U.S. Geological Survey 2004 remote-sensing image Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://www1.usgs.gov/vip/sucr/sucrortho.zip M. Hansen, J. Coles, K.A. Thomas, D. Cogan, M. Reid, J. Von Loh, K. Schultz 2004. report doi:10.5066/F76M34SS Orthophotos combine the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. The primary digital orthophotoquad (DOQ) is a 1-meter ground resolution, quarter-quadrangle (3.75-minutes of latitude by 3.75-minutes of longitude) image cast on the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM) on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).The geographic extent of the DOQ is equivalent to a quarter-quad plus The overedge ranges a minimum of 50 meters to a maximum of 300 meters beyond the extremes of the primary and secondary corner points. The overedge is included to facilitate tonal matching for mosaicking and for the placement of the NAD83 and secondary datum corner ticks. The normal orientation of data is by lines (rows) and samples (columns). Each line contains a series of pixels ordered from west to east with the order of the lines from north to south. The standard, archived digital orthophoto is formatted as four ASCII header records, followed by a series of 8-bit binary image data records. The radiometric image brightness values are stored as 256 gray levels ranging from 0 to 255. The metadata provided in the digital orthophoto contain a wide range of descriptive information including format source information, production instrumentation and dates, and data to assist with displaying and georeferencing the image. The standard distribution format of DOQs will be JPEG compressed images on CD-ROM by counties or special regions. The reconstituted image from the CD-ROM will exhibit some radiometric differences when compared to its uncompressed original but will retain the geometry of the uncompressed DOQ. Uncompressed DOQs are distributed on tape. DOQ's serve a variety of purposes, from interim maps to field references for earth science investigations and analysis. The DOQ is useful as a layer of a geographic information system and as a tool for revision of digital line graphs and topographic maps. 19940222 present ground condition In work Irregular Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument and the environs. -111.630974 -111.370541 35.503765 35.246245 None DOQ DOQQ digital orthophoto digital orthophotoquad digital image map aerial photograph rectified photograph rectified image orthophoto quarter-quadrangle orthophoto 1-meter orthophoto 2-meter orhtophoto 3.75- x 3.75-minute orthophoto 7.5- x 7.5-minute orthophoto U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977, Countries, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions (Federal Information Processing Standard 10-3):Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology. US CA MX U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of The United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS code of State or Province U.S. Department of Commerce,1990, Counties and equivalent entities of The United States, its possessions, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 6-4): Washington, D.C. National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS code for county or counties. None None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Dan Cogan and Kathryn Thomas USBR Remote Sensing and GIS Group and USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Colorado Plateau Research Station Cogan: Physical Scientist; Thomas: PhD Ecologist mailing and physical address

Cogan: POB 25007 Bldg 56 D-8260 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225; Thomas: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Colorado Plateau Research Station P.O. Box 5614 Flagstaff, Arizona 86011

Denver CO 80225 USA Cogan: 303-445-2291; Thomas: 928-556-7327 303-445-6337 dcogan@do.usbr.gov; kathryn_a_thomas@usgs.gov 8:00 - 5:00 MST For GIS questions contact Cogan, for ecological questions contact Thomas Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.0 (Build 2195) Service Pack 4; ESRI ArcCatalog 8.2.0.700 During photographic reproduction of the source photography, limited analog dodging is performed to improve image quality. Analog dodging consists of holding back light from certain areas of the sensitized photographic material to avoid overexposure. The diapositive is inspected to insure clarity and radiometric uniformity. Diapositive image brightness values are collected with a minimum of image quality manipulation. Image brightness values may deviate from brightness values of the original imagery due to image value interpolation during the scanning and rectification processes. Radiometry is verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto quadrangle with the original unrectified image to determine if the digital orthophoto has the same or better image quality as the original unrectified input image. Slight systematic radiometric differences can be detected between adjacent DOQ files due primarily to differences in source photography capture dates and sun angles of aerial photography along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image's general lightness or darkness when compared to adjacent DOQ file coverages. All DOQ header data and image file sizes are validated by the Tape Validation System (TVS) software prior to archiving in the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). This validation procedure assures correct physical format and field values for header record elements. Logical relationships between header record elements are tested. All DOQ imagery is visually inspected for completeness to ensure that no gaps, or image misplacement exist in the 3.75' image area or in overedge coverage. DOQ images may be derived by mosaicking multiple images, in order to insure complete coverage. All DOQ's are cloud free within the 3.75' image area. Some clouds may, very infrequently, be encountered only in the overedge coverage. Source photography is leaf-off in deciduous vegetation regions. Void areas having a radiometric value of zero and appearing black may exist. These are areas for which no photographic source is available or result from image transformation from other planimetric systems to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). In the latter case, the void sliver areas are on the outside edges of the overedge area. The data set field content of each DOQ header record