steinauer. 2010. Terrestrial ecological systems and natural communities of Nebraska (Version IV - March 9, 2010). Nebraska Natural Heritage Program, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Lincoln, NE. 228 pp.
- Steinauer, G. 1989. Characterization of the natural communities of Nebraska. Appendix D, pages 103-114 in: M. Clausen, M. Fritz, and G. Steinauer. The Nebraska Natural Heritage Program, two year progress report. Unpublished document. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Natural Heritage Program, Lincoln, NE.
- Weaver, J. E. 1965. Native vegetation of Nebraska. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 185 pp.
- Zanoni, T. A., P. G. Risser, and I. H. Butler. 1979. Natural areas for Oklahoma. Oklahoma Natural Heritage Program, Norman. 72 pp.