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CEGL000343 Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium myrtillus Forest
Type Concept Sentence: No Data Available
Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Subalpine Fir - Engelmann Spruce / Whortleberry Forest
Colloquial Name: No Data Available
Hierarchy Level: Association
Type Concept: This subalpine conifer forest association occurs in the southern Rocky Mountains extending to high mountains and plateaus of central and southwestern New Mexico, southeastern and eastern Arizona and southeastern Utah at elevations between 2713 and 3500 m (8900-11,460 feet). This type is characterized by deep snowpack and brief, cool summers. Stands are common in the middle to upper subalpine zones in the southern extent on all aspects and slopes, but are more common in upper montane and lower subalpine zones in the northern portion of its range. Sites are relatively mesic and are typically on mid to lower slopes with cooler northerly or easterly aspects, e.g., less xeric and cold than forests with understories dominated by Vaccinium scoparium or Ribes spp., but less mesic stands with Carex rossii- or Carex geyeri-dominated understories. Soils are typically shallow (sometimes deeper than 60 cm), rocky and loamy. Litter and duff cover a significant portion of the ground surface (25-40%). Bedrock, large rock, and small rock combined cover 15-50%. Moss and lichen cover is 3-35%. The vegetation has a moderately dense to dense tree canopy codominated by Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa, with an understory characterized by a dwarf-shrub layer dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus. Populus tremuloides and Pinus contorta (northern stands only) are the most common seral species, though Pseudotsuga menziesii occurs at lower elevations. In the understory, Vaccinium scoparium may be present but is usually trace to less than half the cover of Vaccinium myrtillus. Other shrubs may be present at low cover such as Acer glabrum, Linnaea borealis, Lonicera involucrata, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, and Ribes montigenum. Herbaceous species such as Arnica cordifolia, Bromus ciliatus, Carex rossii, Erigeron eximius (warm, moist sites), Geranium richardsonii, Lathyrus spp., Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza berteroi, Pedicularis racemosa, Orthilia secunda, and Thalictrum fendleri are species which are commonly present with low cover values.
Diagnostic Characteristics: Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa codominate the overstory. Vaccinium myrtillus dominates the understory and is diagnostic for this type. Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus strobiformis, and Pinus flexilis may occur as accidental species.
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features: No Data Available
Classification Comments: In the main portion of this association''s range (high mountains of Arizona, southern Colorado and New Mexico), where Vaccinium scoparium is less common in mid to upper subalpine spruce-fir forests (DeVelice et al. 1986, Fitzhugh et al. 1987, Muldavin et al. 1996), this association appears to occur in a wider variety of sites. However, farther north it appears to be more common in the upper montane and lower subalpine zones in the northern portion of its range on relatively mesic mid to lower slopes with cooler northerly or easterly aspects (Komarkova et al. 1988b). Stuever and Hayden (1997a) identified four phases: whortleberry or typic phase, twinflower phase, thimbleberry phase, and cliffbush phase.
Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association from Washington needs further review to determine its relationship to stands in this association.
Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association from Washington needs further review to determine its relationship to stands in this association.
Similar NVC Types: No Data Available
note: No Data Available
Physiognomy and Structure: No Data Available
Floristics: This conifer forest association has a moderately dense to dense tree canopy codominated by Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa, with an understory characterized by a dwarf-shrub layer dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus. Populus tremuloides and Pinus contorta (northern stands only) are the most common seral species, though Pseudotsuga menziesii occurs at lower elevations. In the understory, Vaccinium scoparium may be present but is usually trace to less than half the cover of Vaccinium myrtillus. Other shrubs may be present at low cover such as Acer glabrum, Linnaea borealis, Lonicera involucrata, Lonicera utahensis, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, and Ribes montigenum. Herbaceous species such as Arnica cordifolia, Bromus ciliatus var. ciliatus (= Bromopsis ciliata), Bromus ciliatus var. richardsonii (= Bromus richardsonii), Carex rossii, Erigeron eximius (warm, moist sites), Geranium richardsonii, Lathyrus spp., Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Osmorhiza depauperata, Pedicularis racemosa, Orthilia secunda (= Pyrola secunda), and Thalictrum fendleri are species which are commonly present with low cover values.
Dynamics: This type has not been classified into a fire group, for its area of distribution. However, DeVelice et al. (1986) state that the environment and floristics of this type are almost the same as those of ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium scoparium Forest (CEGL000344)$$. Crane (1982) places the Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoparium association into fire group fifteen, which are the northern Colorado and Wyoming subalpine fir and spruce stands.