element is validated to assure completeness prior to archiving in the NDCDB. The DOQ horizontal positional accuracy and the assurance of that accuracy depend, in part, on the accuracy of the data inputs to the rectification process. These inputs consist of the digital elevation model (DEM),aerotriangulation control and methods, the photo source camera calibration, scanner calibration, and aerial photographs that meet National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) standards. The vertical accuracy of the verified USGS format DEM is equivalent to or better than a USGS level 1 or 2 DEM, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of no greater than 7.0 meters. Field control is acquired by third order class 1 or better survey methods sufficiently spaced to meet National Map Accuracy Staandards (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale products. Aerial cameras have current certification from the USGS, National Mapping Division, Optical Science Laboratory. Test calibration scans are performed on all source photography scanners. U.S. Geological Survey Unknown map Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey cartridge tape 19880805 Present ground condition DEM1 Elevation data in the form of an ortho-DEM regridded to user-specified intervals and bounds. U.S. Geological Survey Unknown remote-sensing Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey 40000 cartridge tape Unknown Present ground condition PHOTO1 Panchromatic black and white (or color infra-red) NAPP or NAPP-like photograph. NAPP photographs are centered on the DOQ coverage area. U.S. Geological Survey Unpublished material remote-sensing Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey various media Unknown Present ground condition CONTROL_INPUT Horizontal and vertical control used to establish positions and elevations for reference and correlation purposes. U.S. Geological Survey Unpublished material remote-sensing Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey disc, paper Unknown Present Date of the camera calibration associated with the source photography CAMERA_INPUT camera calibration parameters The production procedures, instrumentation, hardware and software used in the collection of standard USGS DOQ's vary depending on systems used at the contract, cooperator or USGS production sites. The majority of DOQ datasets are acquired through government contract. The process step describes, in general, the process used in the production of standard USGS DOQ data sets. The rectification process requires, as input, a user parameter file to control the rectification process, a digital elevation model (DEM1) gridded to user specified bounds, projection, zone, datum and X-Y units, a scanned digital image file (PHOTO1) covering the same area as the DEM, ground X-Y-Z point values (CONTROL_INPUT) and their conjugate photo coordinates in the camera coordinate system, and measurements of the fiducial marks (CAMERA_INPUT) in the digitized image. The camera calibration report (CAMERA_INPUT) provides the focal length of the camera and the distances in millimeters from the camera's optical center to the camera's 8 fiducial marks. These marks define the frame of reference for spatial measurements made from the photograph. Ground control points (CONTROL_INPUT) acquired from ground surveys or developed in aerotriangulation, are third order class 1 or better, and meet National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale. Ground control points are in the Universal Transverse Mercator or the State Plane Coordinate System on NAD83. Horizontal and vertical residuals of aerotriangulated tie-points are equal to or less than 2.5 meters. Standard aerotriangulation passpoint configuration consists of 9 ground control points, one near each corner, one at the center near each side and 1 near the center of the photograph, are used. The conjugate positions of the ground control points on the photograph are measured and recorded in camera coordinates. The raster image file (PHOTO_1) is created by scanning an aerial photograph film diapositive with a precision image scanner. An aperture of approximately 25 to 32 microns is used, with an aperture no greater than 32 microns permitted. Using 1:40,000-scale photographs, a 25-micron scan aperture equates to a ground resolution of 1-meter. The scanner converts the photographic image densities to gray scale values ranging from 0 to 255 for black and white photographs. Scan files with ground resolution less than 1 meter or greater than 1 meter but less than 1.28 meters are resampled to 1 meter. The principal elevation data source (DEM1) are standard DEM datasets from the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). DEM's that meet USGS standards are also produced by contractors to fulfill DOQ production requirements and are subsequently archived in the NDCDB. All DEM data is equivalent to or better than USGS DEM standard level 1. The DEM used in the production of DOQ's generally has a 30-meter grid post spacing and possesses a vertical RMSE of 7-meters or less. A DEM covering the extent of the photograph is used for the rectification. The DEM is traversed from user-selected minimum to maximum X-Y values and the DEM X-Y-Z values are used to find pixel coordinates in the digitized photograph using transformations mentioned above. For each raster image cell subdivision, a brightness or gray-scale value is obtained using nearest neighbor, bilinear, or cubic convolution resampling of the scanned image. The pixel processing algorithm is indicated in the header file . An inverse transformation relates the image coordinates referenced to the fiducial coordinate space back to scanner coordinate space. For those areas for which a 7.5-minute DEM is unavailable and relief differences are less than 150 feet, a planar-DEM (slope-plane substitute grid) may be used. Rectification Process: The photo control points and focal length are iteratively fitted to their conjugate ground control points using a single photo space resection equation. From this mathematical fit is axes obtained a rotation matrix of constants about the three of the camera. This rotation matrix can then be used to find the photograph or camera coordinates of any other ground X-Y-Z point. Next a two dimensional fit is made between the measured fiducial marks on the digitized photograph and their conjugate camera coordinates. Transformation constants are developed from the fit and the camera or photo coordinates are used in reverse to find their conjugate pixel coordiates on the digitized photograph. Quality Control: All data is inspected according to a quality control plan. DOQ contractors must meet DOQ standards for attribute accuracy, logical consistency, data completeness and Unknown I&M Process: All data has a header file (.hdr) created based upon the information given within the header of the actual quarter quad. No information is changed. This allows the data to be brought up within ArcView as an image. Data is also renamed based upon standard I&M vernacular. These names consist of a six letter abbreviation of the quad along with the two letters which represent the quadrant the image represents. Unknown Metadata imported. C:\DOCUME~1\hwn\LOCALS~1\Temp\xml24.tmp Unknown Raster Pixel 28442 23513 Universal Transverse Mercator 12 0.999600 -111.