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Stockton, K. A., and C. M. Moffitt. 2013.Disinfection of Three Wading Boot Surfaces Infested with New Zealand Mudsnails. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33:529-538.
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Abstract
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April 2013
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New Zealand mudsnails (NZMS) Potamopyrgus antipodarum have been introduced into many continents, and are easily transported live while attached to wading and other field gear. We quantified the relative attachment by different life stages of NZMS to felt, neoprene, and rubber soled boots exposed to two densities of NZMS in experimental exposure totes. Attachment by NZMS occurred on boots of all surfaces, but the highest numbers of all life stages occurred on boots with felt surfaces. We found a 15 - 20 min bath application of 20 g/L Virkon® Aquatic was a reliable tool to disinfect boot surfaces infested with NZMS and other aquatic invertebrates. Our studies support that spray application of this disinfectant was not reliable to provide complete mortality of attached adult NZMS or neonates. Wading gear surfaces exposed to repeated bath disinfections showed little deterioration. Our results provide strong evidence that bath disinfections with Virkon® Aquatic are helpful tools to assure biosecurity in field and hatchery settings, but applications should be coupled with cleaning procedures to remove organic materials that can deactivate the reagent.
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Nielson, R. J., C. M Moffitt and B. J. Watten. 2012.Toxicity of elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide to invasive New Zealand mudsnails. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31:1838–1842.
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June 2012
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Nielson, J., C. M. Moffitt, and B. J. Watten. Hydrocyclonic separation of invasive New Zealand mudsnails from an aquaculture water source Aquaculture.329:156–162
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January 2012
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Moffitt, C.M., A. Barenberg, K. A. Stockton, and B. J. Watten. 2014. Efficacy of two approaches for disinfecting surfaces and water infested with quagga mussel veligers. Chapter 30 in W. H. Wong and S. Gerstenberger, editors. Biology and management of invasive quagga and zebra mussels in the Western United States.CRC Press. Florida.
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Abstract
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Download
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April 2015
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Disinfection tools and protocols are needed to meet an array of applications to reduce the probability of transferring invasive mollusk species as hitchhikers. Applications include rapid disinfection of recreational equipment and boats, to disinfecting water and equipment used in fire suppression, to tools safe for hatchery and aquaculture operations. In replicated laboratory trials, we tested the lethality of concentrations of three chemical solutions on quagga mussel veligers (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). Aqueous solutions of pH 12 were created with NaOH or Ca(OH)2 and tested at 15 and 22°C and three aqueous concentrations of Virkon® Aquatic were tested at 22°C. We observed mortality of veligers was faster in warmer temperatures and in solutions of Ca(OH)2. We observed complete mortality in solutions prepared with Ca(OH)2 within 10 min of exposure, and within 30 min of exposure in solutions prepared with NaOH. We found solutions of 5 g/L of Virkon® Aquatic, used as a disinfectant in aquaculture operations, killed all veligers within a 10 min exposure. We conclude that all chemicals show promise as disinfectants, and use of Ca(OH)2 or NaOH to elevate the pH of disinfecting solutions may provide an economical and environmentally acceptable way to disinfect large surfaces or tanks.
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Bruce, R.L., and C.M. Moffitt. 2010. Quantifying risks of volitional consumption of New Zealand mudsnails by steelhead and rainbow trout. Aquaculture Research 41:552-558.
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August 2010
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Bruce, R. L., D. M. Moffitt, and B. Dennis. 2009. Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand Mudsnails through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture 71: 287-301
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Abstract
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Publisher Website
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October 2009
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We conducted laboratory trials to determine the transit time and survival of New Zealand mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. To assess the rate of snail passage, we force-fed groups of fish a known quantity of snails and then held them in tanks. At selected intervals we removed individual fish from the test tanks and recorded the number of snails, their condition (live or dead), and their location in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, anterior intestine, and posterior intestine). Feces were removed from tanks and examined for live snails. We repeated evaluations of passage rate and snail survival to determine the effects of varying the number of snails ingested, fish size, snail size, and feeding a commercial diet to fish after snail ingestion. We plotted and modeled gut evacuation using a stochastic model for ordinal data to consider each test variable. Snail passage rates were faster in fish that were fed smaller snails. Surprisingly, fish fed snails and then administered rations of commercial fish feed retained the snails longer in their stomach than did fish that were not administered fish feeds after being fed snails. Increased retention time of snails in the stomach decreased the probability of snail survival when voided in fecal material. Snails that passed through the gastrointestinal tract within 12–24 h of ingestion were often recovered live in fecal samples. However, no live snails were recovered from the posterior intestine or fecal material collected 24 h after ingestion. Using our results we propose potential management options that could reduce the risks of introducing live snails into new locations when stocking fish from infested hatcheries.
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