Fire and or blowdowns may result in aspen as a principal tree (early-seral stage); herb cover is scarce and comprised mostly of graminoids. Evidence of fire and/or windthrow can be found in most stands. Crown fires tend to result in even-aged stands. Windthrown and lighter intensity fires with accompanying gap-phase reproduction produce uneven-aged and in time mixed stands (Niering and Lowe 1984). Stromberg and Patten (1991) characterize the Pinaleno Mountains as having an abundance of old-growth stands (developed and undisturbed over centuries, having large old trees, a multilayered canopy and many downed logs/standing dead trees). The spruce-fir stands have few disturbed sites, but data suggest a slow recovery from disturbance. Following disturbance, such as fire, within 30 years or so, Picea becomes the dominating colonizing species. Eighty to 150 years later, Abies lasiocarpa may invade along with additional recruitment of Picea. In about 150 to 200 years, the stand reaches maturity and old-growth at 250 to 350 years. The absence of any old-growth Abies lasiocarpa stands, probably indicates that significant disturbance has occurred within the past 400 years.
Fire and or blowdowns may result in aspen as a principal tree (early-seral stage); herb cover is scarce and comprised mostly of graminoids. Evidence of fire and/or windthrow can be found in most stands. Crown fires tend to result in even-aged stands. Windthrown and lighter intensity fires with accompanying gap-phase reproduction produce uneven-aged and in time mixed stands (Niering and Lowe 1984). Stromberg and Patten (1991) characterize the Pinaleno Mountains as having an abundance of old-growth stands (developed and undisturbed over centuries, having large old trees, a multilayered canopy and many downed logs/standing dead trees). The spruce-fir stands have few disturbed sites, but data suggest a slow recovery from disturbance. Following disturbance, such as fire, within 30 years or so, Picea becomes the dominating colonizing species. Eighty to 150 years later, Abies lasiocarpa may invade along with additional recruitment of Picea. In about 150 to 200 years, the stand reaches maturity and old-growth at 250 to 350 years. The absence of any old-growth Abies lasiocarpa stands, probably indicates that significant disturbance has occurred within the past 400 years.
Environmental Description: This subalpine forest association occurs in the southern Rocky Mountains extending to high mountains and plateaus of central and southwestern New Mexico, southeastern and eastern Arizona and southeastern Utah at elevations between 2713 and 3500 m (8900-11,460 feet). This type is characterized by deep snowpack and brief, cool summers. Climate data from the White Mountains of Arizona (Fitzhugh et al. 1987) show a mean annual precipitation for this type of 76-89 cm (30-35 inches). Snow course data from the Mogollon Mountains (Fitzhugh et al. 1987) show mean snow depths of 94-130 cm (37-51 inches) by February 1, increasing to 119-183 cm (47-72 inches) by around April 1 over 17 years of record. Stands are common in the middle to upper subalpine zones in the southern extent on all aspects and slopes (DeVelice et al. 1986, Fitzhugh et al. 1987), but are more common in upper montane and lower subalpine zones in the northern portion of its range (Komarkova et al. 1988b). Sites are relatively mesic and are typically on mid to lower slopes with cooler northerly or easterly aspects, e.g., less xeric and cold than forests with understories dominated by Vaccinium scoparium or Ribes spp., but less mesic stands with Carex rossii- or Carex geyeri-dominated understories. Soils are typically shallow, often rocky, clay, sandy or silt loam derived from granite, intrusive porphyritics and various other rocks. Litter and duff cover a significant portion of the ground surface, between 25-40%. Bedrock, large rock, and small rock combined cover 15-50%. Moss and lichen cover is often significant (3-35%).
Geographic Range: This subalpine forest association is found in the high mountains of northern and southwestern New Mexico, southeastern and eastern Arizona (Pinaleno and White mountains), southeastern Utah (La Sal Mountains), and Colorado.