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 row and column 1.000000 1.000000 meters North American Datum 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222 sucr_doqq.sid.vat Raster ESRI OID Internal feature number. ESRI Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Value Panchromatic 8-bit gray-scale value. A value of 0 represents the color black and the value 255 represents the color white. All values between 0 and 255 are represented as a shade of gray varying from black to white. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Standards for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA (http://nationalmap.gov/standards/doqstds.html) None. Count The number of pixels that represent each of the unique 0 to 255 color values. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Standards for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA (http://nationalmap.gov/standards/doqstds.html) Unique counted number. For DOQ's from panchromatic source each pixel contains an 8-bit gray-scale value between 0-255. A value of 0 represents the color black while a value of 255 represents the color white. All values between 0 and 255 are repesented as a shade of gray varying from black to white. For color-infrared and natural color DOQs' a digital number from 0 to 255 will also be asssigned to each pixel but that number will refer to a color look-up table which will contain the RGB red, blue and green (RGB) values, each from 0 to 255, for that digital number. Areas where the rectification process is incomplete due to incomplete data (i.e., lack of elevation data, gaps), are represented with the numeric value of 0. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, guide for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA. A pdf version is available at: URL: <http://nationalmap.gov/standards/doqstds.html> U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Standards for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA. USGS/CSS/Core Science Analytics and Synthesis USGS-NPS Vegetation Characterization Program Coordinator mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302

Denver Colorado 80225 (303) 202-4220 303-202-4219 gs-b-npsveg@usgs.gov Downloadable Data The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics (if available) are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time. The data are not better than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the responsibility of the data user to use the data appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data in general and these data in particular. Any related graphics (if available) are intended to aid the data user in acquiring relevant data; it is not approriate to use the related graphics as data. The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from an U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service servers and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data on another system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this metadata report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey and National Park Service. HTML http://www.usgs.gov/core_science_systems/csas/vip/parks/sucr.html Internet Access None USGS_DOQ USGS uncompressed DOQ: The uncompressed USGS DOQ is a raw binary image file preceded by a metadata header record which consists of four 400-byte ACSII records, each blank padded to equal the length of a single line of image data. 65.143 8-mm helical-scan cartridge tape Unlabelled, uncompressed Unix DD archive format. Standard block size: 30,270, but can be provided at 2,048 or multiples of 2,048. 3480 cartridge tape Unlabelled, uncompressed Unix DD archive format. Blocksize = 6250 cpi. The online copy of the data set (when available electronically) may be accessed without charge. For cartridge, cassette and CD-ROM the costs are available at: URL: <http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/DOQs> Compressed USGS DOQ in JPEG format. The USGS compressed DOQ is an IJG JPEG-compressed file. JPEG is a lossy compression technique. Unlike uncompressed DOQ's the compressed DOQ does not contain an attached header record as data compression corrupts ASCII text. A separate metadata file accompanies the compressed image file. The compressed data are distributed on CD-ROM, generally by county. However, some CD's may contain regions or partial counties and some counties may require multiple CD-ROM's. The presence of a DOQ in the NDCDB does not necessarily indicate the file is available on a compressed, county based CD-ROM. The algorithm employed by USGS for compressing DOQs is IJG JPEG, Version 4.0. This is a lossy compression using a standard Q or quality factor of 30. 65.143 CD-ROM ISO 9660 This CD-ROM can be used with all computer operating systems that support CD-ROM as a logical storage device. All text files on this disc are in ASCII format. Data files are in ASCII or binary format. The cost for these CD-ROM products is available at: URL: <http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/DOQs> Dataset searching and ordering capabilities are available through the Global Land Information System (GLIS) at: URL: <http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/> 20040208 20100615 USGS/CSS/Core Science Analytics and Synthesis USGS-NPS Vegetation Characterization Program Coordinator mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302

Denver Colorado 80225 (303) 202-4220 303-202-4219 gs-b-npsveg@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999 http://www.usgs.gov/core_science_systems/csas/metadata/index.html