U.S.G.S Unknown remote-sensing image http://www1.usgs.gov/vip/knri/knriortho.zip doi:10.5066/F72V2D2G Orthophotos combine the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. The primary digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle (DOQQ) is a 1-meter ground resolution quarter-quadrangle (3.75-minutes of latitude by 3.75-minutes of longitude) image cast on the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM) on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The geographic extent of a DOQQ is approximate to one quarter of a standard USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle. This image has been clipped to the area around KNRI. The radiometric image brightness values are stored as 256 gray levels ranging from 0 to 255. Image data are stored in TIFF format and clipped to the minimum bounding rectangle for the quarter-quadrangle to reduce file size. DOQQ's serve a variety of purposes, from interim maps to field references for earth science investigations and analysis. A DOQQ is useful as a layer of a geographic information system and as a tool for development and revision of GIS databases. Unknown ground condition Complete None planned Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site and environs -101.417846 -101.340780 47.409500 47.309285 None 1-meter orthophoto 3.75- x 3.75-minute orthophoto aerial photograph DOQ DOQQ orthophoto orthophotograph quarter-quadrangle orthophoto rectified image rectified photograph None State of North Dakota Stanton, North Dakota Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site None None David Salas U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Project Manager Mailing Address

P.O. Box 25007

Denver Colorado 80225 USA 303-445-3619 desalas@do.usbr.gov Microsoft Windows NT Version 4.0 (Build 1381) Service Pack 6; ESRI ArcCatalog 8.2.0.700 The USGS reports that during photographic reproduction of the source photography, limited analog dodging is performed to improve image quality. The diapositive is inspected to insure clarity and radiometric uniformity. Diapositive image brightness values are collected with a minimum of image quality manipulation. Image brightness values may deviate from brightness values of the original imagery due to image value interpolation during the scanning and rectification processes. Radiometry is verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto quadrangle with the original unrectified image to determine if the digital orthophoto has the same or better image quality as the original unrectified input image. Systematic radiometric differences can be detected between adjacent DOQQ files due primarily to differences in source photography capture dates and sun angles of aerial photography along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image's general lightness or darkness when compared to adjacent DOQQ images. In processing this data the Bureua of Reclamation's GIS and Remote Sensing Group did not alter the attribute accuracy. The USGS reports that the DOQQ header data and image file sizes are validated by the Tape Validation System (TVS) software prior to archiving in the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). This validation procedure assures correct physical format and field values for header record elements. Logical relationships between header record elements are tested. In processing this data the Bureua of Reclamation's GIS and Remote Sensing Group did not alter the attribute accuracy. The USGS reports that DOQQ imagery is visually inspected for completeness to ensure that no gaps or image misplacement exists in the 3.75' image. In processing this data the Bureua of Reclamation's GIS and Remote Sensing Group did not alter the attribute accuracy. The USGS reports that the DOQQ horizontal positional accuracy and the assurance of that accuracy depends, in part, on the accuracy of the data inputs to the rectification process. These inputs consist of the digital elevation model (DEM), aerotriangulation control and methods, the photo source camera calibration, scanner calibration, and aerial photographs that meet National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) standards. The vertical accuracy of the verified USGS format DEM is equivalent to or better than a USGS level 1 or 2 DEM, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of no greater than 7.0 meters. Field control is acquired by third order class 1 or better survey methods sufficiently spaced to meet National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale products. Aerial cameras have current certification from the USGS, National Mapping Division, Optical Science Laboratory. Test calibration scans are performed on all source photography scanners. Horizontal positional accuracy is determined by the Orthophoto Accuracy (ORACC) software program for DOQQ data produced by the National Mapping Division. The program determines the accuracy by finding the line and sample coordinates of the passpoints in the DOQQ and fitting these to their ground coordinates to develop a root mean square error (RMSE). From 4 to 9 points are checked. As a further accuracy test, the image line and sample coordinates of the DEM corners are transformed and compared with the actual X,Y DEM corner values to determine if they are within the RMSE. Additional information on this testing procedure can be found in U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Technical Instructions, ORACC Users Manual (draft): Reston, VA. Adjacent DOQQ's, when displayed together in a common planimetric coordinate system, may exhibit slight positional discrepancies across common DOQQ boundaries. Linear features, such as streets, may not be continuous. These edge mismatches, however, still conform to positional horizontal accuracy within the NMAS. Field investigations to validate DOQQcositional accuracy reliabilty are periodically conducted by the USGS, National Mapping Division, Geometronics Standards Section. DOQQ's produced approved RMSE test procedures. In processing this data the Bureua of Reclamation's GIS and Remote Sensing Group did not alter the positional accuracy. The production procedures, instrumentation, hardware and software used in the collection of standard USGS DOQQ's vary depending on systems used at the contract, cooperator or USGS production sites. The majority of DOQQ datasets are acquired through government contract. The process step describes, in general, the process used in the production of standard USGS DOQ data sets. 1. The rectification process requires, as input, a user parameter file to control the rectification process, a digital elevation model (DEM1) gridded to user specified bounds, projection, zone, datum and X-Y units, a scanned digital image file (PHOTO1) covering the same area as the DEM, ground X-Y-Z point values (CONTROL_INPUT) and their conjugate photo coordinates in the camera coordinate system, and measurements of the fiducial marks (CAMERA_INPUT) in the digitized image. The camera calibration report (CAMERA_INPUT) provides the focal length of the camera and the distances in millimeters from the camera's optical center to the camera's 8 fiducial marks. These marks define the frame of reference for spatial measurements made from the photograph. 2. Ground control points (CONTROL_INPUT) acquired from ground surveys or developed in aerotriangulation, are third order class 1 or better, and meet National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS) for 1:12,000-scale. Ground control points are in the Universal Transverse Mercator or the State Plane Coordinate System on NAD83. Horizontal and vertical residuals of aerotriangulated tie-points are equal to or less than 2.5 meters. Standard aerotriangulation passpoint configuration consists of 9 ground control points, one near each corner, one at the center near each side and 1 near the center of the photograph, are used. The conjugate positions of the ground control points on the photograph are measured and recorded in camera coordinates. 3. The raster image file (PHOTO_1) is created by scanning an aerial photograph film diapositive with a precision image scanner. An aperture of approximately 25 to 32 microns is used, with an aperture no greater than 32 microns permitted. Using 1:40,000-scale photographs, a 25-micron scan aperture equates to a ground resolution of 1-meter. The scanner converts the photographic image densities to gray scale values ranging from 0 to 255 for black and white photographs. Scan files with ground resolution less than 1 meter or greater than 1 meter but less than 1.28 meters are resampled to 1 meter. 4. The principal elevation data source (DEM1) are standard DEM datasets from the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). DEM's that meet USGS standards are also produced by contractors to fulfill DOQQ production requirements and are subsequently archived in the NDCDB. All DEM data is equivalent to or better than USGS DEM standard level 1. The DEM used in the production of DOQQ's generally has a 30-meter grid post spacing and possesses a vertical RMSE of 7-meters or less. A DEM covering the extent of the photograph is used for the rectification. The DEM is traversed from user-selected minimum to maximum X-Y values and coordinates in the digitized photograph using transformations mentioned above. For each raster image cell subdivision, a brightness or gray-scale value is obtained using nearest neighbor, bilinear, or cubic convolution resampling of the scanned image. The pixel processing algorithm is indicated in the header file . An inverse transformation relates the image coordinates referenced to the fiducial coordinate space back to scanner coordinate space. For those areas for which a 7.5-minute DEM is unavailable and relief differences are less than 150 feet, a planar-DEM (slope-plane substitute grid) may be used. 5. Rectification Process: The photo control points and focal length are iteratively fitted to their conjugate ground control points using a single photo space resection equation. From this mathematical fit is obtained a rotation matrix of constants about the three axes of the camera. This rotation matrix can then be used to find the photograph or camera coordinates of any other ground X-Y-Z point. Next a two dimensional fit is made between the measured fiducial marks on thedigitized photograph and their conjugate camera coordinates. Transformation constants are developed from the fit and the camera or photo coordinates are used in reverse to find their conjugate pixel coordiates on the digitized photograph. 6. Quality Control: All data is inspected according to a quality control plan. DOQ contractors must meet DOQQ standards for attribute accuracy, logical consistency, data completeness and horizontal positional accuracy. During the initial production phase, all rectification inputs and DOQQ data sets are inspected for conformance to standards. 7. After a production source demonstrates high quality, inspections will be made to 10% of delivery lots (40 DOQs per lot).All DOQ's are visually inspected for gross positional errors and tested for physical format standards. Unknown U.S. Bureau of Reclamation David Salas Project Manager Mailing Address