Nations: US
States/Provinces: AZ, CO, NM, UT
Plot Analysis Summary:
http://vegbank.org/natureserve/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.683723
Confidence Level: Moderate
Confidence Level Comments: No Data Available
Grank: G5
Greasons: No Data Available
| Type | Name | Database Code | Classification Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class | 1 Forest & Woodland Class | C01 | 1 |
| Subclass | 1.B Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland Subclass | S15 | 1.B |
| Formation | 1.B.2 Cool Temperate Forest & Woodland Formation | F008 | 1.B.2 |
| Division | 1.B.2.Nb Rocky Mountain Forest & Woodland Division | D194 | 1.B.2.Nb |
| Macrogroup | 1.B.2.Nb.5 Subalpine Fir - Engelmann Spruce - Whitebark Pine Rocky Mountain Forest Macrogroup | M020 | 1.B.2.Nb.5 |
| Group | 1.B.2.Nb.5.b Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine Fir - Lodgepole Pine Dry-Mesic Forest & Woodland Group | G219 | 1.B.2.Nb.5.b |
| Alliance | A3643 Subalpine Fir - Engelmann Spruce Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Forest Alliance | A3643 | 1.B.2.Nb.5.b |
| Association | CEGL000343 Subalpine Fir - Engelmann Spruce / Whortleberry Forest | CEGL000343 | 1.B.2.Nb.5.b |
Concept Lineage: No Data Available
Predecessors: No Data Available
Obsolete Names: No Data Available
Obsolete Parents: No Data Available
Synonomy: = Abies bifolia / Vaccinium myrtillus (Stuever and Hayden 1997a) [Describes four phases: Vaccinium myrtillus, Linnaea borealis, Rubus parviflorus, and Jamesia americana.]
= Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association (Johnston 1987) [Includes stands with Pinus contorta codominant.]
> Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus - Rubus parviflora Habitat Type (Muldavin et al. 1996) [A phase of Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type described by DeVelice et al. (1986), Moir and Ludwig (1979) and Fitzhugh et al. (1987).]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Alexander et al. 1987)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Larson and Moir 1987)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Youngblood and Mauk 1985)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Muldavin et al. 1996) [Occurs as far south as Pinaleno Mountains.]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Komarkova et al. 1988b)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type/Association (Komarkova 1986)
? Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association (Lillybridge et al. 1995)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hoffman and Alexander 1980)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Moir and Ludwig 1979) [In northern New Mexico Vaccinium scoparium is important, and in southern New Mexico Vaccinium myrtillus is important.]
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hoffman and Alexander 1983)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Wasser and Hess 1982)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (DeVelice et al. 1986) [found in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado between 8900-11200 feet.]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type, Vaccinium myrtillus Phase (Fitzhugh et al. 1987) [Includes two phases: the typic Vaccinium myrtillus phase and a more mesic Rubus parviflorus phase. Found in the Apache National Forest of Arizona and the Gila National Forest of New Mexico above 9500 feet.]
< Picea engelmannii - Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hess and Wasser 1982) [Vaccinium myrtillus occurs with Vaccinium scoparium in the dwarf-shrub layer.]
< Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium myrtillus / Polemonium pulcherrimum Habitat Type (DeVelice et al. 1986) [Includes stands with 5-95% cover of Vaccinium myrtillus. Includes lower elevation stands with Abies lasiocarpa codominant.]
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1980)
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1975)
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1981)
= Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association (Johnston 1987) [Includes stands with Pinus contorta codominant.]
> Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus - Rubus parviflora Habitat Type (Muldavin et al. 1996) [A phase of Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type described by DeVelice et al. (1986), Moir and Ludwig (1979) and Fitzhugh et al. (1987).]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Alexander et al. 1987)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Larson and Moir 1987)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Youngblood and Mauk 1985)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Muldavin et al. 1996) [Occurs as far south as Pinaleno Mountains.]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (Komarkova et al. 1988b)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type/Association (Komarkova 1986)
? Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Plant Association (Lillybridge et al. 1995)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hoffman and Alexander 1980)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Moir and Ludwig 1979) [In northern New Mexico Vaccinium scoparium is important, and in southern New Mexico Vaccinium myrtillus is important.]
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hoffman and Alexander 1983)
< Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Wasser and Hess 1982)
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type (DeVelice et al. 1986) [found in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado between 8900-11200 feet.]
= Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium myrtillus Habitat Type, Vaccinium myrtillus Phase (Fitzhugh et al. 1987) [Includes two phases: the typic Vaccinium myrtillus phase and a more mesic Rubus parviflorus phase. Found in the Apache National Forest of Arizona and the Gila National Forest of New Mexico above 9500 feet.]
< Picea engelmannii - Abies lasiocarpa / Vaccinium scoparium Habitat Type (Hess and Wasser 1982) [Vaccinium myrtillus occurs with Vaccinium scoparium in the dwarf-shrub layer.]
< Picea engelmannii / Vaccinium myrtillus / Polemonium pulcherrimum Habitat Type (DeVelice et al. 1986) [Includes stands with 5-95% cover of Vaccinium myrtillus. Includes lower elevation stands with Abies lasiocarpa codominant.]
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1980)
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1975)
< Mesic Picea, Abies Forest (E4) (Peet 1981)
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