P.O. Box 25007

Denver Colorado 80225 USA 303-445-3619 desalas@do.usbr.gov Raster Pixel 10979 5489 Universal Transverse Mercator 14 0.999600 -99.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 Coordinate Pair 1 1 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222 For DOQQ's from panchromatic source each pixel contains an 8-bit gray-scale value between 0-255. A value of 0 representsr black while a value of 255 represents white. Values between 0 and 255 are repesented as a shade of gray. Areas where the rectification process is incomplete due to incomplete data (i.e., lack of elevation data, gaps), are represented with the numeric value of 0. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Standards for digital orthophotos: Reston, VA. A hypertext version is available at: <URL:http://nationalmap.gov/standards/doqstds.html> USGS/CSS/Core Science Analytics and Synthesis USGS-NPS Vegetation Characterization Program Coordinator mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302

Denver Colorado 80225 (303) 202-4220 303-202-4219 gs-b-npsveg@usgs.gov Downloadable Data. The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics (if available) are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time. The data are not better than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the responsibility of the data user to use the data appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data in general and these data in particular. Any related graphics (if available) are intended to aid the data user in acquiring relevant data; it is not approriate to use the related graphics as data. The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from an U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service servers and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data on another system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this metadata report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey and National Park Service. HTML http://www.usgs.gov/core_science_systems/csas/vip/parks/knri.html Internet Access None 20021129 20100602 USGS/CSS/Core Science Analytics and Synthesis USGS-NPS Vegetation Characterization Program Coordinator mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302

Denver Colorado 80225 (303) 202-4220 303-202-4219 gs-b-npsveg@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999 http://www.usgs.gov/core_science_systems/csas/metadata/index.html